Measurement of SG

Model Parameters
 Measurement of Model Parameters

1. The relationship between field current and EA

2. The synchronous reactance
3. The armature resistance
 Open Circuit Characteristics

Saturation for large field current

Airgap line:

Dl N a N f
E A, rms 8 2 fe 0 If
g eff P2

 Short Circuit Characteristics

(or IL )

EA
IA
Rs jX s BS BR
V 0 B net 0 No saturation
EA
IA
Rs2 X s2 V 0
 Measurement of Synchronous Reactance

EA EA
I A , sc
R s2 X s2 Xs

EA
Xs (1)
I A , sc

Therefore, an approximate method for determining the synchronous reactance Xs

at a given field current is:

1. Get the internal voltage EA from the OCC at that field current.
2. Get the short-circuit current flow IA,SC at that field current from the SCC.
3. Find Xs by applying (1).
Unsaturated Synchronous Reactance

Saturation for large field current

EA No saturation
I A , sc
X S ,u

EA
Follow equation X s
I A ,sc

The unsaturated synchronous reactance Xs,u can be found simply by applying

X s E A / I A,sc
at any field current in the linear portion (on the airgap line) of the OCC curve.
 Short-Circuit Ratio
Short Circuit Ratio: The ratio of the field current required for the
rated voltage at open circuit to the field current required for the rated
armature current at short circuit.
I fV |rated voltage at OC
SCR
I fI |rated current at SC

EA
I fV
V,rated SCR
I fI
 Measurement of Armature Resistance

The armature resistance Rs can be approximately measured by applying a DC voltage

to the windings while the machine is in stationary and measuring the resulting current
flow. Using DC voltage means that the reactance of the windings will be zero during the
measurement process.

This technique is not perfectly accurate, since the AC resistance will be slightly larger
than the DC resistance (as a results of the skin effect at higher frequencies).
Effect of SG Load Change
 Effect of Generator Loads Lagging Power Factor

Keep field excitation the same E A E A'

E A V jX s I A

If lagging loads (+Q or inductive reactive power loads) are added to a generator,
the phase voltage V and the terminal voltage VT decrease.
 Effect of Generator Loads Unity Power Factor

Keep field excitation the same E A E A'

E A V jX s I A

If unity-power-factor loads (no reactive power) are added to a generator,

the phase voltage V and the terminal voltage VT slightly decrease.
 Effect of Generator Loads Leading Power Factor

Keep field excitation the same E A E A'

E A V jX s I A

If leading loads (-Q or capacitive reactive power loads) are added to a generator,
the phase voltage V and the terminal voltage VT may increase.
 Generator Voltage Regulation

Vnl V fl
VR 100%
V fl

Lagging Load -> large positive voltage regulation

Unit Power Factor Load -> small positive voltage regulation
Leading load -> may be negative voltage regulation
Generator Field Current Change
(V Curves)
The shape is like the letter V
For each fixed real power, plot
armature current vs. field current.
EA1 EA2 EA3 EA4
IA1
jXsIA1 P
jXsIA4
IA2
V
IA3
IA4

Pout 3V I A cos
3V
E A sin
Xs
 Example 1 (1)
A 480 V, 60 Hz, connected, four pole synchronous generator has the OCC curve shown in the figure.

This generator has a synchronous reactance of 0.1 and an armature resistance of 0.015 .
At full load, the machine supplies 1200 A at 0.8 PF lagging. Under full load conditions, the friction
and windage losses are 40 kW, and the core losses are 30 kW. Ignore any field circuit losses.

(a) What is the speed of rotation of this generator?

(b) How much field current must be supplied to the generator to make the terminal voltage 480 V at
no load?
(c) If the generator is now connected to a load and the load draws 1200 A at 0.8 PF lagging, how much
field current is required to keep the terminal voltage equal to 480 V?
(d) How much power is the generator now supplying? How much power is supplied to the generator
by the prime mover? What is the machines overall efficiency?
(e) If the generators load were suddenly disconnected from the line, what would happen to its
terminal voltage?
(f) Finally, suppose that the generator is connected to a load drawing 1200 A at 0.8 PF leading, how
much field current would be required to keep VT at 480 V?
Example 1 (2)

sg1.m
 Example 2 (1)
A 480V, 60 Hz, Y connected, six pole synchronous generator has a synchronous reactance of 1 and
an armature resistance of 0.1 .

At full load, the machine supplies 60 A at 0.8 PF lagging. Under full load conditions, the friction
and windage losses are 1.5 kW, and the core losses are 1.0 kW. Ignore any field circuit losses.

(a) What is the speed of rotation of this generator?

(b) What is the terminal voltage of this generator at full load assuming the field excitation current
keeps the same as no load?
(c) What is the efficiency of this generator at full load?
(d) How much shaft torque must be supplied by the prime mover at full load? How large is the
induced counter torque?
(e) What is the voltage regulation of this generator ?

After the MatLab program can work, please change the load current to be 60 A
at 1.0 PF, and 60 A at 0.8 PF leading and redo the above.

sg2.m
 Example 2 (2)
E A is given.
Let the angle of V : V =0.
Imaginary part of

V R s I A jX s I A E A (1)
becomes:
0 R s I A sin I A X s I A cos I A E A sin

X s I A cos I A R s I A sin I A X s I A cos R s I A sin

sin
EA EA
Im ( Z s I A )
= Z s R s jX s
EA Note: I is negative when current is lagging.
A

V I I
Real part of (1) A A

V E A cos R s I A cos I A X s I A sin I A E A cos R s I A cos X s I A sin

E A cos R e( Z s I A )