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after endurance) on relevant fitness variables in youth soccer
players. Fifty-seven young elite-level male field soccer players he literature regarding concurrent training, which
involves combining strength and endurance train-
(13.7 6 0.5 years; 164 6 8.3 cm; 53.5 6 8.6 kg; body fat;
ing into individual training sessions (2,8,20,25) has
15.6 6 3.9%) were randomly assigned to a control (n = 14,
revealed conflicting results. It has been reported
CG) and 3 experimental training groups (twice a week for
that training strength and endurance simultaneously can
12 weeks) strength before (SE, n = 15), after (ES, n = 14) interfere with the optimal training adaptations of either
or on alternate days (ASE, n = 14) with endurance training. A parameter (strength or endurance) individually (2,25,29).
significant (p = 0.001) intervention main effect was detected. The specific training adaptations for strength and endurance
There were only trivial training sequence differences (ES vs. can induce antagonistic intracellular signaling mechanisms
SE) for all variables (p . 0.05). The CG showed large squat 1 (2,25). Putnam et al. (26) found attenuated type I muscle
repetition maximum (1RM) and medium sprint, change of direc- hypertrophy with strength and endurance training vs.
tion ability, and jump improvements. ASE demonstrated a trivial strength training alone in young adults. Short-term concur-
difference in endurance performance with ES and SE (p . rent training (4 sessions) showed conflicting results between
0.05). Large to medium greater improvements for SE and ES
bench press and squats. Reed et al. (29) reported that the
inclusion of cycle ergometry before either bench press or
were reported compared with ASE for sprinting over 10 and
squats vs. the resistance exercise performed alone resulted
30 m (p , 0.02). The SE squat 1RM was higher than in ASE
in impaired back squat performance but no effect on bench
(moderate, p , 0.02). Postintervention differences between
press performance with young resistance-trained adult men.
ES and SE with CG fitness variables were small to medium Longer-term training (816 weeks) failed to show interfer-
(p # 0.05) except for a large SE advantage with the Yo-Yo ence effects at 8 weeks with untrained middle-aged men but
intermittent recovery test (p , 0.001, large). This study did show lower maximal leg strength development with
showed no effect of intrasession training sequence on soccer concurrent training after 16 weeks (19). A number of other
fitness-relevant variables. However, combining strength and researchers have also found mixed results. Schumann et al.
endurance within a single training session provided superior (31) reported that endurance before strength training main-
results vs. training on alternate days. Concurrent training may tained strength but decreased testosterone sex hormone
binding globulin with recreationally trained males.
In contrast, there was no evidence of muscle strength,
Address correspondence to Carlo Castagna, castagnac@libero.it. hypertrophy, or neural activation training impairments with
30(3)/841850 concurrently trained young adult men over 10 weeks
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (3 d$wk21) (20). Concurrent training has also been shown
2015 National Strength and Conditioning Association to be effective for promoting strength and endurance
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Concurrent Training in Youth Soccer
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TABLE 1. Details of the training procedures used in this study across the 12 weeks of training.*
Session 1 Session 2
Week Interval % MAS Exercise Repetition Sets L1 L2 L3 L4 Interval % MAS Exercise Repetition Set s L1 L2 L3 L4
Interval % MAS Exercise Repetition Set s L5 L6 L7 L8 Interval % MAS Exercise Repetition Set s L5 L6 L7 L8
% Set % Set
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843
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*CI = confidence interval; 1RM = one repetition maximum; YoYo IR1 = YoYo intermittent recovery test level 1; MBT = medicine ball throw; SJ = squat jump; CMJ =
0.018
0.002
0.045
0.008
0.122
0.062
0.248
as per Castagna et al. (6). The procedures used in this study
were familiar to all players as part of their usual seasonal
fitness assessment. Written informed consent was obtained
from each player and their guardian/parents before the com-
jump test for distance (5JT) (1,7,36). The CMJ and SJ height
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
33.21
38.57
86.50
3.91
3.65
0.017
0.285
0.177
0.146
0.18
0.52
were assessed with the 15-m run with and without the ball
(Agility-15 m and Ball-15 m, respectively) according to Mu-
jika et al. (23). All the tests were timed with photocells gates
(Brower Timing Systems, Salt Lake City, USA) placed 0.4 m
32.64 (24.00 to 41.28)
20.13 (20.29 to 0.03)
18.78
4.25
0.46
0.25
0.28
0.65
0.54
2.05
2.12
0.41
7.35
31.02
35.25
34.80
37.58
9.76
9.91
3.53
3.86
31.96
40.57
81.50
countermovement jump.
MBT 3 kg (cm)
H CMJ (cm)
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846
MBT 3 kg (cm) (20.40 to 0.26) 0.00 0.15 (20.19 to 0.48) 0.02 0.06 (20.28 to 0.39) 0.02
1RM bench press (kg) 2.01 (26.17 to 10.20) 0.01 8.91 (0.58 to 17.24)z 0.08 9.29 (0.96 to 17.61)z 0.09
1RM 1/2 squat (kg) 24.80 (218.79 to 9.19) 0.09 12.11 (22.12 to 26.34) 0.05 14.43 (0.20 to 28.66)z 0.07
*h2 = partial eta squared; 1RM = one repetition maximum; MBT = medicine ball throw; SJ = squat jump; CMJ = countermovement jump.
Mean difference (95% confidence interval).
zSignificance at 0.05.
Significance at 0.01.
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recovery (3,27,38). During the first 4 weeks, the number of imental groups with medium to large effects (p = 0.03). Lower
repetitions per series was set at 10, and then the number of posttraining changes were reported for VAM in the CG com-
repetitions was increased to 16. The players were placed in pared with experimental groups with medium effect (p #
different corridors according to their MAS. They had to 0.05). The posttraining 5JT performance in the CG was sig-
cover the distance between the 2 extremities in 15 seconds nificantly lower (h2 = medium) than ES and SE.
with 15 seconds of passive recovery before turning back to Weekly session-RPE were 1473 6 181, 1417 6 159,
perform the successive high-intensity bout. Players were 1570 6 183, and 1296 6 168 arbitrary units for the ES,
allowed to stop running within the 3-m distance after the SE, ASE, and CG, respectively. Weekly training load was
arrival line. Running paces were given by a manual timer significantly higher in the ASE compared with CG (p =
producing a sound every 15 seconds from the start to the 0.002, large). No significant and practical (trivial) intragroup
end of the exercise. The strength training used in the inter- and intergroup differences in body composition and mass
vention groups was performed according to the procedures were found pre-to-post intervention.
suggested by Wong et al. (37). Details of the used training
protocols are reported in Table 1. The training study was DISCUSSION
performed during the first 12 weeks of competitive season. This is the first study that examined the effect of training
sequence in male youth soccer players with a randomized
Statistical Analyses fully controlled trial under ecological conditions over
Data are presented as mean 6 SD with normality verified a medium-term training period (12 weeks). The results
using the Shapiro-Wilk W test. A general multivariate linear- showed that concurrent training in the form used in this
model analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine study was successful in promoting substantial improvements
intervention effects across time (pre-post) and groups (4 lev- in fitness variables. Second, there was no effect of changing
els). Comparisons between groups session-RPE was per- the sequence order of strength and endurance on training
formed with one-way ANOVA. Differences were reported improvements. In addition, there was no advantage to
as confidence intervals at 95%. Significance (p value) was set training strength and endurance on separate days vs. within
at p # 0.05. Post hoc analyses were performed using one session.
Bonferroni test. Practical differences were expressed as effect Altering the order of the intrasession strength and
size (partial h2). The intraclass correlation coefficient of the endurance exercises generally did not provide additional
variables ranged from 0.89 to 0.94. Significance was set at performance benefits. These findings are in line with those
p # 0.05. reported by McGawley and Andersson (21) that found no
additional effect of strength and endurance intrasession
RESULTS sequence on fitness performance in adult professional-
No baseline between-group differences were found (Table 2). soccer players. However, other studies tend to show mixed
A significant main effect for time (pre-to-post) was detected results. Changing the sequence of strength and endurance
in all the experimental groups (Table 3). The CG showed exercises did not resulted in differing strength, endurance, or
significant (p # 0.05) pre-to-post changes in the Yo-Yo IR1 hypertrophy adaptations but did adversely affect neural re-
(h2 = large), 30 m (h2 = medium), agility-15 m (h2 = sponses with endurance before strength in adult males (11).
medium), and squat (h2 = large). With the ES and SE Inconsistent results associated with strength and endurance
groups, large pre-post changes were found in the endurance sequencing were also reported by Hakkinen et al. (13) who
and strength variables (p , 0.02). In the sprint and jump showed similar improvements in isometric and dynamic
tests, the SE and ES showed large to medium changes after strength as well as hypertrophy but reported concurrent
training (p , 0.02). Agility-15m and Ball-15m showed training-related deficits in explosive strength. Training
medium to large changes in all the experimental groups. sequence affected endurance performance when circuit
Small and medium changes were reported in the sprint, strength training was performed after intermittent-
CODA variables in the CG after the training period. The endurance training in male sport students (8). However,
MBT performance showed medium changes in all the training sequence had no effect on maximal and explosive
groups but ASE (h2 = large). Large (p , 0.02) postinterven- strength variables, and the associated results were lower than
tion changes were found in ASE for all the variables but Ball- in the strength-only condition (9). In this study, there was
15m (h2 = small). some evidence of mixed results as ES but not SE had signif-
Posttraining changes between ES and SE were trivial icantly greater training adaptations compared with control
(p . 0.05) for all variables. ES demonstrated large (10 m; for 10-m sprint, and 1RM bench press. However, both
p = 0.001) and medium improvements for 30 m, SJ, 5JT, sequences (ES and SE) shared similar results for 6 of the
bench press, and Ball-15m (p = 0.02) vs. ASE (Table 2). SE 8 measures.
showed medium magnitude better results (p = 0.02) than ASE The effectiveness of a training protocol should also satisfy
in 10 m, squat, and 5JT. The Yo-Yo IR1 postintervention per- the principle of dose response optimization. This study
formance difference was lower in CG compared with exper- resulted in similar gains across the experimental groups
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Concurrent Training in Youth Soccer
responses (i.e., session-RPE) with a large difference only In this study, there was no advantage to training strength
between ASE and CG. This suggests that independent of the and endurance on separate days vs. within one session. For
strength and endurance sequence, the training loads were example, the experimental groups showed a large training
perceived as similar. effect on maximal strength variables with 1RM gains of
The lack of interference with concurrent training in this +43% and +37% in squat and bench press, respectively. The
study contradicts classic literature that tend to report lower reported improvements corresponded to the changes that
training effects with concurrent training compared with are usually found when training strength and endurance sep-
separate strength and endurance training (35). According arately (18,32). These 1RM squat findings in the experimen-
to this literature, endurance and strength development may tal groups are in line with those previously reported with
follow mutually competitive pathways (2,25). A rationale for adult soccer players (14,15). In the CG, changes were large
the present results may relate to the age of the population in only in the squat (+21%) with medium but not significant
this study. The 13-year-old male soccer players trained and changes (+16%) in 1RM bench press.
tested in this study were much younger than the typical There was also evidence that the soccer training was as
young adult cohort used in other concurrent training studies effective as the concurrent training in promoting training
(8,9,13,21). Children may have a more generalized rather adaptations in some variables. Although there was a numer-
than specific training response as compared with adults. ically greater improvement in Yo-Yo IR1 performance with
For example, Murphy et al. (24) suggested that children the ES (+79%) vs. SE (+58.8%) and ASE (+54.52%), the
had difficulty in perceiving the difference between maximal large improvement with the CG (+42%) suggests an effect
and submaximal intensity contractions. Children also pres- of weekly soccer technical-tactical practice on the ability to
ent lower levels of fatigue, and thus concurrent training may perform intermittent high-intensity activity. This informa-
be less likely to impose an overtraining burden (24). Youth tion is of great practical interest as Yo-Yo IR1 was reported
recover quicker than adults, and thus the adult difficulties in to possess good reliability and very large ecological validity
handling concurrent training may not apply (12,28). The in male youth soccer players (4). Furthermore, there were
faster recovery of children can be attributed to a lower reli- similar improvements in 30-m sprint performance for both
ance on glycolysis, quicker phosphocreatine resynthesizes, the intervention groups (+2.56%) and the CG (+2.4%).
faster acid base regulation, and increased fatigue resistance Mujika et al. (22) reported that the combination of complex
due to a lower power output (12,28,39). Hence, concurrent strength exercise with usual soccer training is effective for
training may be more appropriate for a younger vs. more line sprint development in elite young soccer players.
adult population. Indeed, concurrent training protocols are Endurance training studies have also showed that line-
usually implemented with success in soccer at elite and sub- sprint abilities are conserved if high-intensity running or
elite levels (15,16,32,38). However, soccer practice could small-sided games are integrated in the usual soccer-
supplement the endurance stimulus while impairing the training setup (14,18). These results suggest the comple-
strength stimulus thus resulting in a detrimental competitive mentary effect of strength training and soccer practice
effect (30). Further studies examining the dose response (22). Finally, the strength training circuit-involved exercises
effect of concurrent training on the training responses of deemed to improve upper-limb strength and power that
youth are warranted. may lead to enhancements in throw-in ability in soccer
However, there was some evidence of a sequence effect on players (32). In contrast to the squat 1RM, bench press
specific measures. Only the SE and ASE showed large and MTB exhibited medium to large improvements only
changes in vertical jump performances with improvement of in the experimental groups. The CGs 21% improvement in
higher magnitude in the SJ than CMJ (10.5, 13.6% and 7.3, 8%, squat performance suggests the likelihood of a positive
respectively). These findings are of great practical interest as effect of soccer practice on lower-limb explosive and max-
they provide evidence of a selective sequence effect (strength imal strength.
before endurance) on lower-limb explosive strength develop- This study showed that when training investments in
ment. It could be speculated that previous endurance training strength and endurance are considered in youth soccer,
(ES) and fatigue could have produced a detrimental effect on they may be safely implemented with positive training
neuromuscular activation leading to maladaptation in muscle consequences sequentially with intrasession or intersession.
firing rate (11,13,30). In this regard, further studies investigat- However, when the objective is to maximize the training
ing the selective effect of endurance training on explosive effect, attention should be paid to strength and endurance
strength are warranted. The ability to achieve high vertical sequence. Indeed, performing endurance before or after
jump heights is considered as valid and relevant procedure to strength training proved to have a greater effect on
test soccer players lower-limb explosive strength (5,32). The intermittent high intensity mainly aerobic performance and
CMJ and SJ are reported to have construct validity and to maximal and explosive strength performance, respectively.
explain variance in squat 1RM in elite soccer (5,32,36). Fur- In this regard, the crossover effect of instrumental changes in
thermore, CMJ and SJ were reported as a variable of interest intrasession sequence warrant future studies for its potential
in soccer talent selection and development. practical effect.
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PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS different modes of combined strength and endurance training. Int J
Sports Med 36: 120129, 2015.
A number of training studies that examined concurrent 12. Falk, B and Dotan, R. Child-adult differences in the recovery from
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18. Impellizzeri, FM, Marcora, SM, Castagna, C, Reilly, T, Sassi, A,
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