1 2 SI Xtalk Lecture

Signal Integrity Fundamentals Training
Crosstalk
Disclaimer: Most of material is adopted from

various Intel boot camp. Adapted and
modified for this course. Original owners are
various Intel expert
2
Agenda
Crosstalk
Quiz
Project discussion
What is Crosstalk?
Crosstalk is coupling of energy from one
signal to another
Crosstalk occurs from the interaction of
electric and magnetic fields between
transmission lines
Crosstalk affects the electrical parameters of a
line
Impedance, Z
Propagation delay, TD
Equivalent Inductance and Capacitance
Crosstalk affects timing, noise, ringback,
overshoot, and even EMI
Crosstalk Induced Noise
Key Topics:
Mutual Inductance and capacitance
Coupled noise
Circuit Model
Transmission line matrices
Mutual Inductance and Capacitance
Crosstalk mechanisms:
Mutual capacitance, Cm electric field

Mutual inductance, Lm magnetic field
Z0 Z0
Z0 Z0
far
far
Cm
Lm
Zs near
Zs near
Z0
Z0
Coupling Mechanism
The mechanism that governs this transfer of

energy are the familiar circuit equations:
dI dV
V Lm Lm I Cm Cm
dt dt
The mutual inductance will induce current on
the victim line opposite of the driving current.
The mutual capacitance will pass current
through the mutual capacitance that flows in
both directions on the victim line.
Crosstalk Induced Noise
Coupled currents on the victim line sum to
produce the near and the far end crosstalk

noise.
Z0 Z0
Z0 Z0
Far end
Far end
ICm
Lm ILm
Zs Near end
Zs Near end
Driver Z0
Driver Z0
I n ea r I Cm I Lm I fa r I Cm I Lm
Crosstalk Induced Noise Profile
Near end crosstalk is always positive for a rising edge.
Currents from Lm and Cm always add and flow into the node.
For PCBs, the far end crosstalk is usually negative for a
rising edge (more on this later).
Z0
Z0
Far End
Zs Near End
Driver
Z0
Graphical Explanation
Time = 0 Near end crosstalk pulse at t=0 (Inear)
V
Z0 ~Tr Near end
crosstalk
Far end crosstalk pulse at t=0 (Ifar) TD
Time= 1/2 TD
~Tr
V
Z0 2TD
Z0
far end
crosstalk
Time= TD
V
Z0 Z0
Far end of current
terminated at t=TD
Time = 2TD
V
Near end current
Z0
terminated at t=2TD
Z0
Approximate Crosstalk Equations
Terminated Victim TD
Z0
Z0
B Far end Vinput LM C M
A
4 L C
A TD X LC
B
A Vinput X LC LM C M
Near end B
Zs Tr ~Tr Tr L C
2Tr
Z0
2TD
X = line length
Approximate Crosstalk Equations
Far end open victim
TD
Z0
Vinput LM C M
A
B 4 L C
1
B C
2
A
Vinput X LC LM C M B C
Zs A C L C
Z0 Tr
Tr ~Tr ~Tr
2TD
Exercise
Draw a sketch of the far end crosstalk for the
circuit and signals below:

TD
Tr Tr Tr
2TD
3TD
Answer
1. Examine the terminated Vinput LM C M
Aterm
C
case. 4 L
2. Since the near end is open, Vinput LM CM
it will be instantly reflected Aopen
2 L C
and doubled.
3. The reflected near end
crosstalk will propagate
down the victim line and
superimpose with the far
end crosstalk. Aopen
B
4. The far end crosstalk pulse
will appear, and then the TD~Tr
reflected near end pulse will 3TD
instantly be superimposed
upon it.
Answer TD
Near End Open Victim
Z0
Z0
Far End
A C
B
Vinput LM C M
A
2 L C
Tr Tr Tr
Zs Near End Vinput LM C M
C
2TD
Driver 4 L C 3TD
Vinput X LC LM C M
B L C
2Tr
The crosstalk noise characteristics are

dependent on the termination of the victim
line.
Equivalent Circuit Crosstalk Model
The circuit must be distributed into n segments
as shown in the transmission line chapter.

C12
Line 1 Line 2
L12
K
C1G C2G L11 L22
L11(1) L11(2 L11(n)

) Line 1
C1G(1) C1G(2) C1G(n)
K1 K1 K1
C12(1) C12(2) C12(n)
Line 2
L22(1) C2G(1) L22(2) C2G(2) L22(n) C2G(n)
Crosstalk Model: Transmission Line Matrices
The transmission line matrices are used to represent the

electrical characteristics
The inductance matrix is shown, where:
Lnn = the self inductance of line N per unit length (all
other lines open)
Lmn = the mutual inductance between line M and N
L11 L12 ... L1N

L L22
Inductance Matrix = 21

LN 1 LNN
Crosstalk Model: Transmission Line Matrices
The capacitance matrix is shown below, where:
Cnn = the self capacitance of line N per unit length where:
C NN C NG C m u tu a ls
Cng = The capacitance between line N and ground
Cmn = mutual capacitance between lines M and N
C11 C12 ... C1 N
C C 22
Capacitance Matrix = 21

C N 1 C NN
For example, for the 2 line circuit shown earlier:

C 1 1 C 1G C 1 2
C s are usually reported negative. Dont get confused, ignore the sign.
m
Effect of Crosstalk on Transmission line
Parameters
Key Topics:
Odd and Even Mode Characteristics
Microstrip vs. Stripline
Modal Termination Techniques
Effect Switching Patterns
Single Line Equivalent Model (SLEM)
Modal Analysis
Odd and Even Transmission Modes
Electromagnetic Fields between two driven coupled
lines will interact with each other.

These interactions will affect the impedance and
delay of the transmission line.
A 2-conductor system will have 2 propagation
modes.
Even Mode (lines driven in phase)
Odd Mode (lines driven 180o out of phase)
Even Mode
Odd Mode
The interaction of the fields will cause the system

electrical characteristics to be directly dependent on
patterns.
Odd Mode Transmission
Potential difference between conductors increases the effective
capacitance by the mutual capacitance (Cm).
Electric Field: Odd mode

+1 -1 C1g Cm
C2g
Because currents are flowing in opposite directions, the total

inductance is reduced by the mutual inductance (Lm).
Magnetic Field: Odd mode
V
+1 -1 dI d ( I )
V L Lm
I dt dt
Lm dI
( L Lm )
dt
-I
Odd Mode Inductance
I1 L11
dI dI
V1 L0 1 Lm 2
dt dt + V1 - Lm
dI dI + V2 - k
I2
V2 L0 2 Lm 1 L11 L 22
dt dt
L22
Since the signals for odd-mode switching are always opposite, I1 = -I2 and
V1 = -V2, so that:
dI1 d ( I1 ) dI
V1 L0 Lm ( L0 Lm ) 1
dt dt dt
dI d ( I 2 ) dI
V2 L0 2 Lm ( L0 Lm ) 2
dt dt dt
Thus, since L0 = L11 = L22, L o d d L 1 1 L m L 1 1 L 1 2
Meaning that the equivalent inductance seen in an odd-mode environmen

is reduced by the mutual inductance.
Odd Mode Capacitance
C1g = C2g = C0 = C11 C12

V1
dV1 d (V1 V2 ) dV dV
I1 C 0 Cm (C 0 C m ) 1 C m 2 C1g Cm
dt dt dt dt
dV d (V2 V1 ) dV dV
So, I 2 C0 2 Cm (C 0 C m ) 2 C m 1 C2g V2
dt dt dt dt
And again, I1 = -I2 and V1 = -V2, so that:

dV1 d (V1 ( V1 )) dV
I1 C 0 Cm (C 0 2C m ) 1
dt dt dt
dV d (V2 ( V2 )) dV
I 2 C0 2 Cm (C 0 2C m ) 2
dt dt dt
Thus, C odd C 1g 2C m C 11 C m
The equivalent capacitance for odd mode switching increases.

Odd Mode Impedance & Delay
Impedance
Lodd L11 L12
The impedance for odd mode behavior isZ
C11 C12
odd
C odd
( Note : Z differential 2 Z odd )
Propagation Delay
and the propagation delay for odd mode behavior is
T D odd L odd C odd ( L 1 1 L 1 2 )( C 1 1 C 1 2 )

Even Mode Transmission
Since the conductors are always at a equal potential, the
capacitance is reduced by the mutual capacitance (Cm).
+1 +1
C1g Cm
Electric Field:
Even mode
C2g
Because currents are flowing in the same direction, the

inductance is increased by the mutual inductance (Lm).
+1 +1 V V L
dI
Lm
d (I )
Magnetic Field: dt dt
Even mode
I dI
Lm ( L Lm )
dt
I
Even Mode Inductance
Again, consider the circuit:
I1 L11
dI1 dI
V1 L0 Lm 2 + V1 - Lm
dt dt I2 k
+ V2 - L11 L 22
dI dI
V2 L0 2 Lm 1
dt dt L22
Since the signals for even-mode switching are always equal and in the s
direction so that I1 = I2 and V1 = V2, so that:
dI1 d ( I1 ) dI
V1 L0 Lm ( L0 Lm ) 1
dt dt dt
dI d (I2 ) dI
V2 L0 2 Lm ( L0 Lm ) 2
dt dt dt
Thus, L even L 1 1 L m L 1 1 L 1 2
The equivalent inductance for even mode increases by the mutual

inductance.
Even Mode Capacitance
Again, consider the circuit:
V1
dV d (V1 V1 ) dV
I1 C 0 1 C m C0 1
dt dt dt C1g Cm
dV d (V2 V2 ) dV
I 2 C0 2 Cm C0 2 V2
dt dt dt C2g
Thus, C even C 0 C 1 1 C m
The equivalent capacitance during even mode behavior

decreases.
Even Mode Impedance and Delay
Impedance
The impedance for even mode behavior is
Leven L11 L12

Z even
C even C11 C12
Propagation Delay
and the propagation delay for even mode behavior is
T D even L even C even ( L1 1 L1 2 )( C 1 1 C 1 2 )

Microstrip Odd & Even Mode Comparison
Even mode (as seen on line 1)

Input waveforms
Impedance difference
v1
Odd mode (Line 1)
voltage
Line 1 Probe point

v1
v2 Line2
v2 Delay difference due to modal velocity differences
time
Microstrip vs. Stripline Velocity
Odd and Even mode electric fields in a microstrip will have
different percentages of the total E field fringing through the air

which will change the effective er.
+1 +1 +1 -1
er=1.0 er=1.0
er=4.2 er=4.2
Lower % of E fields in the air Higher er,eff Higher % of E fields in the air Lower er,eff
The equivalent dielectric constant for a coupled microstrip

system will change with the driving pattern.
Induces both impedance an velocity variations
c L 1
velocity Zo
e r ,eff C e r ,eff
Microstrip vs. Stripline Velocity
If the dielectric is homogeneous (i.e., buried microstrip

or stripline) , the effective dielectric constant will not
change because the electric fields will never fringe
through air.
Stripline E field patterns
+1 +1 +1 -1
er=4.2
er=4.2
Subsequently, if the transmission line is implemented in a

homogeneous dielectric, the velocity must stay constant
between even and odd mode patterns.
Microstrip vs. Stripline coupled Noise
The velocity is constant in a homogeneous
media (such as a stripline):
TDodd TDeven
( L11 L12 )(C11 C12 ) ( L11 L12 )(C11 C12 )
L12C11 L11C12 L11C12 L12C11
L12 C12

L11 C11
Since far end crosstalk takes the following
form:
Vinput X LC L12 C12
Crosstalk ( far _ stripline ) 0
2T r L11 C11
it is zero for a homogeneous dielectric.

Termination Techniques: T Network
Single resistor terminations do not fully terminate coupled
lines.
3 resistor networks can be designed to terminate both
odd and even modes (Pi or T networks).
+1 Odd Mode +1 R1
Equivalent
R1 R3 -1 R2
R2 Virtual Ground
in center
-1
R1 R 2 Z o d d Even Mode +1 R1
2R3
Equivalent
R 3 Z even Z odd
1 +
2R3
2 1 R2
Termination Techniques: Pi Network
R1 R1
Odd Mode
+1 R3
R3
Equivalent
-1 R3
R2 R2
R 1 R 2 Z even +1 R1
Even Mode
Z even Z odd Equivalent +
R3 2
R2
Z even Z odd 1
Single Line Equivalent Model
The effects of crosstalk can be estimated by incorporating them

into a single line.
This allows quick estimates of the effects of crosstalk without
running fully coupled simulations early in the design.
SLEM estimates crosstalk effects on
Impedance variation
TD variation
Ringback/Overshoot
This allows a quick initial analysis of line spacing tradeoffs.
Using modal impedances, a single transmission line can
approximate even, odd, or other state coupling.
In the example shown below, crosstalk introduces

~ 35% variation in the impedance at 10 mil spacing.
Zeven , TDeven
Equivalen
Z0 Variation for a 3 Conductor Stripline
Width=5mils
30 Z0=90
t to Even
120 State
100 Coupling
Impedance[]
80
Zodd , TDodd
60
Z0=40
Equivalen
40 30
20
t to Odd
0 State
Coupling
5 10 15 20
Edge to Edge Spacing [mils]
even states single bit states odd states

Single Line Equivalent Model
How do we create a SLEM model?

One way is to use the formulas for even and odd modes.
SLEM is only an approximation for more than 2 lines.

It works well for three lines, but is exact for two lines.
These models can be used to estimate the impedance and

velocity variations due to crosstalk.
e.g. odd mode, even mode, at various spacings
L22 2 L12
Z even
C22 2 C12
L22 2 L12
Z odd
C22 2 C12
Vinit=Vin(Zstate/(Rin+Zstate))
SLEM Limitations
SLEM assumes the line is in a particular
state (odd or even) for the entire Single

segment length Odd Bit Even
This means that the edges are in
perfect phase
1 2 3 V1
Time
V2
The edges maybe in
Time
phase here, but not
here. V3
Time
1
2
1 Random bit patterns cannot
2
3 3 be simulated properly with
Three coupled lines, two with serpentining
SLEM
e.g. oddsingle biteven
Example: Tolerance vs. Spacing Trade-Off Analysis
Assume you perform simulations with no coupling and you find a solution
space with an impedance range of ~35 to ~100.
What are some possible design solutions?
Option 1
10 mil spacing with 5%
Z0 Variation for a 3 Conductor Stripline manufacturing tolerance gives
Width=5mils 4095%<Zeff<95105%, or
120
38<Zeff<99.8
100
Impedance[]
80 Problem: 5% tolerance is
60 usually too expensive for high
40 volume designs.
20
Option 2
0
5 10 15 20 15 mil spacing, 15%
Edge to Edge Spacing [mils]
tolerance
even states single bit states odd states 5085%<Zeff<81115%, or
42.5<Zeff<93.1
Modal analysis
Modal analysis breaks the signals down into

orthogonal combinations of components.

Any signal can be described as a sum of orthogonal modes.
For instance, the line voltage is a sum of modal voltages.
The L or C is a combination of modal Ls or Cs.
Points to remember
Each mode will have its own impedance and velocity.
Remember odd and even modes for n=2?
All signals are a sum of modes.
Why is modal analysis useful in bus design?

It bounds worst case impedance and delay variations due to switching
patterns.
It is similar to SLEM, but is an exact calculation.
Super-positioning of Modes
For a 2 line case there are 2 modes (odd and even)
Single bit states are a superposition of odd and even mode

Far End Crosstalk Revisited
In a 2 signal conductor microstrip system, the odd and even modes will have different
velocities.
Far end crosstalk results from the difference between odd and even mode delays.
Line 1 Line 2 Z0
A Z0
Far End
Even
Line 1
Line 2
- victim
Near End
Odd
ZS
Driver Z0
- B
1
Total - Far end crosstalk puls
0
TDeven-TDodd
Modal analysis
Odd and Even modes correspond to specific

switching patterns for n=2 signal case

Even Mode State = 1,1
Odd Mode State = -1,1
For n>2 it gets more complicated

Modes do not correspond to digital states someplace
in between
Combination of 3 modes State = 1,1,1
N Conductor Considerations
Odd-even nomenclature is only correct for a 2 signal system
The number of modes in a multi-conductor system are equal to n, where n is

the number of signals
For 3 conductors there are 3 modes, but many states.
Dont confuse modes with states.
Switching states for 3 signal conductors
Even States
, Rising Edge
2 Bit Even States
0, 0,0 ,0 Odd
Falling Edge
Single Bit States
0 0,0 0, , 0 No Change
2 Bit Odd States
0, 0,0 ,0 (Line stays high or low,
no transition occurs)
Odd States
,
Modal decomposition for n conductors
The circuit derived transmission line equations for a loss free transmission
line system are shown, where z=line length.

V ( z , t ) L I ( z , t )
z t

I ( z , t ) C V ( z , t )
z t
e j t
Assuming a sinusoidal signal j
gives z

Therefor
V ( z ) j L I ( z )
z
e

I ( z ) j C V ( z )
z
Modal decomposition (cont.)
We want an equation in voltage and current only.
Take the 2nd order derivative of the original equations with respect to z and
substitute.
2
Voltage
equation:
V ( z , t ) j L I ( z , t ) j L C V ( z , t )
z 2
z t
2
Current I ( z , t ) j C V ( z , t ) j C L I ( z , t )
Equation: z 2
z t
If a transformation matrix [T] can be found so that LC

and CL can be diagonalized, the modal equations can be
uncoupled.
V ( z ) TV VM
I ( z ) TI I M
Eigenvectors accomplish the transformation.
They allow separation of the system into orthogonal components, i.e.

diagonalization of the matrix.
TV eigenvector L C
TI eigenvector C L
Writing the transmission line equations in matrix
form:
d V 0 j L V
I j C
dz 0 I
Using the modal transformation matrices, [Tv] and

[TI], the voltage equation can be re-written in terms
of the modal voltage.
d
V m j Tv 1 L T I I M
dz
The current can also be written in terms of the modal voltages.
d
I m j T I 1 C TV V m
dz
Thus the [L] and [C] matrices can be converted to modal
values.
C mode1 0 0

C mode TI C TV 0
1
C mode2 0
0 0 C modeN
Lmode1 0 0

Lmode TV L TI 0
1
Lmode2 0
0 0 LmodeN
The modal impedance and delays are then calculated by

L m ode_i
Z m ode_i TD m ode_i L m ode_i C m ode _ i
C m ode_i
Effective Impedance
In systems for more than 2 lines, the modal conditions will not necessarily
correspond to a specific binary state .
We need to calculate the equivalent impedance for a binary state, which is

some combination of modes.
[Z 0 ]
V Tv V m T Z T 1
I T I I m v m ode I
1
1 denotes a positive transition
Vline 1 -1 denotes a negative transition
1
Vline_ i
Z eqiv _ i
I lin e Z 0 V lin e
1
I line_ i
The equivalent impedances are simply calculated from
the line voltage and current for a given state.
Single Bit Switching Example Revisited
V lin es [T v ] [V m ] 2 line system Tv matrix
(LC eigenvector)

1 1
1V 2 2 .Vm1
0V 1 1 Vm2

2 2

Vline1 Tv1 1Vm1 Tv1 2Vm 2
1 1
1V Vm1 Vm 2
2 2 Vline2 Tv 2 1V m1 Tv 2 2V m 2
1 1
0V Vm1 Vm 2
2 2
1 1V 1 1V 1 1
Vline1 V V 1V
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1V 1 1V
V m1 V m 2 Vline2 0V
2 2 2 2 2
3 Line Comparison of SLEM & Modal Analysis
SLEM Modal analysis
L2 2 2.L1 2 56.887
Zeven .Ut Z[1,1,1] = 59
C2 2 2. C1 2 Zeven = 58.692 Zmode 50.355
46.324
L2 2 2.L1 2
.Ut
Z[1,-1,1] = 44.25
Zodd
C2 2 2. C1 2 Zodd = 43.738
1.609 .10
8
Veven
1.0 v 1.718 .108
Modal velocities
L2 2 2.L1 2 . C
2 2
2. C1 2
1.789 .10
8
veven = 1.591108 m/s Mode vectors

1.0
Vodd
L2 2 2.L1 2 . C 2. C1 2 0.53 0.707 0.467
2 2
Tv 0.663 1.524.10
15
0.751
vodd = 1.856108 m/s
0.53 0.707 0.467
The SLEM Zeff and veff are close to the actual, but much simpler to
calculate.
Why does SLEM work?
To answer we look at the 2 & 3 conductor transformation matrices.
Odd mode Even mode
2 Lines
(1,-1) (1,1) Modes are equivalent
0 .707 0 .707 to specific binary
Tv
0 .707
states (odd and even)
0 .707
Even state Odd state

similar to 1,1,1 similar to -1,1,-1
(0.8, 1, 0.8) (-0.62, 1, -0.62)
Modes are NOT
3 Lines
0.53 0.707 0.467 equivalent to specific
Tv 0.663 0 0.751 binary states, but the
extremes are close
0.53 .707 0.467 for a 3-line system
Summary
Crosstalk is unwanted signals due to field
coupling.
Mutual capacitance and inductance between
lines creates forward and backwards traveling
waves on neighboring lines.
Crosstalk can also be analyzed as a change in
the transmission lines impedance and delay.
A SLEM approach can be used to quickly
budget impedance tolerance and trace
spacing.
n orthogonal modes will exist for an n line

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Signal Integrity Fundamentals Training

Disclaimer: Most of material is adopted from

Mutual capacitance, Cm electric field

The mechanism that governs this transfer of

produce the near and the far end crosstalk

circuit and signals below:

The crosstalk noise characteristics are

as shown in the transmission line chapter.

L11(1) L11(2 L11(n)

C1G(1) C1G(2) C1G(n)

The transmission line matrices are used to represent the

L11 L12 ... L1N

Cnn = the self capacitance of line N per unit length where:

For example, for the 2 line circuit shown earlier:

lines will interact with each other.

The interaction of the fields will cause the system

Electric Field: Odd mode

Because currents are flowing in opposite directions, the total

Thus, since L0 = L11 = L22, L o d d L 1 1 L m L 1 1 L 1 2

Meaning that the equivalent inductance seen in an odd-mode environmen

C1g = C2g = C0 = C11 C12

And again, I1 = -I2 and V1 = -V2, so that:

The equivalent capacitance for odd mode switching increases.

T D odd L odd C odd ( L 1 1 L 1 2 )( C 1 1 C 1 2 )

Because currents are flowing in the same direction, the

The equivalent inductance for even mode increases by the mutual

The equivalent capacitance during even mode behavior

The impedance for even mode behavior is

Leven L11 L12

T D even L even C even ( L1 1 L1 2 )( C 1 1 C 1 2 )

Even mode (as seen on line 1)

Line 1 Probe point

v2 Delay difference due to modal velocity differences

different percentages of the total E field fringing through the air

The equivalent dielectric constant for a coupled microstrip

If the dielectric is homogeneous (i.e., buried microstrip

Subsequently, if the transmission line is implemented in a

it is zero for a homogeneous dielectric.

The effects of crosstalk can be estimated by incorporating them

In the example shown below, crosstalk introduces

even states single bit states odd states

How do we create a SLEM model?

SLEM is only an approximation for more than 2 lines.

These models can be used to estimate the impedance and

state (odd or even) for the entire Single

What are some possible design solutions?

Modal analysis breaks the signals down into

orthogonal combinations of components.

Why is modal analysis useful in bus design?

Single bit states are a superposition of odd and even mode

Odd and Even modes correspond to specific

switching patterns for n=2 signal case

Odd Mode State = -1,1

For n>2 it gets more complicated

The number of modes in a multi-conductor system are equal to n, where n is

Switching states for 3 signal conductors

line system are shown, where z=line length.

If a transformation matrix [T] can be found so that LC

They allow separation of the system into orthogonal components, i.e.

Using the modal transformation matrices, [Tv] and

The modal impedance and delays are then calculated by

We need to calculate the equivalent impedance for a binary state, which is

veven = 1.591108 m/s Mode vectors

Odd mode Even mode