SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT No. 14.B

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION PROTOCOL:

CUSTOMIZED

SUBMITTED BY:
CANILAO, ARA CHARLYN E.
REGOJOS, MATT I.
SEBASTIAN, JOHN EMIL C.

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. RAUL MABITAZAN

DECEMBER 7, 2016
 I. DISCUSSION OF RELATED THEORY
CUSTOMIZED TRANSMISSION PROTOCOL
Point-to-point link via communication processors
Point-to-point link via communication processors (CPs) is an extremely powerful and low-cost
alternative to bus systems.The advantage of point-to-point links over bus systems is especially
significant when only a few (RS 485) devices are to be connected to the SIMATIC S7. The CPs
can also easily link third-party systems to the SIMATIC S7. Thanks to the great flexibility of the
CPs, different physical transmission media, transmission rates or even customized
transmission protocols can be implemented.
The interface modules for the S7-300 are available in three versions, each with one interface for
the different physical transmission media.
All point-to-point communications modules use up to 4 protocol drivers which are integrated in
the operating system. The CPs, like all other S7 modules, are parameterized from a
programming device or PC via the central processing unit (CPU).

Digital Transmission
Digital transmission is quite different from analog transmission. For one thing, the signal is
much simpler. Rather than being a continuously variable wave form, it is a series of discrete
pulses, representing one bits and zero bits. Each computer uses a coding scheme that defines
what combinations of ones and zeros constitute all the characters in a character set (that is,
lowercase letters, uppercase letters, punctuation marks, digits, keyboard control functions).

Digital transmission

How the ones and zeros are physically carried through the network depends on whether the
network is electrical or optical. In electrical networks, one bits are represented as high voltage,
and zero bits are represented as null, or low voltage. In optical networks, one bits are
represented by the presence of light, and zero bits are represented by the absence of light. The
ones and zerosthe on/off conditionsare carried through the network, and the receiving
device repackages the ones and zeros to determine what character is being represented.
Because a digital signal is easier to reproduce than an analog signal, we can treat it with a little
less care in the network. Rather than use dumb amplifiers, digital networks use regenerative
repeaters, also referred to as signal regenerators. As a strong, clean, digital pulse travels over a
distance, it loses power, similar to an analog signal. The digital pulse, like an analog signal, is
eroded by impairments in the network. But the weakened and impaired signal enters the
regenerative repeater, where the repeater examines the signal to determine what was supposed
to be a one and what was supposed to be a zero. The repeater regenerates a new signal to pass
on to the next point in the network, in essence eliminating noise and thus vastly improving the
error rate.

Analog Versus Digital Transmission

Table 2.1 Characteristics of Analog and Digital Networks

Feature Analog Digital Characteristics

Characteristics

Signal Continuously Discrete signal,

variable, in both represented as either
amplitude and changes in voltage or
frequency changes in light levels

Traffic Hz (for example, a Bits per second (for

measurement telephone channel is example, a T-1 line
4KHz) carries 1.544Mbps, and
an E-1 line transports
2.048Mbps)

Bandwidth Low bandwidth High bandwidth that can

(4KHz), which means support high-speed data
low data transmission and emerging
rates (up to applications that involve
33.6Kbps) because of video and multimedia
limited channel
bandwidth

Network Low; one conversation High; multiplexers enable

capacity per telephone channel multiple conversations to
share a communications
channel and hence to
achieve greater
Feature Analog Digital Characteristics
Characteristics

transmission efficiencies

Network Poor; a lot of labor is Good; smart devices

manageability needed for network produce alerts, alarms,
maintenance and traffic statistics, and
control because performance
dumb analog devices measurements, and
do not provide technicians at a network
management control center (NCC) or
information streams network operations center
that allow the device (NOC) can remotely
to be remotely monitor and manage the
managed various network elements

Power High because the Low because only two

requirement signal contains a wide discrete signalsthe one
range of frequencies and the zeroneed to be
and amplitudes transmitted

Security Poor; when you tap Good; encryption can be

into an analog circuit, used
you hear the voice
stream in its native
form, and it is
difficult to detect an
intrusion

Error rates High; 105 bits (that Low; with twisted-pair,

is, 1 in 100,000 bits) 107 (that, is 1 in 10
is guaranteed to have million bits per second)
Feature Analog Digital Characteristics
Characteristics

an error will have an error, with

satellite, 109 (that is, 1 in
1 billion per second) will
have an error, and with
fiber, 1011 (that is only 1
in 10 trillion bits per
second) will have an error

II. REFERENCES

Analog and Digital Transmission. Retrieved from

http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=24687&seqNum=5

Point-to-point link via communication processors. Retrieved from

http://w3.siemens.com/mcms/programmable-logic-controller/en/advanced-
controller/s7-300/communication/point-to-point-link/Pages/Default.aspx