Beruflich Dokumente
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107
CHAPTER 10
SOLUTIONS
Given: Concentration = 0.05 mg/m3, exposure = 8 h/d for age 18 to 65, 5 d/wk, 50 wk/y
Solution:
20m 3
b. Inhalation rate = = 0.833 m3/h
24h
CDI =
(0.05 mg m )(0.833 m h )(8 h d )(5 d wk )(50 wk y)(47 y)
3 3
Given: NAAQS = 80 g/m3, lifetime (24 h/d, 365 d/y), average adult.
Solution:
CDI =
(80 g )( )
m 3 20 m 3 d (365 d y )(70 y )
(78kg )(70 y)(365d )
CDI = 20.51 g/kg d or 2.05 x 10-2 mg/kg d
Given: Drinking water at 10 mg/L, one year averaging time, 1 year old child.
Solution:
CDI =
(10 mg L )(1 L d )(365 d y )(1y )
(16kg )(1y )(365 d y )
CDI = 0.625 mg/kg d
CDI =
(10 mg L )(2 L d )(365 d y )(1y )
(65.4kg )(1y )(365 d y )
CDI = 0.31 mg/kg d
Given: Soil concentration of 2, 4-D = 10 mg/kg, child = 3 years old, adult, 1 year
averaging time, 1 d/week, 20 weeks/y, FI = 0.10
Solution:
b. For adult
Given: Adult female consumes water, bathes 20 min/d and does not swim is exposed to
toluene at drinking water limit.
Solution:
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10-3
CDI =
(1.0 mg L )(2.3 L d )(365 d y )(70 y )
(65.4kg )(70 y )(365 d y )
CDI = 3.52 x 10-2 mg/kg d
d. Dermal contact (Eqn 10-12). NOTE: 80% submergence, PC = 9.0 x 10-6 m/h, and
20 min d
ET = = 0.3333 h d
60 min h
AD =
(1.0 mg L )(1.69m 2 )(9.0 10 6 m h )(0.3333 h d )(365 d y )(70 y )(10 3 L m3 )
(0.80)
(65.4kg )(70 y )(365 d y)
AD = (7.75 x 10-5)(0.80) = 6.20 x 10-5 mg/kg d
CDI =
(1.0 g m 3 )(10 3 mg g )(0.8333 m 3 h )(0.3333 h d )(365 d y )(70 y )
(65.4kg )(70 y )(365 d y)
CDI = 4.25 x 10-6 mg/kg d
f. Total CDI
Given: Child exposed for 5 years to 1,1,1-trichloroethane at drinking water limit. She
swims, bathes. Average age is 8 years over exposure period.
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10-4
Solution:
CDI =
(0.2 mg L )(1.0 L d )(365 d y )(5y )
(26kg )(5y )(365 d y )
CDI = 7.69 x 10-3 mg/kg d
30 min wk
ET = = 0.5 h wk
60 min h
e. Dermal contact while swimming (Eqn 10-12). NOTE: Assume 100% of body is
exposed during swimming (a bit high but no other data given) PC = 6.0 x 10-3 m/h, and
30 min wk
ET = = 0.5 h wk
60 min h
AD =
(0.2 mg L)(0.925m 2 )(6.0 10 3 m h )(0.5 h wk )(52 wk y )(5y )(10 3 L m3 )
(26kg )(5y )(365 d y)
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10-5
f. Dermal contact while bathing (Eqn 10-12). NOTE: 50% submergence, PC = 6.0 x 10-3
m/h, and
10 min d
ET = = 0.1667 h d
60 min h
AD =
(0.2 mg L )(0.925m 2 )(6.0 10 3 m h )(0.1667 h d )(365 d y )(5y )(10 3 L m3 )
(0.50)
(26kg )(5y )(365 d y)
AD = (7.12 x 10-3)(0.50) = 3.56 x 10-3 mg/kg d
CDI =
(1.0 g m 3 )(10 3 mg g )(0.2083 m 3 h )(0.1667 h d )(365 d y )(5y )
(26kg )(5y )(365 d y )
CDI = 1.34 x 10-6 mg/kg d
h. Total CDI
CDI = 7.69 x 10-3 + 2.74 x 10-5 + 3.04 x 10-3 + 3.56 x 10-3 + 1.34 x 10-6
Solution:
a. The slope factor for Cr(VI) from Table 10-5 is 42 kg d/mg. From Problem 10-1 CDI
= 2.2 x 10-3 mg/ kg d. The risk is then:
b. This is greater than 0.01 so the risk must be calculated with Eqn. 10-18:
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10-6
Solution:
a. Using the slope factor from Table 10-5, calculate the CDI
risk = (SF)(CDI)
2.38 10 7 mg kg d =
(CA )(20 m 3 d )(365 d y )(70 y)
(78kg )(70y )(365 d y )
CA = 9.28 x 10-7 mg/m3
Solution:
a. These are not carcinogens so calculate hazard index using Eqn 10-19 and 10-22 and
Table 10-6
Solution:
a. These are all carcinogens so calculate risk using Eqn 10-17 and 10-20 and slope factors
from Table 10-5
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10-7
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
a. From http://www.gpoaccess.gov
Given: 590 kg/wk of TCE added, never dumped, drag out = 3.8 L/h, 8 h/d, 5 d/wk
operation, sludge = 1.0% of incoming TCE, density = 1.460 kg/L
Solution:
Evaporation = ?
1% of in
Figures S-10-14: Mass balance
b. Sludge mass
c. Drag out
d. Mass balance
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10-9
Solution:
GMW of methylene chloride (from Appendix A, Table A-8, note that methylene
chloride = dichloromethane) = 84.93 g/mole
d. Mass balance
Solution:
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10-10
a. Efficiency
IN OUT
Efficiency = 100%
IN
Solution:
a. Write reaction
GMWCa(OH)2 = 74 g/mole
From the reaction in "a" one mole of lime will neutralize two moles of HCl or 1/2
mole of lime will neutralize one mole of HCl or 1/2(0.0137) = 0.006849
moles/min of lime
In mg/L
Solution:
a. Write reaction
2 NaOH + H 2SO 4 2H 2 O + Na 2 SO 4
GMWNaOH = 40 g/mole
GMWH2SO4 = 98 g/mole
From the reaction in "a" one mole of sulfuric acid will neutralize two moles of
NaOH or 1/2 mole of sulfuric acid will neutralize one mole of NaOH or
1/2(0.075) = 0.0375 moles/min of sulfuric acid
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10-12
In mg/L
Given: 1500 L of 5.00% H2SO4 by volume, 1500 L of 5.00% NaOH by weight, Specific
gravity of H2SO4 = 1.841, H2SO4 purity = 96%, NaOH purity = 100%
Solution:
at 96% purity
moles of H2SO4
132,552g
= 1,352.57 moles
98 g mole
moles of NaOH
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10-13
75,000g
= 1,875moles
40 g mole
H 2 SO 4 + 2 NaOH Na 2SO 4 + H 2 O
So, 2705.14 moles of NaOH are required to neutralize 1352.57 moles of H2SO4
830.14moles H +
= 0.277 mole L
3000L
1
pH = log = 0.558 or 0.56
0.277
1875
= 937.5 moles of Na2SO4 formed
2
830.14
= 415.07 moles H2SO4
2
Solution:
Solution:
a. First step
NaCN + O 3 NaCNO + O 2
b. Second step
2 NaCNO + O 3 + H 2 O 2 NaHCO 3 + N 2
Solution:
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10-15
Solution:
a. Reaction
Cu + 2OH Cu (OH )2
c. Ksp equation
12
2 10 19
[OH] =
(1 . 3 mg L ) (
10 3
g mg )(63 . 54 g mole )
e. Estimate of pH
pOH = 8.81
Solution:
[Zn ] = 2.6 mg L
= 3.98 10 5 mole L
65.4 10 mg mole
3
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10-16
d. Calculate pH
Zn + Ca (OH )2 Zn (OH )2 + Ca
GMWZn = 65.4
GMWCa(OH)2 = 74
Zinc to be removed
Moles to me removed
47.4 mg L
= 7.25 10 4 mole L
65.4 10 mg mole
3
Dose of lime
Given: 1.0 m3/d of metal plating sludge with solids concentration of 4%; filter press
yields solids concentration of 30%; dryer yields solids concentration of 80%.
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10-17
Solution:
V2 0.04
3
=
1.0 m d 0.30
V2 = 0.133 m3/d
b. Dryer volume
V2 0.30
3
=
0.133 m d 0.80
V2 = 0.05 m3/d
Solution:
a. The concentration of Fe-CN is the mass of Fe-CN divided by the mass per unit volume
of solids. If the Fe-CN is part of the precipitate, then the reduction in solids volume
will increase the Fe-CN concentration.
(Fe-CNin)(Qin) = (Fe-CNout)(Qout)
(400 mg kg )(1.0 m 3 d )
Fe CN out = = 3000 mg kg
0.133 m 3 d
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10-18
Solution:
( )
6000 (3.33) 8.206 10 5 (298) 6000
1 = 8.069
ln
1.5 (
(60) 6.74 10 3 )
1.5
( )
(3.33) 8.206 10 5 (298)
(0.720)1 = 0.5749
(
(60) 6.74 10 3 )
46.787m 3
A= = 7.798m 2
6m
d. Calculating a diameter
(4 )(7.798)
12
d= = 3.15m
NOTE: other column height/diameter combinations are possible within the constraints
that ZT < 6 m and d < 4 m
Solution:
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10-19
( )
440 (0.22) 8.206 10 5 (293) 440
1 = 7.66
ln
0.2 (
(15) 100 10 4 )
0.2
129.4m 3
A= = 21.566m 2
6m
c. Calculating a diameter
(4 )(21.566 )
12
d= = 5.24m
(4.0 )
2
A= = 12.566m 2
4
129.4m 3
ZT = = 10.29m
12.566m 2
This is too tall for one column but two columns in series each with a height of
5.15 m would work. NOTE: other column height/diameter combinations are
possible within the constraints that ZT < 6 m and d < 4 m.
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10-20
Solution:
Molar rate =
(7.13 kg s )(10 3 g kg ) = 396.11 mole s
18 g mole
1000 g/m
3
C1
35 g/m
3
C2
3
Hc 6.44E-03 m - atm/mole
o
Tg 20 C = 293.15 K
3
R 8.21E-05 atm-m /mole-K
KL a 1.60E-02 s
3
Mw 55600 moles/m
L 396.11 moles/s
Compute H'
H' = 2.68E-01
Compute Rsf
Rsf = 5.4067792
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10-21
For the following diameters with air flow rate = 8000 mole/s
Z
0.5 m 10.5 m Too tall for specification
2.0 m 0.66 m Columns are normally have Z>dia. This height is not very practical
3.0 m 0.24 m Columns are normally have Z>dia. This height is not very practical
4.0 m 0.14 m Columns are normally have Z>dia. This height is not very practical
Solution:
58.7
Equivalent weight = = 29.35 mg meq
2
55 mg L
C0 = = 1.87 meq L
29.35 mg meq
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10-22
100
y = 20.183e-3.1502x
10
C/C(o)-1
0.1
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Volume [L]
b= ln 20.18 = 3.00
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10-23
f. Calculate k
7.68 L d
k = (3.1502) = 12.94 L d meq
1.87 meq L
h. Calculate q0
q0 =
(3.00)(7.68) = 0.4125 meq mg
(12.94)(4.316)
i. Now calculate the mass of resin for the full scale system
Using the influent and allowable effluent concentrations, calculate the left hand
side of Equation 10-27
55
ln 1 = 3.00
2 .6
V = (36,000)(5) = 180,000 L
Solution:
108
Equivalent weight = = 108 mg meq
1
10 mg L
C0 = = 0.0926 meq L
108 mg meq
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10-25
10000.00
1000.00
y = 7773.2e-6.8937x
100.00
C/C(o)-1
10.00
1.00
0.10
0.01
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Volume [L]
b = ln 7773 = 8.96
f. Calculate k
( ) 4.523 L d
k = 6.89L1 = 336.54 L d meq
0.0926 meq L
h. Calculate q0
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10-26
q0 =
(8.96)(4.523) = 0.0241 meq mg
(336.54)(5.00)
i. Now calculate the mass of resin for the full scale system
Using the influent and allowable effluent concentrations, calculate the left hand
side of Equation 10-27
10
ln 1 = 3.7054
0.24
V = (3,600)(5) = 18,000 L
M = 7.10 x 104 g or 71 kg
Given: Ca = 107 mg/L as ion, Mg = 18 mg/L as ion, data on size of pilot column
Solution:
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10-27
107 mg L
= 5.35 meq L
20.0 mg meq
18 mg L
= 1.48 meq L
12.15 mg meq
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10-28
1000000.0 -3.9481x
y = 1E+06e
100000.0
10000.0
C/C(o)-1
1000.0
100.0
10.0
1.0
0.1
-1 1 3 5
Volume [m3]
Figure S-10-32: Hardness ion exchange
b = ln (1 x 106) = 13.82
h d )(10 )
( ( ) ) (2.25 L h6)(.24
3
1 m3 L
k = 3.95 m 3 = 3.12 10 2 L d meq
83 meq L
q0 =
(13.82)(2.25 L h )(24 h d ) = 7.24 10 3 meq
(3.12 10 2 L d meq)(3.30kg )
kg
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10-29
Using the influent and desired effluent concentrations, calculate the left hand side
of equation 10-27. Begin by converting 10 mg/L as CaCO3 to meq/L. The
equivalent weight of CaCO3 is 50 mg/meq.
10 mg L as CaCO 3
= 0.20 meq L
50 mg meq
Then
6.83
ln 1 = 3.50
0.20
(3.12 10 )(
L d meq 7.24 10 3 meq kg (M )
2
)
= 3.96 10 4 kg 1 (M )
( )(
570 m 3 d 10 3 L m 3 )
Where M is the unknown quantity of resin. Note the units conversions.
(3.12 10 2
) (
L d meq (6.83 meq L ) 34,200m 3 )
= 12.79
570 m 3 d
M = 41,136 or 41,000 kg or 41 Mg
Given: Trichloroethylene = 18.9 m3; 1,1,1 Trichloroethane = 5.3 m3; Toluene = 21.3 m3,
o-Xylene = 4.8 m3
Solution:
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10-30
Trichloroethylene
1,1,1 Trichloroethane
Toluene
o-Xylene
Trichloroethylene
106.5
chlorine fraction = = 0.811
131.29
1,1,1 Trichloroethane
106.5
chlorine fraction = = 0.798
133.41
Toluene
contains no chlorine
o-Xylene
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10-31
contains no chlorine
Trichloroethylene
1,1,1 Trichloroethane
Toluene
o-Xylene
Total mass
d. Compute % chlorine
%Cl =
(0.811)(27,896.4) + (0.798)(7,096.7 ) (100)
57,683.03
The operator cannot achieve 30% chlorine by mixing these waste quantities.
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10-32
Solution:
Carbon tetrachloride
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Carbon tetrachloride
142.0
Chlorine fraction = = 0.923
153.82
Hexachlorobenzene
213.0
Chlorine fraction = = 0.748
284.79
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10-33
Pentachlorophenol
177.5
Chlorine fraction = = 0.667
266.34
Carbon tetrachloride
Hexachlorobenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Total mass
d. Compute % chlorine
%Cl =
(0.923)(19,446.8) + (0.748)(240,072.3) + (0.667 )(4,945) = 0.759
264,464.1
%Cl = 75.9 %
The chlorine fraction of the combination must be 30%, so the weighted fraction would be
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10-34
(0.759)(264,464.1) + (0.0)(M CH OH )
Chlorine fraction = 3
= 0.30
264,464.1 + M CH3OH
MCH3OH = 404,630 kg
404,630kg
V= 3
= 51.135 or 51 m3
7,913 kg m
Given: Methylene chloride concentration = 5,858 mg/L, flow rate of aqueous stream =
40.5 L/min
Solution:
Given: Methylene chloride concentration = 211.86 g/L, flow rate of flue gas = 597.55
m3/min
Solution:
Solution:
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10-35
237.25 0.1266
DRE = (100) = 99.947%
237.25
Given: mass flow into incinerator = 481 kg/h, mass flow in stack = 72.2 g/h
Solution:
481 0.0722
DRE = (100) = 99.985%
481
Given: Incinerator operating conditions and stack gas concentrations after APC
equipment
Solution:
2249 g min
molar flow = = 15.298 mole min
147.01 g mole
Hydrogen Chloride
1,2 Dichlorobenzene
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10-36
Hydrogen Chloride
without APC
with APC
c. Compliance computations
2249 0.136
DRE = (100) = 99.994 Passes
2249
HCl
After the APC the emission is 31.03 g/min. This exceeds the 1% limit. Therefore
the incinerator fails to comply with the HCl limits.
Particulates
The limit is 180 mg/dscm, therefore the incinerator emission of 181.6 mg/dscm
fails to comply with the particulate limits.
Given: Temperature = 1,100 oC, Qstack = 5.90 dscm/s, 10% oxygen, assume chlorine =
HCl, inlet and outlet emissions
Solution:
a. Calculate DREs
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10-37
Benzene
913.98 0.2436
DRE = (100) = 99.9733% Fails
913.98
Chlorobenzene
521.63 0.0494
DRE = (100) = 99.9905% Passes
521.63
Xylenes
1378.91 0.5670
DRE = (100) = 99.9589% Fails
1378.91
b. Calculate HCl
Emission rate of 4.85 kg/h exceeds emission limit of 1.8 kg/h. Now check % removal:
Inlet HCl
= 169.24 kg/h
Removal efficiency
169.24 kg h 4.85 kg h
= (100) = 97.13%
169.24 kg h
c. Particulate emissions
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10-38
14
Pc = 499.53 = 635.76 mg m
3
21 10
Given: Incinerator operating conditions and stack gas concentrations after APC
equipment
Solution:
2952 g min
molar flow = = 22.485 mole min
131.29 g mole
Hydrogen chloride
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10-39
2678 g min
molar flow = = 20.07 mole min
133.41 g mole
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen chloride
Trichloroethylene
1,1,1 Trichloroethane
Toluene
HCl
without APC
with APC
c. Compliance computations
2952 0.0918
DRE = (100) = 99.9968% Passes
2952
2678 0.190
DRE = (100) = 99.9929% Passes
2678
1733.8 0.0151
DRE = (100) = 99.9991% Passes
1733.8
HCl
After the APC the emission is 44.928 g/min. This is less than the 1% limit.
Therefore the incinerator complies with the HCl limits.
Particulates
The limit is 180 mg/dscm, therefore the incinerator emission of 123.4 mg/dscm
complies with the particulate limits.
Given: Incinerator operating conditions and stack gas concentrations after APC
equipment
Solution:
20,430 g min
molar flow = = 71.74 mole min
284.79 g mole
Hydrogen chloride
25,754 g min
molar flow = = 96.69 mole min
266.34 g mole
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen Chloride
Hexachlorobenzene
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10-42
Pentachlorophenol
Acetone
HCl
without APC
with APC
c. Compliance computations
20,430 0.2889
DRE = (100) = 99.9986% Passes
20,430
25,754 0.5998
DRE = (100) = 99.9977% Passes
25,754
10,286 0.04758
DRE = (100) = 99.9995% Passes
10,286
HCl
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10-43
After the APC the emission is 141.37 g/min. This is less than the 1% limit.
Therefore the incinerator complies with the HCl limits.
Particulates
14
Pc = 123.4 = 246.8
21 14
The limit is 180 mg/dscm, therefore the incinerator emission of 246.8 mg/dscm
fails to comply with the particulate limits.
Given: Retention time required = 1.0 h, diameter = 3.00 m, length = 6.00 m, slope =
2.00%, peripheral speed = 1.5 m/min
Solution:
b. Slope
c. Time
0.19(6.00m 3.00m )
t= = 119.4 min
(0.02 m m )(0.159 rev min )
This is > 1 hour so permit conditions have been met.
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10-44
Solution:
(5.0cm )
2
A= = 19.64cm 2
4
QL
t=
khAt
t=
(100.0cm )(10cm)
3
= 58.95 or 60 d
(10 7
cm s )(100cm )(19.64cm )(86400 s d )
2
Solution:
Note: there are many solutions that will work. I chose to double head to 2 m.
QL
t=
khA
b. Area of sample
(5.0cm )
2
A= = 19.64cm 2
4
c. Solve for t
t=
(100.0cm )(10cm )
3
= 29.5d
(10 7
cm s )(200cm )(19.64cm )(86400 s d )
2
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10-45
Solution:
(10.0cm )
2
A= = 78.54cm 2
4
(0.1cm )
2
a= = 0.007854cm 2
4
Solution:
b. Calculate flow
Solution:
SOIL A
a. Hydraulic gradient
H + T 0.3m + 3m
i= = = 1.10
T 3m
b. Darcy velocity
c. Seepage velocity
1.98 10 7 cm s
v' = = 3.60 10 7 cm s
0.55
d. Travel time
t=
(3.0m )(100 cm m ) = 9645d
(3.60 10 7 cm s)(86400 s d )
SOIL B
a. Hydraulic gradient
H + T 0.3m + 3m + 10m
i= = = 1.33
T 10m
b. Darcy velocity
c. Seepage velocity
2.93 10 5 m s
v' = = 1.17 10 4 m s
0.25
d. Travel time
t=
(10.0m ) = 0.99d
(1.17 10 m s )(86400 s d )
4
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10-47
SOIL C
a. Hydraulic gradient
b. Darcy velocity
c. Seepage velocity
1.12 10 4 mm s
v' = = 3.19 10 4 mm s
0.35
d. Travel time
t=
(12.0m )(1000 mm m ) = 435d
(3.19 10 4 mm s )(86400 s d )
TOTAL TIME
Given: PQL for trichloroethylene = 5 g/L, 0.12 m3 barrel leaks to ground water
Solution:
1.7712 1011 g
= 35,424,000 or 3.54 x 107 m3
(5 g L)(10 L m )
3 3
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10-48
Given: Hydraulic gradient = 8.6 x 10-4, hydraulic conductivity = 200 m/d, porosity =
0.23, retardation factor = 2.3
Solution:
v 0.172
v' = = = 0.748 m d
n 0.23
v' 0.748 m d
v' R = = = 0.325 m d
R 2 .3
d. Travel time
dis tan ce 100m
t= = = 307.55 or 308 d
speed 0.325 m d
10-51 Pumping rate for purge well
Given: Depth of unconfined aquifer = 60.00 m, permeability = 6.4 x 10-3 m/s, plume
depth at 130 m from center of leak is 0.1 m and plume does not extend beyond
150 m.
Solution:
Computing h1 and h2
Q=
( )[
6.4 10 3 m s (60.00m ) (59.90m )
2 2
]
= 1.68 m 3 s
150
ln
130
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10-49
Given: 0.12 m3 of CCl4, K = 7 x 10-4 cm/s, n = 0.38, GWT = 3.0 m, i = 0.002, aquifer =
28 m, Qw = 0.014 m3/s
Solution:
Q 0.014 m 3 s
= = 357.14 or 360 m
(
D( v) (28.0m ) 1.40 10 6 m s )
10-53 Location of well
Solution:
x sp =
(0.014 m s )
3
2(28.0m )(1.40 10 6
ms ) = 56.8 or 57 m
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10-50
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
Solution:
The LD50 toxicity is based on oral intake for a particular species. This statement may be
misleading if it is assumed to be the same for humans, the route of exposure is not orally,
and because toxicity may manifest itself in forms other than death, i.e the slope of the
dose-response curve may yield greater effects at lower doses but have a higher LD50.
Given: Does "land ban actually ban the disposal of hazardous waste?
Solution:
The "land ban only prohibits land disposal of hazardous waste if there are no
concentration levels or methods of treatment of waste established by EPA. A better term
is "Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR).
Solution:
This is correct because CERCLA and courts have established strict, joint, and several
liability.
Solution:
The best first step is to prevent the generation of pollution in the first place. Waste
exchange and then recycling are logic follow-on steps.
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10-51
Solution:
Solution:
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