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K Karthikeyan
Introduction
Shear Walls are specially designed structural walls adapted in
buildings to resist lateral forces from wind, earthquakes
Generally made of concrete or brick, provided between
columns, stairwells, lift wells, toilets, utility shafts, etc.
Suggested for tall buildings with flat slabs
In planning shear walls, try to reduce bending tensile stresses
due to lateral loads as much as possible by loading them with as
much gravity forces as it can take safe
Normally placed symmetrically to avoid torsional stresses
Shear walls should be designed for ductility to resist
earthquakes
Shear Walls
Placing of Shear Walls
Shapes of Shear Walls
Classification of Shear Walls
Simple rectangular type and flanged walls
Coupled shear walls
Rigid frame shear walls
Framed walls with in-filled frames
Column supported shear walls
Core type shear walls
Classification of Shear Walls
Simple rectangular type and flanged walls
bar bell type with boundary elements placed in between
columns
Resist in plane vertical and horizontal shear forces and are
subjected to shear and bending
Simple shear walls: steel is uniformly distributed
Bar bell type: minimum steel in web part and remaining steel in
boundary elements
Bar bell type walls have better ductility
Should be designed for failing in bending rather than shear
Attracts more forces as they are very rigid and dissipate energy
through cracking, so repair becomes difficult
Coupled Shear walls
Two shear walls joined together by spandrel beams, resulting in
increased stiffness, dissipates more energy by yielding of
spandrel beams with no damage to walls
designed to develop hinges in the beam before shear failure
Coupling beam designed to have good energy dissipation
characteristics
Beams are displaced vertically, bend in double curvature under
lateral loads
Reaction, N = (2Mp / Lb) * no of hinges
Diagonal steel is provided in the spandrel beam to increase
shear capacity
Coupled Shear Walls
Rigid frame shear walls
Combination of rigid frame with shear walls
Deflection of frame is in shear mode whereas that of the shear
wall is in bending, this interaction reduces the moments but
increases shear in shear walls
So the shear walls have to be designed to take the increased
shears
Framed walls with in-filled frames
Framed walls are casted monolithically
In-filled shear walls: frames are constructed first and then in-
filled by blocks, masonry etc.
Total Deflection, = 1 + 2 + 3
Lateral stiffness K = W/
Design Steps of Rectangular Shear Walls
General dimensions
Vertical & horizontal reinforcements
Shear strength requirements
Adequacy for boundary elements
Flexural strength
Development length & anchorage
Openings in shear walls
Discontinuity in shear walls
Shear strength of construction joints
General Dimensions of Rectangular Walls
IS 13920: 1993
Thickness: not less than 150mm
If flanged wall, the effective extension of the flange beyond the
face of web:
distance to an adjacent shear wall web
1/10th of total wall height
Actual width
Extreme fibre compressive stresses due to all loads exceed
0.2fck, boundary elements are to be provided along the edges of
the wall specially enlarged and strengthened by longitudinal
and transverse steel as in columns. These boundary elements
can be discontinued when stresses are less than 0.15fck
Vertical & Horizontal Reinforcements
Provide reinforcements in two orthogonal directions in the
plane of wall
Minimum steel required is 0.25%
When shear stress exceeds 0.25fck or thickness > 200mm,
steel shall be provided in two mats (one on each face)
not greater than 1/10th of wall thickness
Max. spacing not greater than L/5 or 3t or 450mm
Vertical steel provided for shear shall be less than horizontal
steel
Shear Strength Requirements
v = Vu / td
d = effective width (0.8 for rectangular walls)
Calculate c & v should not exceed c,max
Vus = (v c)td
Vus = (0.87 fy Asv d) / Sv
Where
1 = 0.36 + (1 (/2) (1/2))
2 = 0.15 + (/2)(1 - (2/2) (1/3))
3 = (/6)((L/x) 3)
Example 1: Design of Shear Wall
Design a simple shear wall of length 4.16m and thickness 250mm
subject to the following forces (shown in table). Use M25 grade
concrete and Fe415 steel. The wall is a high wall.
Case 1:
P1 = (0.8 * 1950) + (1.2 * 250) = 1860 kN
Case 2:
P2 = (1.2 * 1950) + (1.2 * 250) = 2640 kN
Moment, Mu = 1.2 * (4800 + 600) = 6480 kNm
Shear, Vu = 1.2 * (700 + 20) = 864 kN
Step 2: Check for need of boundary element
Assuming a thickness of wall as 250 mm
Adopt a bar bell type wall with two enlarged ends of size, 500
mm x 500 mm and the central part as 3160 mm
Step 3: Layers of steel provided
Depth of the section resisting shear = 3160 + 500 = 3660
mm
Shear stress, v = Vu / bd = 864000 / (250 * 3660)
= 0.94 N/mm2
Limiting shear stress = 0.25fck = 1.25 N/mm2