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Discourse markers I
He exerts extra effort to be polite and helpful to his customers. As a result, he has a
high rate of return clients.
We must respond to our callers as if they were always right. In other words, we
must treat them with utmost courtesy.
Our employees are highly skilled, well-trained, and well-respected in their fields.
Above all, they are committed to the company.
Our manager has offered all kinds of support to new employees. Indeed, it is hard to
imagine anyone being more welcoming than he is.
He is the most hardworking team leader in this organization. Similarly, his team
members are regarded as the companys most industrious employees.
They had exerted every possible effort to meet the deadline. And yet, due to
technical difficulties, the project was delayed by a week.
Steve often gets stressed out over his projects. In contrast, his manager, Alice,
always seems relaxed.
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Discourse markers II
2. to give a generalization - "as a rule," "generally speaking," "in most cases," "on the
whole"
Lung diseases have become so common in recent years. In most cases, air pollution
is a major cause.
Actually, I would dare say that air pollution is the cause of 99 percent of all lung
diseases.
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egg (someone) on
to force someone to do something
gravy train
a job or any other source of income that requires
little work for good pay
hot potato
a sensitive issue or problem
in a nutshell
briefly; in short; in summary
in the soup
to be in a difficult situation; in trouble
spice things up
to make something more interesting, exciting or lively
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bear fruit
to produce results
big cheese
a very important and influential person
as cool as a cucumber
very calm and relaxed, especially in a difficult situation
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Use Use
Use
To talk about actions To talk about actions
To talk about actions that happen in the that will happen at a
that started and ended present, habits or later time; plans and
in the past regular actions, and predictions
facts
Form Form
SIMPLE Form
base form (plural) will + verb
regular verb + -d or -ed they work will work
used, worked
-s (singular) is going to + verb
irregular verb (change she works is going to work
spelling)
had, said, went am going to + verb
am going to work
Time expressions
Time expressions
tomorrow, next week,
yesterday, last month, next month, later, etc.
last week, last year, a
while ago
CONTINUOUS The programmers Right now, the The programmers will
were arguing about programmers are be arguing about the
technology when the arguing about the technology to use for
project leader entered technology to use for their latest project.
the conference room. their latest project.
The programmers are
going to be arguing
about the technology
to use for their latest
project.
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Use
Use Use
Time expressions
Use Use
Use
To talk about a To talk about actions
completed past action To talk about actions that will be completed
that took place before that were completed at or perfected at a later
another past action a certain time before time
the present or actions
that extend up to the
present time
Form Form
Form
had + past participle will + have + past
had gone has + past participle participle
has flown will have finished
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Form Form
Form
had + been + -ing will + have + been +
had been writing has + been + -ing -ing
has been telling will have been signing
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Karl Wilson is giving a presentation to propose a new inventory control system for his
company.
"Good afternoon, everyone. Allow me to begin by introducing myself. I'm Karl Wilson from
the inventory management department.
"I'm here to present my proposal for a new inventory control system (ICS) software for
Vintage Book Exchange Ltd.
"I've divided my presentation into three sections: The first section will cover the main
reasons why a change in our ICS is essential. The second section will discuss the
proposed new ICS. The third section will show the advantages of the new ICS.
"Let's go straight to the main reasons why we should change our current inventory control
system. We work in a fast-paced industry, and our inventory control system is outdated.
"Take, for instance, the increasing number of errors in textbook inventory. We may run out
of textbook stock without even knowing it.
"As you can see from the screen, retail companies are now turning to more advanced ICS
software such as Barcode Plus.
"This brings us to my proposed inventory control system, Barcode Plus. This system is a
web-based, multi-user software that will streamline our systems.
"I'd like now to discuss the advantages of using Barcode Plus. The Barcode Plus
centralizes inventory control for all our stores. It allows us to check the position of our
stocks online. We can check our billing details. We can also generate different analysis
reports."
"To elaborate further, a more advanced inventory control system will give us more
controls that will help minimize the risk of errors.
"So to recap, based on the facts I've presented, our current ICS is outdated and inefficient.
A more advanced inventory control system like Barcode Plus will enable the company to
eliminate errors in inventory and gain proper systematic control of our items.
"That concludes my presentation this afternoon. I am hoping for your support and
approval. Thank you and good day."
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Giving examples:
Showing visuals:
Summarizing:
So to recap, ...
To summarize what we've covered, ...
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affiliate company
a company related to another organization either
through common ownership or control
conglomerate
a group of companies where the member
companies are engaged in different types of
businesses
consolidation
the combination of two or more companies to form
one organization. Unlike the merger, a new
entity/business name is created with this action.
corporation
a company owned by a group of people or companies. A corporation is recognized by law
to be a single entity. Ownership in a corporation is based on number of shares of stocks.
general partnership
business organization with two or more investors, where each investor is liable for the debts
and taxes of the business. The business is dissolved when at least one partner chooses to
end his relationship with the company. Personal properties of partners may also be
involved in case the company suffers from insolvency.
joint venture
a contractual agreement between two or more business organizations in order to do a
business activity. Each organization keeps its own identity, and the relationship ends when
the business activity ends.
limited partnership
similar to general partnership, but partners are liable to debtors only to the extent of their
individual investments
merger
the combination of two or more entities combined to form one organization but, unlike a
consolidation, each company keeps its own identity
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S corporation
a corporation where 50% of the stocks are owned by very few people. S corporations enjoy
the legal benefits of a corporation but is taxed like a general partnership.
trust
a legal entity that holds the ownership, but not the control, of the assets of another entity
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Business structures
accountability
responsibility
business structure
describes whether your business is a sole proprietorship, a
partnership, or a corporation
chain of command
the line of power, from the person who holds the most
authority and accountability in a company, to the person who
holds the least of both
cooperative
a business owned by its employees and clients, who all hold
equal profit shares and voting rights
corporation
a business owned by many people, whose shares in the profits are determined by the
amount of ownership they hold
corporate structure
a description of the different departments and positions in a company
organizational chart
a picture that shows a company's corporate structure
partnership
a business owned by two people
rank-and-file employees
the workers at the bottom ranks of a corporate structure
sole proprietorship
a business owned by one person only
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adjective +
sample sentences
preposition
proud of Carlo is proud of his designs.
ashamed of He is not ashamed of his work.
sure of We are sure of his success.
fond of Amelie is fond of math.
She is capable of working on complicated
capable of
formulas.
incapable of I am incapable of the work that Amelie does.
jealous of / We are all jealous of Amelie's skills. / We are
envious of all envious of Amelie's skills.
short of Our team is short of time.
aware of You are all aware of the deadline.
The product needs to be recalled while the
unaware of
market is still unaware of its defects.
Consumers are tired of hearing about
tired of
defective products.
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adjective +
sample sentences
preposition
similar to Ann's management style is similar to Joan's.
Ann is not opposed to Joan's ideas for the
opposed to
project.
amenable to Ann is amenable to almost all of Joan's plans.
Their disagreements are limited to the time
limited to
line.
The key to fulfillment is finding a job that is
related to
related to your skills and interests.
Cathy's work is unrelated to her abilities. She
unrelated to works in finance but she has always been
better at artistic activities.
We are all accustomed to receiving praise
accustomed to /
from our manager. / We are all used to
used to
receiving praise from our manager.
unaccustomed
We are unaccustomed to being criticized. /
to /
We are unused to being criticized.
unused to
engaged to Harry is engaged to Sally.
married to William is married to Kate.
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"Good morning, everyone! My name is Gabriel Dubois. Welcome to Elixir Computers. You
are now part of the third largest computer company in the world. On your first day as the
newest members of Elixir, you will learn about the company's structure. Everyone, please
take a look at the screen.
"We are a subsidiary of the Oasis Group. The Oasis Group owns Elixir Computers,
Renegade Communications, and North Wind Solutions. Our parent company is a
multimillion dollar conglomerate with 50,000 employees around the world. At the head of
the organizational tree are our stockholders, followed by the Board of Directors, and
then the CEO, Helene Van Dyke. Under the CEO are the presidents of the Oasis
subsidiaries: Daniela Santos for Elixir Computers, Pierre Roy for Renegade
Communications, and Giles Schiffer for North Wind Solutions.
"Elixir is divided into four major departments, each headed by a vice president: Sales and
Marketing, Research and Development, Customer Relationship Management, and
Administration. Within the departments are managers overseeing several teams of
employees.
"The Sales and Marketing Department, led by Demetrio Esposito, deals with campaigns
and strategies that aim to widen our client base and strengthen our company image. The
Research and Development Department, led by Kazuo Takei, is responsible for creating
new technology and increasing our stock of knowledge on existing technology. The
Customer Relationship Management, led by Marguerite Pepin, is in charge of providing
customer service and technical support. The Administration section, led by Robert
McGregor, covers human resources, finance, and operations."
To show relationships:
At the head of the organizational tree are ... followed by ... and then the ...
under the ...
headed by ...
led by ...
is under ...
overseeing / oversees ...
(Name of company) is divided into ... each headed by ...
within the departments are ...
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get by
survive with difficulty
The company is earning very little, but we are able to
get by -- this year.
go under
become bankrupt
If things do not get better, we will surely go under.
put off
wait for a later time before doing something
We have to lessen our expenses. We cannot put this
off any longer.
step down
to leave a responsibility; to resign from a position
If you cannot manage the company, you need to step down and let others do it.
take on
to accept a responsibility/to hire
Nobody wants to take on the position of president. (to accept responsibility)
Michael needs to take on good salespeople to increase the company's income. (hire)
take over
to get the control of something from somebody else
Company X wants to take over this company by buying the majority of the shares.
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a piece of cake
very easy
cold turkey
to quit completely and immediately
for good
permanently
hang out
stay often at a place or with a group
hold on
wait
kind of
a little
right away
now
take place
happen
used to
regularly did something in the past
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Participles are words that look like verbs but are used as adjectives.
1. The present participle ends in "-ing." It describes what an object does or what an object
is used for.
2. The past participle takes the perfect form of the verb, e.g. taken, gone, been. It
describes the action that was done to the object.
John edited the draft of this report last night. This is an edited report.
That's the approved budget. The officers discussed and approved it yesterday.
3. Other examples:
That magic trick amazed the crowd. It's an amazing trick. The amazed crowd
applauded.
What did you use for washing these clothes? I used a washing machine. Here are
the washed clothes.
The teacher prepared an interesting lesson. Her interested students discussed it for
a long time.
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To keep up with the green trend, the upper management of Capistrano Communications
held a meeting to discuss policies that they should modify in order to operate in a more
environmentally friendly manner.
Chris: I've heard a lot about the green trend, and I wondered if you could tell us what it's
all about. I see plenty of companies jumping on the bandwagon. I'm wondering if it's really
worth the cost to run an environmentally friendly office.
Portia : I'm glad you asked, Chris. Going green, or operating an environmentally friendly
office, is in these days because it not only saves your company money but also helps
conserve the environment.
Chris: That sounds promising -- but are you sure it isn't just a fad?
Portia: I can assure you right now that this trend will gain even more popularity in the years
to come. Many companies have already gone green, and in the future, many more will
follow suit.
Chris: I see. How does it work? What small things could we do to get started?
Portia: A lot of companies start by conserving energy. Managers remind their employees to
turn computers off and unplug any electrical equipment not in use. Lights are turned off
when offices are empty.
Portia: There is a significant decrease in the use of paper in the business world. To save
forests and money as well, companies are going paperless by digitizing their documents
and circulating them through email.
Portia: Fewer companies are using paper cups and paper plates. They make their
employees bring their own mugs, plates, and silverware to the office.
Chris: Those all sound good to me. I think we should adopt these practices. Now what do
the others think?
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at hand
soon; near
by hand
without using a machine
firsthand
direct from the source
hand in
submit
hand in hand
together
in good hands
well cared for; well managed
lend a hand
help
on hand
presently available
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The following adjectives are used with "about," "for," "in" or "with":
adjective +
sample sentences
preposition
We are all anxious about the launching of our new
anxious about
product.
We are confident about our existing clients' response
confident about
to the new product.
doubtful about Our boss is doubtful about its appeal to new clients.
Jim is very sure about the positive results of his
sure about
performance evaluation.
He is very optimistic about getting a promotion next
optimistic about
month.
pessimistic Chloe is pessimistic about her promotion because
about her sales have decreased this quarter.
Our company is famous for its fast and efficient
famous for
service.
It is possible for us to complete repairs within 24
possible for
hours.
impossible for It is impossible for us to be late.
interested in Martha is interested in becoming a research analyst.
proficient in She is proficient in research and statistics.
bored with Sandra gets easily bored with easy assignments.
Diana is very patient with new employees. She is in
patient with
charge of their training.
Stephen gets impatient with employees who are not
impatient with comfortable with technology. He doesn't enjoy helping
them with the software.
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Some verbs are often followed by gerunds, and some are often followed by
infinitives.
3. There are no fixed rules for determining whether a verb is followed by a gerund or an
infinitive. We learn them by exposure and practice.
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Our new model, the XYZ 3000 is the latest in our line of point and shoot cameras for casual
users.
The XYZ 3000 has a big LCD which gives you a better view of your subject. It has an
improved optical zoom lens which lets you take sharper, clearer pictures.
The XYZ 3000 with its compact, lightweight design fits easily into any small hand bag or
pocket and comes in 5 exciting new colors.
Sunflower Bleach
Spotless Cleaning Products presents Sunflower Bleach. Sunflower Bleach cleans and
disinfects without leaving a harsh smell or drying your sensitive skin.
Sunflower Bleach is made from organic, biodegradable ingredients that won't harm the
environment. It is strong enough to kill germs and bacteria, but mild enough for your skin.
Now you can clean your house without worrying about harsh smells or harmful chemicals.
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Good morning, ladies and gentlemen! I'm Warren Chomsky, manager of the innovations
department of E-products, Inc. I'd like to thank you all for joining us.
I am standing in front of you today to introduce our company's latest product. But before
that, allow me to ask you a couple of questions. Who among you are smokers? Aren't you
tired of trying to kick the habit by using alternatives that are not effective? But now Smart
ElectroCig is here!
Smart ElectroCig is the best new cigarette alternative in the market. It gives you the same
look, feel and satisfaction you get from smoking ordinary cigarettes, except it's better
because it's not bad for your health!
Unlike your ordinary cigarette, Smart ElectroCig does not contain harmful substances such
as tobacco, tar, carbon monoxide and other carcinogens. It only emits a water-based vapor
composed of propylene glycol, a safe, organic compound found in vegetables. It has a
scent that imitates the smell of tobacco but quickly goes away. Just imagine the
convenience of being able to smoke anywhere -- without the horrible smell that sticks to
your clothes! And the most important ingredient of Smart ElectroCig is nicotine. Let me
show you how it works.
I have here with me the ElectroCig Starter Kit. It comes with six cartridges, an atomizer,
charger, spare battery, and of course, an owner's manual. The first thing you have to do is
disassemble the cigarette by unscrewing the cartridge from the battery. After that, connect
the battery to the charger and leave it for an initial charge of eight hours. Once the indicator
light at the tip of the battery stops blinking, disconnect it from the charger and screw it back
to the cartridge. Check if the indicator light at the tip of the cigarette is glowing. If it is, then
you're all set! Once you take a drag, the atomizer inside the cartridge containing the liquid
solution will start to heat the air inside and cause a vaporized liquid to come out.
All of this, ladies and gentlemen, for the affordable price of $59.95!
You can start living a healthier life by getting yourself a Smart ElectroCig! With Smart
ElectroCig, you can quit smoking without actually quitting!
Once again, I'd like to thank you all for joining us. Have a great day!
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The following is a list of some business idioms that are related to sports.
game plan
strategy
in good shape
in good financial condition
no sweat
no problem; it can be done very easily
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Most sentences are active. We use the passive form when we want to emphasize the
person or thing receiving the action. Listed below are the different passive verb
forms.
a. Simple present
b. Simple past
c. Simple future
a. Present continuous
b. Past continuous
Active: Kathryn was designing the brochure when her boss sent new
instructions.
Passive: The brochure was being designed by Kathryn when her boss sent
new instructions.
Active: Kathryn will be designing the brochure until Ben comes to help her.
Passive: The brochure will be being designed by Kathryn until Ben comes to
help her.
a. Present perfect
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b. Past perfect
Active: Jeff had invited Rita to the company dinner before he invited Harry.
Passive: Rita had been invited by Jeff to the company dinner before he invited
Harry.
c. Future perfect
Active: By tomorrow, Jeff will have invited Rita to the company dinner.
Passive: By tomorrow, Rita will have been invited by Jeff to the company
dinner.
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Take note of the words and phrases used to talk about market trends.
Veronica: Yes, I've got a great reason to be happy. The economy's starting to show signs
of recovery.
Veronica: Well, this graph shows that the Financial Select Sector SPDR Fund rose 6.4%.
Betty: Veronica, I'm sorry, but that doesn't really mean anything to me.
Veronica: I'm talking about the prices of bank stocks. The Financial Select Sector SPDR
Fund is like a basket that has all the bank stocks in it. Prices of bank stocks in general have
increased. I invested in one before the recession, so I'm glad it's going up now.
Going up:
Dow climbs 2.3% in broad rally, Nikkei gains 2.2%
European stocks advanced Wednesday
basic resources stocks rebounded from their lows
commodities ticked higher
gold pushed above $922 an ounce
Going down:
crude slides to 8-week low
the dollar edged lower
Korean Won continues to plummet
Colombia's stock market rally is likely to peter out
Staying flat:
the unemployment rate held steady last month
after settling Monday at $59.69 per barrel
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Study the words and phrases you can use to describe trends.
going up
staying flat
going down
Trends are usually shown by the direction of movement of a line on a line graph, or by the
difference between bars on a bar chart.
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The two examples present the same data. From January to June, the trend is rising. From
July to December, the trend is falling.
Rising and falling are verbs (or action words) telling us how the movement is going.
Verbs: boom, bounce, climb, elevate, escalate, go up, grow, increase, pick up, rally, reach
a high, recover, rise, rocket, soar
Verbs: flatten out, hold steady, level off, remain constant, stabilize
Verbs: bottom out, collapse, crash, decline, decrease, drop, fall, falter, go down, plummet,
plunge, slide, slump
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cough up
to give/spend money unwillingly
Mr. Smith needs to cough up a lot of money for
the holiday celebrations.
lay out
to spend a lot of money
Last year, we laid out $250,000 for the
antismoking campaign.
save up
to keep money for future use
I spent the whole year saving up for my trip to Japan.
put aside
to save money for a specific purpose
You should put aside some money for emergency purposes.
scrape by
to live on very little money
James doesn't earn much, so his family scrapes by the whole year.
dip into
to use a small amount of money set aside for a purpose
I try not to dip into my college fund.
pay back
to return borrowed money
There's no shame in borrowing money -- just make sure you pay back the debt on time.
tide over
to have enough money up to a certain time
My temporary job is helping tide over my family until I get a permanent one.
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bottom line
final result; net income
in the pipeline
being prepared; in progress
money talks
those who have money also have power
money to burn
a lot of extra money
monkey business
dishonest practices
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First conditional
The first conditional is also called "the real conditional" because it talks about real
possibilities.
If you dont lower the price, the client will reject the proposal.
Unless you lower the price, the client will reject the proposal.
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The mixed second and third conditional says that a present situation is the cause of
a past result/action.
1. The mixed second and third conditional says that if a present situation were not true, the
past action would have been different.
If John did not love his job, he would have quit a long time ago.
(Present situation: John loves his job. Past action: He did not quit his job.)
If Nellie had her cell phone, she would have called you already.
(Present situation: Nelli doesn't have her cell phone with her. Past action: She did not
call you.)
2. The mixed second and third conditional sentence is formed by combining CONDITION
("if" + simple past tense) + RESULT ("would have" + past participle).
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1. In the second conditional, replace "would" with "could" to express less certainty about a
hypothetical future result.
2. In the third conditional, replace "would" with "could" to express less certainty about a
hypothetical past result.
You would have gotten the job if you had gone to the interview.
You could have gotten the job if you had gone to the interview.
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Study the phrases Jerome and Liza use to discuss the economic situation.
Jerome and Liza are attending a human resource planning conference. Over lunch, their
conversation turns to the global unemployment problem.
Liza: Well, the situation is that developed countries have an average unemployment rate of
9 percent. From the way things are going, it seems likely that advanced economies would
have to keep struggling to create enough jobs for the work force.
Jerome: I read that the number of jobless people worldwide has gone over 210 million, with
an increase of 35 million from last year. That is a huge leap! As things are, that number will
continue to rise as a result of the continuous expansion of the work force. When is this
problem foreseen to end?
Liza: The International Monetary Fund believes it will last until 2011. Studying past global
recessions, it says developed countries must do more to jump-start job markets.
Jerome: I know the United States has started offering tax rebates to employers willing to
take on the long-term unemployed.
Liza: Yes. Policies like that would help. If more countries enforce policies to support the
labor market, this will increase the chances of an earlier recovery.
Liza: The recent trend shows that around 40 million young women and men enter the
global labor market each year. Countries must target job creation for young people.
Jerome: True. And, with productivity levels so low for many countries, there is an urgent
need for governments to establish basic social protection programs to cushion the poor
against the effects of the economic slowdown.
Liza: I agree. There is an urgent need for stronger social dialogue among countries too.
To give explanations:
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To make predictions:
From the way things are going, it seems likely that ...
We expect that ...
Studying past figures, we believe ...
The forecast is that ...
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against time
with a quickly approaching deadline
I would love to rest, but I can't; I'm working against time.
do/serve time
to spend time in prison to serve a sentence
He did not pay his taxes for several years, so he will have to
do time.
make time
to set aside time for a specific purpose
After finishing your presentation slides, you should make
time to proofread them.
take a time-out
to take a short break
You need to take a time-out. Youve been working for six hours straight!
take time
to need or use a lot of time
It takes time to learn how to use the new computer software.
time in
to officially report to work
My colleagues and I time in at 8:00 a.m. every day.
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a bad time
an inconvenient time, usually because one is busy with
something else
I hope I didnt catch you at a bad time. I just need to ask a
quick favor.
a hard time
difficulty
We had a hard time doing the project because the client did not
really know what he wanted.
in due time
after some time
You might not appreciate my advice now, but in due time, you will.
it's time
now is the scheduled time to do something
It's time for me to get dressed and go to work.
time's up
there is no more time left
Time's up! Let's continue the meeting tomorrow.
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The future perfect continuous tense is also called the future perfect progressive
tense.
1. The future perfect continuous tense is formed by combining "shall/will" + "have been" +
verb + "-ing."
She will have been teaching this class for eight years by the time she turns 30.
2. The future perfect continuous tense is used when describing how long a future action will
have been in progress when a future time arrives.
Your friend left you a message to call her back an hour ago. She will have been
waiting for your return call for an hour by now.
Next year, Mr. Santiago will have been heading the company for 55 years, but he
still has no plans to retire.
Tomorrow is my first year anniversary with this company; I will have been working
here for a year already.
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Michael, the CEO of ThinkGlobal Consulting, is having a planning conference with the
company's board of directors. They are making projections about the company's
performance in the coming year.
Michael: Good morning, everyone! I would just like to announce that the plans we've made
for ThinkGlobal next year are already under way.
Julia: Well, that's good news then! So by the end of next year, we will have expanded our
operations to the Asia-Pacific region.
Bradley: That's right! And our headquarters in Manila will have been fully operational by
the time we start construction on our Tokyo and Shanghai offices.
Diana: Our business expansion will definitely solidify our presence in the Asia-Pacific
market and possibly even help us break into the African market as well.
Jordan: According to our analysts, ThinkGlobal will have overtaken Global Solutions Asia
as the premier HR consulting firm in the Asia-Pacific at the end of the second quarter of
next year.
Michael: To make that a reality, we should make sure that our strategies will be carried out
well.
Julia: Not to worry. I've already had several meetings with the marketing department. They
will come up with new ways for us to attract more clients.
Bradley: Meanwhile, Global Solutions Asia will have been relying on the same strategy for
almost three years by the time we hit the market with our new campaigns.
Jordan: ThinkGlobal will also have been providing a new and bigger array of services by
the time Global Solutions realizes what is happening.
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