Log:

A log is a graphical record of a measured petrophysical parameter versus depth, the

first well log was a measurement of electrical resistivity by the recorded by the
Schiumberger brothers in September 1927 in Pechelbron France .

Logging Environment:
Logging environment generally consist of two types environment.
(i) Geological Environment:
Geological environment consist of rocks and reservoir portion, Stratigraphic
section ,
composition and type of fluid in the pre space.
(ii) Bore hole Environment:
Created by drilling process
(a) Mechanical alteration of rock by drilling process.
(b) Alteration of fluid distribution within the rock.
(c) Mechanical alteration of borehole geometry.

Repeat section:
The repeat section verifies that the measurement on the main lo repeat themselves,
mean they read the same at least twice, therefore the logging equipment was working
properly when the log made ( Repeat section simple meaning is that the bottom part
of the bore hole record twice .

Logging Applications:
? Rock type.
? Identification of geological environment.
? Reservoir fluid contact location.
? Fracture detection.
? Estimate of hydrocarbon in place.
? Estimate of recoverable hydrocarbon.
? Determination of water salinity.
? Reservoir pressure determination.
? Porosity / pore size distribution determination.
? Clay Volume,
? Bed Boundaries,
? Hydrocarbon Saturation gas Saturation and water Saturation.
? Lithology identification.
? Minerals identification.
? Calculation of volume of shale.
? Permeable bed and source rock identification etc.

Wire line logging:

The continuous recording of a geophysical parameter of rock along a borehole and

the value of the measurement is plotted continuously against depth in the well
.i.e. Porosity, Clay Volume, Minerals, Bed Boundaries, Hydrocarbon Saturation , gas
Saturation and water Saturation etc
Wire line geophysical well logs are recorded when the drilling tools are no longer
in the hole.Open hole logs indicate that the formation form the wall of the well
and another is cased hole in which a tube of a metal casing line the well.
To perform a logging operation on wire line, the measuring instrument, often called
a probe, sonde or logging tool, is lowered into the borehole on the end of an
insulated electrical cable. The cable provides power to the down hole equipment.
Additional wires in the cable carry the recorded measurement back to the surface.
The cable itself is used as the depth measuring device, so that properties measured
by the tools can be related to particular depths in the borehole.

Logging tools.
Logging truck

Lwd and Mwd:

Lwd:
Mean logging while drilling, an Lwd tool consists of three elements down hole
logging sensors a data transmission system and a surface interface, the logging
sensors are place just behind the drill bit in collars and are active in the hole
during drilling, the sensors signals are transmitted to the surface generally in
digital format by pulse telemetry through the drilling mud and collected by
surface receivers. The signals are converted and a continues log slowly built up as
drilling progresses.

Mwd:
Measurement While Drilling (MWD) refers to a technique of making down hole
measurements of borehole position, tool face orientation, formation parameters and
drilling information using sensors located in the bottom hole assembly adjacent to
the drill bit. These measurements are made during drilling and can be recorded down
hole and/or transmitted to surface. Or MWD can be defined as the evaluation of
physical properties, usually including pressure, temperature and well bore
trajectory in three-dimensional space, while extending a well bore, weight on bit,
rate of penetration, mud weight and rotary speed etc

Neutron Logging:

The Neutron tool is used to determine primary formation porosity, often called the
pore space on the formation rock which is filled with water, oil or gas. Together
with other tools like the density, the lithology and formation fluid type can also
be determined.
An Am241Be source emits neutrons into the formation at approximately 4MeV
after collisions with the formation, the neutron energy levels fall to between 0.1
and 10eV. These are known as epithermal neutrons. After further collisions neutron
energy levels fall below 0.03eV and these are termed thermal neutrons.
Two detectors, one short spaced and the other long spaced from the source are used
to eliminate some borehole effects and detect the number of neutrons returning back
to the tool. A low neutron return count indicates the presence of hydrogen and
therefore porosity.
If the porosity is increase the H index will be increase and in oil H index will
less, in gas very less and water will more. Hydrogen index mean hydrogen richness.

Neutron tools:
The neutron tool generally consists of a fast neutron source and two detector, the
source bombards the formation with neutron and the detectors measure their loss of
energy as they pass through it, the tool source is an Am ( Amercium) 241Be
( Beryllium) which produce fast neutrons with a peak energy level around 4 Mev.

Log format:
The neutrons log is generally plotted across tracks 2 and 3, the most common scale
is from 45% (to the left) to - 15% or .45 t0 -.15 and we calculated porosity in %.

Density Logging:

The density tool is used to determine formation bulk density this is the overall
density of a rock including solid matrix and the fluid enclosed in the pores and
estimate formation porosity. Together with other tools like the Neutron, the
lithology and formation fluid type can also be determined. The density tool can
distinguish between oil and gas in the pore space by virtue of their different
densities.
The tool consists of density log of Cesium 137 chemical source bombards gamma rays
at 662keV energy into the formation and also have A short range detector (is placed
7 inches from the source) and a Long range detector ( is placed 17 inches from
the source )
The high-energy gamma rays interact with the electrons of the formation by way of
Compton scattering and lose energy in the process.
A low number of gamma rays detected through Compton scattering will indicate a
high electron.
In dense formation the Compton scattering is extreme and few detectable gamma rays
reach while in less denser rock the gamma rays reach to the detector in high
amount.
A formation with a high bulk density has a high number density of electrons. It
attenuates the gamma rays significantly, and hence a low gamma ray count rate is
recorded at the sensors. A formation with a low bulk density has a low number
density of electrons. It attenuates the gamma rays less than a high density
formation, and hence a higher gamma ray count rate is recorded at the sensors.
Log presentation:
The density log is normally plotted on a linear scale of bulk density. The log is
run across tracks 2 and 3, most often with a scale between 1.95 and 2.95 g/cc.

How we will calculate porosity:

For the calculation of porosity we use DENSITY LOG and with the help of following
equation we calculate the porosity.

Formula: = Pma Pb /Pma - Pf

where Pma = matrix density

Pf = fluid density
Pb = Bluk density
For example Matrix density is 2.65 (sand)
Fluid density is 1.1 (Saline water )
and the bluk density at depth of 8964 ft is 2.41 gm/cm3.
By putting these values in formula we can identify the porosity.
= 2.65-2.41/2.65-1.1
= 0.24/1.55
=0.15*100
= 15% Ans