KKKW4014 Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal

Find information on the current solid waste management

practices in various countries:

1.Singapore
Over the past two to three decades, rapid industrialization and economic
development have caused a tremendous increase in solid waste generation. The
yearly disposed solid waste increased from 0.74 million tonnes in 1972 to 2.80
million tonnes in 2000. Solid waste management in Singapore has traditionally
been undertaken by the Ministry of Environment (ENV), with the participation of
some private sectors in recent years. The hierarchy of solid waste management in
Singapore is waste minimization (reduce, reuse and recycle or so-called 3 Rs),
followed by incineration and landfill. As land is extremely scarce and only one
newly constructed offshore landfill site is available, solid waste incineration has
been identified as the most preferred disposal method. Waste minimization, the
utilization of incineration ashes, industrial waste management are regarded to be
the major challenges in the future.
Reference:
Renbi Bai,Mardina Sutanto, The practice and challenges of solid waste
management in Singapore, Waste Management
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(02)00014-4
2.USA
Waste Management in the United States - Statistics & Facts
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates all
waste material under the 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
Solid waste can include garbage and sludge from wastewater and water supply
treatment plants, as well as other discarded materials from industrial operations.
The RCRA includes provisions on the disposal of solid and hazardous waste
materials. This legislation encourages individual states to create comprehensive
plans to manage nonhazardous and municipal wastes. The western region in the
country currently has the highest number of landfills 186346. These landfills must
comply with federal regulations in preventing contamination as well as providing
monitoring systems for groundwater contamination and landfill gases. The
management company must also assure funding for environmental protection
throughout the entire life cycle of a landfill. Under environmental regulations in
the country, the amount of municipal solid waste that has been recovered has
consistently increased over the last several decades.

Municipal solid waste is commonly known as everyday garbage produced by

households, commercial and institutional entities. The United States
produced over 250 million tons of municipal solid waste annually in the last
decade. Often material that can be composted, such as food, ends up in landfills
and incinerators. The amount of waste generated per person has increased
slightly, however, the diversion of waste has also improved. Recycling and
composting can prevent material from being disposed in landfills, reduce carbon
dioxide emissions, and divert resources to other important natural resources.
Among those who regularly compost their waste in the U.S., the majority compost
as a good way to produce fertilizer for their plants.
3.Europe

In the past few decades, solid waste management systems in Europe have
involved complex and multifaceted trade-offs among a plethora of technological
alternatives, economic instruments, and regulatory frameworks. These changes
resulted in various environmental, economic, social, and regulatory impacts in
waste management practices which not only complicate regional policy analysis,
but also reshape the paradigm of global sustainable development. Systems
analysis, a discipline that harmonizes these integrated solid waste management
strategies, has been uniquely providing interdisciplinary support for decision
making in this area. Systems engineering models and system assessment tools,
both of which enrich the analytical framework of waste management, were
designed specifically to handle particular types of problems. Though how to
smooth out the barriers toward achieving appropriate systems synthesis and
integration of these models and tools to aid in the solid waste management
schemes prevalent in European countries still remains somewhat uncertain. This
paper conducts a thorough literature review of models and tools illuminating
possible overlapped boundaries in waste management practices in European
countries and encompassing the pros and cons of waste management practices in
each member state of the European Union. Whereas the Southern European
Union (EU) countries need to develop further measures to implement more
integrated solid waste management and reach EU directives, the Central EU
countries need models and tools with which to rationalize their technological
choices and management strategies
Reference:
Solid waste management in European countries: A review of systems analysis
techniques
Review Journal :
http://www.ewp.rpi.edu/hartford/~ernesto/S2014/SHWPCE/Papers/SW-
Collection-Mgmt/Pires2011-IntegratedSWM-Europe-Review.pd
4.Indonesia
Indonesia is one of the ASEAN countries with the highest population (about 220
millions) and growth rate of 1.2% per year (World Bank , 2009). The population
growth brings about the increasing amount of the waste which becomes a
problem faced by the government. Some factors influencing the quality of the
service such as, lack of policies/strategies and financial support, low involvement
of private sectors, inefficiency, and low community awareness led to The low
Level of Service (LoS) of municipal waste management (MWM).

The problem occurred in all steps of solid waste management (storage,

collection, transferring, transporting, treatment) with the tendency to rise at the
end point, landfill. Based on the study of waste management conducted by UNEP
in 2004, it showed that only 33% of the indicators for LoS of MSW has been
fulfilled by the government. It means that the level of service of waste
management was still low. There were surely many factors influencing the low
LoS of waste management in Indonesia. Therefore, the study attempted to make
review of the development of waste management implementation in Indonesia
by comparing the conditions in 1999, in 2004 and in recent time. The same
indicators have been evaluated and showed that only one indicator has been
changed during two decades. The result may be used as the input for specific
analysis addressed to the cause study.
Reference:
Development of Waste Management Practices in Indonesia. Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265026886_Development_of_Waste_
Management_Practices_in_Indonesia
5.India
Solid waste management best practices India
The objective of Solid Waste Management(SWM) is to maintain clean and
hygienic conditions and reduce the quantity of SW, which has to be disposed of in
Sanitary Landfill Facility (SLF) after recovery of waste materials and energy from it.
The objective of solid waste management is to reduce the quantity of solid waste
disposed off on land by recovery of materials and energy from solid waste. This in
turn results in lesser requirement of raw material and energy as inputs for
technological processes. To provide economically and environmentally viable
methods for waste disposal. MSW Road Sweeping Waste General House Hold
Waste(including Kitchen Waste) Market and Commercial Waste Institutional
WasteBiomedical Waste Slaughter House Waste and Dead Animals Construction
& Demolition Waste Health and Environment Benefits of MSWM: It prevents
waste to contamination of water (in drains) and soil in particular; Reduces waste
sent to the landfill, which may have negative impacts on groundwater and air
quality; Reduce emissions from energy consumption- as waste when recycled
requires less energy than making goods from virgin materials thereby reducing the
energy demand and pressure on nonrenewable sources (oil, fossil fuels);
Contributes to Climate Change by reducing methane emissions from landfills.
Improved waste management services reduce chances of spread of diseases.
Economic Benefits: An effective waste management implies reduce, reuse and
recycle waste matter leading to introduction of more and more of waste matter
into the value chain leading to economic benefits; and Waste management being
a labour intensive activity, it helps in employment generation. Introduction of rag
pickers into formalized waste collection and segregation process is a win scenario
for implementers.
Reference:
https://www.slideshare.net/kamsaniravivarma/solid-waste-management-
best-practices-and-case-studyindia
6.China
A comparison is made with MSWM in China, and other developed and developing
countries to identify and analyze the problems of existing MSWM, and evaluate
some effective suggestion to overcome the limitations. Rapid urbanization and
economic growth are the main factors of increasing MSW generation in China.
The generating MSW has 55.86 % food waste with high moisture contain due to
unavailable source separation. Chinese MSWM is dominated by 60.16 %
landfilling, whereas incineration, untreated discharge, and other treatments are
29.84, 8.21, and 1.79 %, respectively. In 2014, a total of 604 sanitary landfills, 188
incineration plants, and 26 other units were used for MSWM. With the magnitude
of timing, the increasing rate of incineration unit and disposal capacity is higher
than the landfill. In 20042014, the disposal capacity of landfill and incineration is
increased from 68.89 to 107.44 and 4.49 to 53.3 million tons, respectively.
However, the heating value in the majority of Chinese incineration plants is 3000
6700 kJ/kg and the inappropriate leachate treatment can be found in 47 % landfill
sites. A proper taxation system for MSW disposal is not fully implemented in
China, which has a negative impact on overall MSW recycling. From the
comparative study of MSWM, it is revealed that the source separation MSW
collection, high energy recovery from incineration plants, appropriate leachate
treatment, effective landfill location and management, increase waste recycling
and proper taxation system for MSW disposal are essential to improve MSWM in
China.
Reference:
Mian, M.M., Zeng, X., Nasry, A..N.B. et al. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag (2017) 19:
1127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-016-0509-9
7.Africa
In a study about South Africas integrated pollution and waste management
system, a strategy was suggested to enable South Africa overcome the waste
management problem left under the apartheid rule. These strategies were to
minimize or totally eradicate waste generation, transportation or movement,
adopt new technologies for pollution prevention and efficient use of energy,
resources and materials.
Besides MSW, there are major types of wastes that contribute to the increase in
waste production worldwide. They are Construction and Demolition (C&D), End-
of-life Vehicles (EoLV), Biomass wastes in form of agriculture wastes and forestry
wastes, health-care waste and electronic waste (e-waste). Health-care wastes are
sometimes considered as a sub-category of hazardous wastes, packaging wastes,
and marine litter which consists of discarded material during recreational,
fisheries or personal hygiene activities. As mentioned earlier, the wastes
generation for a country is dependent upon the population growth and also the
income. However, income seems to be the driving factor for wastes generation
because countries with high income but of a lower population show a significant
amount of waste generation. Amount of the wastes generated and the need for
them to be managed is important very. Mixed MSW, medical wastes, industrial
wastes and hazardous wastes pose a great threat to the society because they are
generally harmful and dangerous to people. Without proper management and
landfill facilities, these wastes will not only become a sore in the eyes but will turn
into something even more critical, possibly spreading an epidemic.
All countries have regulations and policies which dictates how waste should be
managed Responsibilities especially in the areas of health, environmental
management and planning expected by law are well spelt out [9]. One major
challenge of MSW in Africa is the creation of enough capacity not only limited to
monetary terms but also in technological and infrastructural advancement. This is
required so as to drive at an environmentally sound waste management wherein
recovery and recycling of waste streams across Africa will be achieved. There is
need to have access to finance and technical knowledge and this will go a long
way in assisting the waste management municipalities who are most times ill-
equipped to deal with prompt collection and disposal of waste. Furthermore,
private sectors that have the means and are willing to go into waste management
have been prevented by certain by-laws which gives all waste management
responsibilities to government bodies. In addition, lack of transparency, bad
governance and prevalence of corruption in most African countries are major
problems militating against efficient MSW management. Importation of
substandard products and nonoperational laws and policies have also contributed
to rapid increase in waste generation.
The following are recommendations that could enhance a better solid waste
management in African countries.
1. Heads of African countries should seek support from the international
community. International communities are known for their knowledge and
technical know-how and as such, African countries could sign a bilateral
agreement with them on coming to invest in their countries for an
environmentally sound management of waste streams in African [5].
2. The peoples perception and orientation about waste needs to change. In some
African countries, people no longer regard solid waste as harmful. They now see it
as opportunities of making money to earn a living [5].
3. Relevant international agreements on waste management and provision of
assistance to African countries should be met. Furthermore, summit of all African
countries should be put in place if not already in place. This will serve as avenues
where pressing and current matters on how to solve waste management problems
would be discussed. Laws and policies should also be reinforced and offenders
must be brought to book.
4. Private sectors should be actively involved. They should be allowed to partner
with government bodies. This will create employment opportunities and more jobs
for the teaming population.

Reference:
Bello IA, Ismail MNB, Kabbashi NA (2016) Solid Waste Management in Africa: A
Review. Int J Waste Resour 6:216.
https://doi: 10.4172/2252-5211.1000216e
8.Australia
Solid Waste Management
Waste production is an inevitable consequence of any activity and our services
are aimed at delivering benefit across all aspects of its management. Pacific
Environment can advise on how to minimise waste generation at the front end
through to properly managing its disposal where no other beneficial reuse option
exists.
If not considered holistically, from the point of generation to the legacy issues
following disposal, poor waste management impacts both municipal communities
and industry with high costs that must be passed on to the ratepayer or consumer
and will also pose unacceptable environmental risk. Our services can provide
solutions to these issues at any stage in the waste management life cycle.
The cost of a landfill may be in the order of several thousands to several hundreds
of thousands of dollars per waste cell. The establishment of a new major landfill
facility can be millions of dollars. The life of a landfill may be greater than 40 years
and the active production of leachate and landfill gas may continue for up to 50
years post closure, which therefore extends across generations. Poor practices
that allow contamination to escape the landfill and enter the environment may
pose health problems well into the future. Poor management practices that can
lead to the premature filling of waste cells and therefore the cost of constructing
new cells, or the early closure of the landfill requiring the development of a new
landfill facility altogether. These costs will have to be passed on to future
businesses and communities.
Waste Management Services
Pacific Environment provides services across all aspects of waste management,
from assisting industry with special waste needs to working with local councils to
improve municipal solid waste management. Our experience includes:
Advice to maximise resource recovery and minimise environmental and
economic risk, including energy from waste, compost systems, carbon foot
printing and life cycle assessment.
 Contaminated material remediation and management, validation and
disposal advice
Waste auditing kerbside to landfill and reviewing client waste audit data
Landfill planning including tendering and procurement advice,
environmental management plans, impact assessment and design.
Landfill monitoring and risk management including specialist expertise in
gas, leachate, groundwater, odour, dust and toxicology
Landfill closure and rehabilitation plans, including specialist expertise in
alternative cap designs such as phytocapping, consideration of special end
uses and ecological settings
Reference:
Pacific Environment Service (by ERM GroupCompany)
https://www.pacific-environment.com/solutions/services/solid-waste-
management/