Results and Discussion

A. Magnetic Field and Solenoid

Figure 1. Magnetic field strength vs current graph

It was found in the experiment that the magnetic field strength has a linear relationship with current, which means
as the current increases, the magnetic field also increases. This relationship was derived from the values of the
measured magnetic field strength (with mT as unit) for every increase in the value of current (with A as unit). These
values were graph with the magnetic field strength in the y-axis and the current in the x-axis. The obtained equation
from the graph is
y = 0.1108x 0.0274 (1)
The slope of the line is 0.1108 and the y-intercept is 0.0274. The R2 value is 0.9611 which indicates that the
plotted graph is acceptable but the accuracy as it has significant difference from the optimatal R2 value of 0.9999.
The slope of the line represents N while the y-intercept is for the error. Based from this, the relationship described
by the graph is actually consistent with the equation
B= NI (2)

where B is the magnetic field strength, is the permeability of free space, N is the number of turns, and I is the current.
In the measurement, the only the current is manipulated with magnetic field strength as the dependent variable which
makes N also a constant along with . This means we can treat the two as constants and use the equation
B = KI (3)
where K are the constants in the measurements. This equation confirms the linear relationship between current and
magnetic field strength.

Figure 2. Magnetic field strength vs number of turns per unit length

 The obtained graph by plotting the magnetic field strength (in mT) readings for every decreased length of the
number of turns per unit length is also linear, meaning the magnetic field strength is also directly proportional to the
turns per unit length. The linear relationship is evident in the graph equation
y = 0.0018x + 0.0071 (4)
The slope of the said line is 0.0018 and has a y-intercept value of 0.0071. The R2 value 0.9949 shows that the
graph plotted is accurate as it is close to the optimal 0.9999 value, significantly better than the R 2 of the graph from
the magnetic field strength vs current graph. The slope is for I with the y-intercept representing error. This means
the linear relationship described by this graph can also be proven by the equation 2, but this time, with the current
being the constant and the number of turns being manipulated which would result to the equation
B = KN (5)
The variable used in the graph is actually n, which is directly proportional with N as seen in this equation where
L is length.
N
n= (6)
L
The slopes of the lines are 0.1108 and 0.0018, respectively from which we can get the experimental . For the
magnetic field strength vs current graph, the obtained experimental is 1.4025 x 10-6 Tm/A while it is 1.2 x 10-6 Tm/A
for the second graph. The theoretical value of is 4 x 10-7 Tm/A which gives the two experimental values 11.61%
and 4.51% percent deviation respectively. The deviation and errors could be from from the sensitivity of the magnetic
field sensor to the gadgets around the room of the experimentation. Aside from this, the connecting wires could be
not be in good quality and not accurately conducting the power from the power supply. These two factors can result
to difference in magnetic field strength and current value measurements which would alter the final results.

B. Magnetic Field and Magnet Bars

Figure 3. Sketch of magnetic field lines of a solenoid

The sketch seen in Figure 3 is based from the direction readings given by a compass. The sketch shows that the
magnetic field is constant inside the solenoid and only points towards one direction while the outside of the solenoid
Shows different magnetic fields for every turn. The magnetic field lines at the right side turns in a counter-clockwise
manner while the magnetic field lines located at the right side turns towards the opposite direction, in a clockwise
manner.

Figure 4. Sketch of magnetic field lines of a large bar magnet

Based on the observations on the iron filings, the magnetic field lines of a large bar magnet (as seen in Figure 4)
is similar to that of a solenoid. One can think of the middle part of the bar magnet as the counterpart of the inside of
a solenoid where all the magnetic field lines point towards one direction. Using the bar magnet as the reference, this
direction is apparently from north pole to south pole. Another similarity that can be observed between the two sketches
of magnetic field lines is the direction of the magnetic field lines at the top and bottom sides of the bar magnet which
turns like the left and right sides of the solenoid, respectively.

Figure 5. Sketch of magnetic field lines of two small bar magnets Figure 6. Sketch of magnetic field lines of two small bar magnets
aligned at north and south aligned at north and south

Sketches in Figures 5 and 6 both involve magnetic fields of two small bar magnets. The difference between
the two is that in Figure 6, the two magnets are aligned at the same magnetic poles, which means they repel each other
and has a space in between them. The magnetic field lines in Figure 5 is actually similar to those seen in Figures 3 an
4 because of the two opposite magnetic poles that are aligned to each other. The difference is the direction of the
magnetic field lines at the outside of the magnets in Figure 5 is opposite to that of the magnetic field lines in Figures
3 and 4. This is due to the opposite magnetic poles to that of the inside magnetic poles. For Figure 6, the magnetic
field lines created can be described as two sets magnetic field lines similar to Figure 4 but are smaller in scale and are
combined together. Because the two similar poles repel each other, the two magnets acted like two different
subsystems which produced two identical sets of magnetic field lines beside each other despite being in the same
system.

Conclusion and Recommendations

The linear relationship of magnetic field strength with current and number of turns was confirmed by the
experiment. The magnetic field lines of different setups of bar magnets and solenoid as well. It was found that the
inside of a solenoid and a bar magnet has constant magnetic field while the outside has different magnetic fields which
goes towards opposite directions for each side. The similarity between the two has something to do with the similarity
in the orientation of the magnetic poles. It was also observed that when two bar magnets are aligned at similar poles,
they act like two different magnetic field systems, consustent with the repelling of the two magnets. In general,
magnetic field lines go towards the south magnetic pole and away from the north magnetic pole.
For future experiments regarding the derivation of the relationships of the magnetic field strength, the experiment
area should be strictly isolated from any gadget materials to prevent from interfering with the highly-sensitivemagnetic
field sensor. It shuld also be noted that the wires be checked right before the experiment begins to make sure their
conductivity and avoid loose connections which can affect transmittance from the power supply. As for the
observation of magnetic field lines, more accurate compasses should be helpful for the derivation of magnetic north
and south poles.