Selain sirkulasi alami, juga dikenal sirkulasi paksa (forced circulation).

Untuk sirkulasi jenis

ini digunakan sebuah pompa sirkulasi (circulation pump). Umumnya pompa sirkulasi
mempunyai laju sirkulasi sekitar 1,7, artinya jumlah air yang disirkulasikan 1,7 kali kapasitas
penguapan. Beberapa keuntungan dari sistem sirkulasi paksa antara lain :

Waktu start (pemanasan) lebih cepat

Mempunyai respon yang lebih baik dalam mempertahankan aliran air ke pipa-pipa
pemanas pada saat start maupun beban penuh.
Mencegah kemungkinan terjadinya stagnasi pada sisi penguapan
Natural (or thermal) circulation boilers
Referring to figure-1(a), in the downcomer (pipe through which flow is directed
downwards), no steam is present and the tube section A-B is not heated. Heat input
generates a steam-water mixture in section B-C, usually referred to as riser (pipe
through which flow is directed upwards). Due to the fact that the steam-water mixture
at section B-C is less dense (since it is hotter) compared to the water of section A-B,
thermosiphonic effect (gravity) will cause the water to flow donwards at segment A-B
and upwards at segment B-C towards the steam drum.

Natural versus forced circulation typical schematic

In natural or thermal circulation type boilers, the rate of circulation depends strongly on the
density difference between the unheated water and the heated steam-water mixture. The
overall circulation rate (flow) in natural circulation systems mostly depends on the following
factors:
- Height of the boiler - Taller boilers yield a bigger pressure difference between the heated
and unheated sections and consequently produce bigger flow rates.
- Operating pressure of the boiler - Higher operating pressure produces higher density
steam as well as higher density steam-water mixtures. This tends to reduce the overall density
difference between the heated and unheated segments, as the liquid water density remains
same being independent of operating pressure. Hence higher pressure reduces the produced
steam flow rates.
- Heat input rate - Higher heat input rate helps reduce the average density in the heated
section and thereby increase the total flow rate.

Description of forced(or pumped) circulation systems

A pump is added in the closed flow loop system indicated in the section A-B of figure-1(b).
The pressure difference created by the pump (pump head) helps control the water flow rate. A
pressure reduction device (orifice or similar) is also typically used, as an additional control
mechanism.

In industrial boilers natural circulation is used in the water walls. For other heat transfer coils it is
just forced circulation. this is the case followed in most of the boilers except for supercritical one's
where there is no density difference between water and steam in supercritical conditions.
Why natural circulations can't be used in super heater , rehaeter coils etc?
1. You don't have gravity to assist you.
2. Density difference is negligible.
In waterwall phase change take place . Water gets converted to steam (1000 kg/m^3 to 1 kg/m^3.
And gravity assists it).