Caracterizare Harap Alb

peWater (H
2O) is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid,
which is nearly colorless apart from a hint of blue. It is by far the most studied chemical
compound and is described as the "universal solvent" for its ability to dissolve many
substances.[14][15] This allows it to be the "solvent of life".[16] It is the only common substance to
exist as a solid, liquid, and gas on Earth's surface.[17]

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and are strongly polar. This polarity
allows it to separate ions in salts and strongly bond to other polar substances such as alcohols
and acids, thus dissolving them. Its hydrogen bonding causes its many unique properties, such as
having a solid form less dense than its liquid form, a relatively high boiling point of 100 C for
its molar mass, and a high heat capacity.

Water is amphoteric, meaning it is both an acid and a baseit produces H+

and OH
ions by self ionization.[c] This means the product of the concentrations of H+
and OH
has to be a constant.

Because water is a very good solvent, it is rarely pure, and some of the properties of impure
water can vary from those of the pure substance. There are also many compounds that are
essentially, if not completely, insoluble in water, such as fats, oils and other non-polar
substances.

Contents
1 Nomenclature
2 Properties
o 2.1 Water, ice, and vapor
2.1.1 Heat capacity and heats of vaporization and fusion
2.1.2 Density of water and ice
2.1.3 Density of saltwater and ice
2.1.4 Miscibility and condensation
2.1.5 Vapor pressure
2.1.6 Compressibility
2.1.7 Triple point
2.1.8 Melting point
o 2.2 Electrical properties
2.2.1 Electrical conductivity
o 2.3 Polarity, hydrogen bonding and intermolecular structure
2.3.1 Proposed structures
2.3.2 Cohesion and adhesion
2.3.3 Surface tension
 2.3.4 Capillary action
2.3.5 Water as a solvent
2.3.6 Quantum tunneling
o 2.4 Chemical properties in nature
2.4.1 Geochemistry
2.4.2 Acidity
o 2.5 Electromagnetic absorption
o 2.6 Heavy water and isotopologues
o 2.7 Standard water
3 Reactions
o 3.1 Acid-base reactions
o 3.2 Ligand chemistry
o 3.3 Organic chemistry
o 3.4 Water in redox reactions
o 3.5 Electrolysis
4 History
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Cited sources
9 External links

Nomenclature
The accepted IUPAC name of water is oxidane or simply water,[18] or its equivalent in different
languages, although there are other systematic names which can be used to describe the
molecule. Oxidane is only intended to be used as the name of the mononuclear parent hydride
used for naming derivatives of water by substituent nomenclature.[19] These derivatives
commonly have other recommended names. For example, the name hydroxyl is recommended
over oxidanyl for the OH group. The name oxane is explicitly mentioned by the IUPAC as
being unsuitable for this purpose, since it is already the name of a cyclic ether also known as
tetrahydropyran.[20][21]

The simplest systematic name of water is hydrogen oxide. This is analogous to related
compounds such as hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen sulfide, and deuterium oxide (heavy water).

The polarized form of the water molecule, H+

OH
, is also called hydron hydroxide by IUPAC nomenclature.[22]

Using chemical nomenclature for type I ionic binary compounds, water would take the name
hydrogen monoxide,[23] but this is not among the names published by the International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).[18] It is a rarely used name of water, and mostly used in
various hoaxes or spoofs that call for this "lethal chemical" to be banned. Also allowedthough
the added precision is redundantis dihydrogen monoxide such as in the dihydrogen monoxide
hoax.
Other systematic names for water include hydroxic acid, hydroxylic acid, and hydrogen
hydroxide, using acid and base names.[d] None of these exotic names are used widely.

Properties
See also: Water chemistry analysis

Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula H

2O; one molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen
atom.[24] Water is a tasteless, odorless liquid at ambient temperature and pressure, and appears
colorless in small quantities, although it has its own intrinsic very light blue hue.[25][2] Ice also
appears colorless, and water vapor is essentially invisible as a gas.

Water is primarily a liquid under standard conditions, which is not predicted from its relationship
to other analogous hydrides of the oxygen family in the periodic table, which are gases such as
hydrogen sulfide. The elements surrounding oxygen in the periodic table, nitrogen, fluorine,
phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine, all combine with hydrogen to produce gases under standard
conditions. The reason that water forms a liquid is that oxygen is more electronegative than all of
these elements with the exception of fluorine. Oxygen attracts electrons much more strongly than
hydrogen, resulting in a net positive charge on the hydrogen atoms, and a net negative charge on
the oxygen atom. These atomic charges give each water molecule a net dipole moment.
Electrical attraction between water molecules due to this dipole pulls individual molecules closer
together, making it more difficult to separate the molecules and therefore raising the boiling
point. This attraction is known as hydrogen bonding.

The molecules of water are constantly moving in relation to each other, and the hydrogen bonds
are continually breaking and reforming at timescales faster than 200 femtoseconds (21013
seconds).[26] However, these bonds are strong enough to create many of the peculiar properties of
water, some of which make it integral to life.

Water can be described as a polar liquid that slightly dissociates disproportionately or self
ionizes into an hydronium ion and hydroxide ion.

2H
2O H
3O+
+ OH