BRENT HOSPITAL & COLLEGES, INC.

Colllege of Medical Technology

Clinical Chemistry (lab)

Name: Singco, Marvin John J. Date Prepared: Nov. 10, 2017

Crs/Yr: BSMT III Date Submitted: Nov. 17, 2017

Activity # 1
Bilirubin Detn
(Mod. Jendrassik-Grof Mtd.)

I- Objectives
To be able to determine Bilirubin
To be able to get total, direct & indirect Bilirubin
To be able to interpret the results

II- Materials: 70%alc., cotton balls, tourniquet, syringe/vacutainer set, test tubes, test tube rack,
centrifuge, applicator stick, forceps, automatic pipettor, serological pipette, rubber bulb, B1B2
rgnt, filter photometer, pentel pen, gauze/tss paper.

III- Procedure
1. Obtain atleast 3 cc of blood by venipuncture.
2. Transfer the blood in a test tube & allow to clot.
3. Centrifuge at high speed for 5 mins.
4. Transfer the serum to another tube.
5. Bring the reagents to room temperature & pipette the ffg, into labeled tubes:

*Total Bilirubin detn

Sample blank Sample
TBR 1 mL 1mL
TNR - 1 drop
Mix thoroughly, inc. for 5 mins
Sample 100 uL 100 uL
Mix, inc. at RT for 10-15 mins

*Direct Bilirubin detn

Sample blank Sample
DBR 1 mL 1 mL
DNR - 1 drop
Mix thoroughly, add sample w/in 2 mins
Sample 100 uL 100 uL
Mix, inc. at RT at exactly 5 mins
 6.. ON the AVR
7. ON the machine
8. Press/key in the code no. of the test desired.
9. Press ENTER.
10. Wait till the machine is ready
11. If machine is ready, press ZERO key
12. Wait for the red light to appear near the sipper
13. If red light is on, the machine is ready to sip.
14. Sip the Blank
15. Sip the Standard, then the sample.
16. Press the wash key to sip water
17. Press REPROGRAM key to change the code no. of the text desired.
18. Press the WASH key to sip water, then air to remove bubbles.
19. Calculate the B1B2 concn by ff the formula

(A spl x13.0= TB/BD Concn (mg/dL)

(mg/dL x 17.1 = TB/DB Concn umol/L)

Notes: 1. Avoid using hemolyzed serum

2. Protect specimen from direct light.

IV- Observation & Drawing

Name of the patient: Kristel Joy Saavedra

Total Bilirubin result: 0.039 mg/dL

Normal Value: 0.1-1.2 mg/dL
Interpretation: Below Normal

Direct Bilirubin result:0.013 mg/dL

Normal Value: 0.0-0.3 mg/dL
Interpretation: Normal

Indirect Bilirubin result: 0.026 mg/dL

Normal Value: 0.1-1.0 mg/dL
Interpretation: Below Normal
Computations:
Total Bilirubin:
A spl x13.0= TB/BD Concn (mg/dL)
0.003 x 13.0= 0.039 mg/dL

Direct Bilirubin:
A spl x13.0= TB/BD Concn (mg/dL)
0.001 x 13.0= 0.013 mg/dL

Indirect Bilirubin:
TB-DB=IDB
0.039-0.013= 0.026 mg/dL
 In our recent Activity, we are able to determine the bilirubin of our patient. First is to
collect blood sample by venipuncture, allow to clot, centrifuge, mixed with the reagents, and
with the use of filter photometer we were able to determine the Total, direct, and indirect
Bilirubin. And we took note that we should avoid using hemolyzed specimen since it falsely
decreases B1B2 results and specimen should be avoided in dark to prevent conversion to
Biliverdin decreasing B1B2. The end color is yellow and Modified Jendrassik-Grof method was
used in this activity to determine Bilirubin.

The total bilirubin of our patient is 0.039 mg/dL which is below the normal value which
must be in 0.1-1.2 mg/dL. The direct bilirubin was also determine and the result was 0.013
mg/dL which is in normal level since the normal value is 0.0-0.3 mg/dL. And we get the Indirect
Bilirubin by getting the difference of the total B1B2 and direct B1B2 results. And the result were
0.026 mg/dL which is below normal value (0.1-1.0 mg/dL)
V- Conclusion:
Bilirubin is the product of hemoglobin catabolism as a result of old age or trauma to
RBC. It is important to determine bilirubin since it diagnose if you have certain condition or
disease specially in the liver. It determines if the person has jaundice & what kind of jaundice
affecting the person.
In our activity, the person has below normal of Total and indirect bilirubin, and normal
direct bilirubin.
 BRENT HOSPITAL & COLLEGES, INC.
Colllege of Medical Technology
Histo. Tech. (lab)

Name: Singco, Marvin John J. Date Prepared: Nov. 10, 2017

Crs/Yr: BSMT III Date Submitted: Nov. 17, 2017

Activity # 1
INSTRUMENTATION

I- Objectives:
To be able to know the different instruments used and found in the histopathology lab
To be able how to use, identify, and label each of those instruments

II- Materials: reference books, colored pencil, Internet.

III- Procedure:
1. Draw/print the different important equipment/instruments commonly used/found in
Histopathology lab
2. Label the parts.
3. Give the function/uses of each equipment/instrument.

IV- Observation/Drawing:

Microtome- The rotary microtome is the most

common instrument found in a histology laboratory. Although
most microtomes are manual, some are automatic or semi-
automatic, where the advancement of the block and speed of
cutting are controlled by a foot pedal or a digital keypad at one's
fingertips. Automatic and semi-automatic microtomes greatly
improve ergonomics by reducing repetitive stress on joints.
Microtomes have become more precise and easier to use since
the first versions. Although a good microtome can last decades,
most laboratories are equipped with modern microtomes with
current design innovations.

1. Microtome base plate or stage: A platform which has rails that secure the knife holder
base.
2. Knife holder base: A part that anchors the knife holder to the microtome stage. The
knife holder base can be moved toward or away from the block, but MUST be stationary
and locked during microtomy.
3. Knife holder: This part is comprised of several components including the blade
clamp that holds the blade, the knife tilt for adjusting the knife angle, and the face
plate that guides that ribbons away from the blade and towards the operator.
 4. Cassette clamp or block holder: Holds the paraffin block in place. Typically, the block
moves up and down with each revolution while the blade is stationary. The block holder
may have knobs that allow the user to manipulate the block face in various directions to
bring the tissue in alignment with the blade.
5. Coarse handwheel: Moves the block holder either toward the knife or away from the
knife.
6. Advancement handwheel: Turns in one direction and advances the block toward the
knife at the specified microns. Most handwheels are equipped with a safety lock to
prevent the wheel from releasing and having the block holder come down towards the
blade while a block is inserted or removed. The safety lock should be used anytime the
microtomist is not actively sectioning paraffin blocks.
7. Micron adjustment: Micron settings for section thickness can range from 1 to 60
microns on most microtomes.

Microscope- use to magnify object that cannot be

seen by the naked eye.

Eyepiece Lens: the lens at the top that you look

through. They are usually 10X or 15X power.

Tube: Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses

Arm: Supports the tube and connects it to the base

Base: The bottom of the microscope, used for

support

Illuminator: A steady light source (110 volts) used

in place of a mirror. If your microscope has a
mirror, it is used to reflect light from an external
light source up through the bottom of the stage.

Stage: The flat platform where you place your slides. Stage clips hold the slides in place. If
your microscope has a mechanical stage, you will be able to move the slide around by turning
two knobs. One moves it left and right, the other moves it up and down.

Revolving Nosepiece or Turret: This is the part that holds two or more objective lenses and
can be rotated to easily change power.

Objective Lenses: Usually you will find 3 or 4 objective lenses on a microscope. They almost
always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X powers. When coupled with a 10X (most common)
eyepiece lens, we get total magnifications of 40X (4X times 10X), 100X , 400X and 1000X. To
have good resolution at 1000X, you will need a relatively sophisticated microscope with an Abbe
condenser. The shortest lens is the lowest power, the longest one is the lens with the greatest
power. Lenses are color coded and if built to DIN standards are interchangeable between
microscopes. The high power objective lenses are retractable (i.e. 40XR). This means that if
they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in (spring loaded) thereby protecting the lens and
the slide. All quality microscopes have achromatic, parcentered, parfocal lenses.

Rack Stop: This is an adjustment that determines how close the objective lens can get to the
slide

Condenser Lens: The purpose of the condenser lens is to focus the light onto the
specimen. Diaphragm or Iris: Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage. This
diaphragm has different sized holes and is used to vary the intensity and size of the cone of light
that is projected upward into the slide.

Tissue Floatation Water Bath

Our glass Tissue Floatation Water Bath has been developed

using microprocessor controls and a modular design that has
improved reliability and precision. The unit is low profile with a
removable rectangular glass basin for easy cleaning. The glass
basin is illuminated by LED light from the side allowing clear
observation without glare against the black background. There is
an ON/OFF switch on the control panel for the LED light.
Temperature settings are controlled by push buttons for accurate
and precise control and the easy to read LED displays show both
set temperature and actual temperature. The corrosion resistant,
stainless steel temperature probe flips down into place. The
probe has a thermostat sensor inside that turns off when it is
lifted up and re-starts when placed back into the basin.

Paraffin Dispenser

Microprocessor controlled with heated, non-drip spigot. A clear

lid permits easy viewing of paraffin without contamination. The
durable stainless steel interior is easy to clean. It features a built-
in temperature controller that allows setting the temperature from
room temperature to 72C (162F).
 Small Slide Warmer with Hinged Cover for 24 Slides

Compact slide warmer with digital temperature control and LED

readout is ideal for quickly drying slides for the small histology
or research lab.

Oven

Designed for continuous temperature uniformity, the even air

circulation will provide maximum temperature within one-half hour
of start-up time.

Centrifuge

high speed centrifuge for mini centrifuge tubes. It is ideal for

protocols calling for high spin speeds
V- Conclusion:

Histopathology is the study of abnormal tissue. Therefore, it has several of

instruments in order to study different tissues and abnormal tissues seen in our bodies, organs,
and etc. Histopathology is the examination of biological tissues in order to observe the
appearance of diseased cells in microscopic detail. With the use of these instruments, it is
efficient and more effective to use these technology for much precise results, less time
consuming and accurate results.