Cement and Concrete Research xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

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Cement and Concrete Research

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cemconres

Analysis of the compressive strength development of concrete considering

the interactions between hydration and drying
Xiao-Yong Wang, Ki-Bong Park
College of Engineering, Department of Architectural Engineering, Kangwon National University, 200-701 Chuncheon-si, Republic of Korea

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: After removing the formwork, concrete is exposed to environmental air and dries. Due to the interactions be-
Hydration tween hydration and drying, the strength development of outdoor air-cured concrete is dierent from that of
Drying water-cured concrete or seal-cured concrete. This paper proposes a numerical procedure to evaluate the inter-
Moisture diusion actions among cement hydration, moisture diusion, and compressive strength development. First, by using a
Compressive strength
desorption isotherm considering the degree of hydration of cement, the relative humidity reduction due to self-
Model
desiccation is calculated. Second, a moisture diusion equation considering the microstructure evolution of
concrete is proposed. A hydration model considering the local relative humidity is also put forward. Third, by
combining the hydration model with the moisture diusion model, the individual degree of hydration with
varying concrete depths is calculated. Using the individual degree of hydration at dierent depths, the average
degree of hydration is calculated. The compressive strength is evaluated using the average degree of hydration.

1. Introduction
Compressive strength is the most important property of concrete;
other properties, such as tensile strength, exural strength, elasticity
modulus, water tightness and durability, all are closely related to
compressive strength. Many models have been proposed to evaluate the
compressive development of concrete. Van Breugel [12] proposed a
hydration model considering the eect of the particle size distribution
and chemical composition of cement, the water/cement ratio and the
actual reaction temperature. The compressive strength can be evaluated
using the degree of hydration and embedded cement volume. De
Schutter [34] proposed a hydration model that separates the reaction
of slag from the hydration of cement in slag blended concrete. Me-
chanical development, which includes compressive strength, Young's
modulus, tensile strength, Poisson's ratio, and the stress-strain relation,
is calculated as functions of degree of reaction. Maekawa et al. [5]
proposed a multi-component hydration model and evaluated the hygro-
thermo-mechanical development of hardening concrete with various
curing temperature. In van Breugel [12], De Schutter [34], and
Maekawa's [5] studies, as for evaluating the compressive strength, the
degree of hydration in the concrete cylinder is assumed as uniform. For
water-cured or seal-cured specimens, this assumption is right. However,
for outdoor air-cured concrete, due to the drying of concrete, the
moisture in concrete evaporates into surrounding air. The moisture in
the external layer is lower than that in the inner layer, the rate of
hydration in the external layer is lower than that in the inner layer, and
the degree of hydration in the external layer is lower than that in the
inner layer.
Studies considering the interactions between hydration and drying
are relatively limited. Luzio and Cusatis [67] proposed a hygro-
thermo-chemical model of high-performance concrete. The moisture
diusion and binder hydration are separately modeled; however, the
interactions between hydration and moisture transfer are not con-
sidered [67]. Liao et al. [8] proposed a humidity-adjusted maturity
function for the early age strength prediction of Portland cement con-
crete. Verication programs for concrete cylinders cured in constant
temperature/humidity conditions, cured outdoors with air dry condi-
tions and cured in an outdoor water bath were performed. Similarly,
using the humidity-adjusted maturity function of Liao et al., Kwon et al.
[9] evaluated the early age strength development of y ash blended
concrete with various curing temperatures and relative humidities.
Although the humidity-adjusted maturity function has wide application
(valid for dierent mixing proportions and dierent curing methods), it
does not consider size eects on the internal moisture distribution. Un
and Baradan [10] reported that due to air curing, the compressive
strength of 50 mm cubic specimens is generally higher than the com-
pressive strength of 40 mm cubic specimens. This is contrary to the
assumption that smaller specimens have higher compressive strength
than larger specimens [1112].
To overcome the weak points in current studies [110], this paper

Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: wxbrave@kangwon.ac.kr (X.-Y. Wang), kbpark@kangwon.ac.kr (K.-B. Park).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.08.010
Received 2 June 2016; Received in revised form 1 August 2017; Accepted 9 August 2017
0008-8846/ 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: Wang, X.-Y., Cement and Concrete Research (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.08.010
X.-Y. Wang, K.-B. Park Cement and Concrete Research xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

proposes a numerical procedure for evaluating the interactions among tortuosity of the gel pores as well as the radii of the gel pores in the
cement hydration, concrete drying, and compressive strength devel- hydrate. This phenomenon can be described as a function of the degree
opment. By combing the cement hydration model with the moisture of hydration and is expressed as follows:
diusion model, the individual degree of hydration at dierent depths
1
is calculated. Using the individual degree of hydration, the average De = De0 ln ,
(4)
degree of hydration and gel-space ratio of hardening concrete are cal-
culated. Using modied Powers' strength theory, the compressive where De0 is initial diusion coecient.
strength development of early age concrete with dierent curing tem- The amount of water in the capillary pores Cw free is expressed as a
peratures and relative humidities is evaluated. function of the degree of hydration in the previous step, as shown in Eq.
(5).
2. Hydration Model of cement W 0.4C0
r
Cw free = 0
,
W0 (5)
2.1. Hydration model for seal-cured concrete
where C0 and W0 are the mass fractions of cement and water in the mix
Tomosawa [13] proposed a shrinking-core model to model the hy- proportion and r is an empirical parameter considering the accessibility
dration of Portland cement. This hydration model was revised by of water into the inner anhydrous part through the outer hard shell of
Maruyama [14], Park [15], and Wang and Lee [16] to consider the the cement particles (when the water-to-binder ratio is higher than 0.4,
eects of the cement particle size distribution, the capillary water r = 1.0; when the water-to-binder ratio is < 0.4 because of the in-
concentration in the hydration process, microstructure development, creasing constrictivity and tortuosity of the capillary pore network and
and the reactions of mineral admixtures. This model is expressed as a lower pore connectivity, r is higher than 1, and can be determined as
W
single equation consisting of three coecients: kd the reaction coe- r = 2.6 4 C 0 [1718]).
0
cient in the induction period, De the eective diusion coecient of The eect of temperature on the reaction coecients is assumed to
water through the CSH gel, and kri a coecient of the reaction rate of follow Arrhenius's law, as shown in Eqs. (6)(9):
the mineral compound of cement as shown in Eqs. (1) and (2) below:
1 1
B = B20 exp 1
T 293 (6)
di 3w 1
= (Sw S0 ) Cw free
dt

( 1
kd

r0
De )+ r0
De
(1 i )
1
3 +
1
kri
(1 i )
2
3
(v + wg ) r0 c

1
C = C20 exp 2
1

T 293 (7)
(1)
E 1 1
4
i = 1 i gi kri = kri20 exp
= 4
, R T 293 (8)
i = 1 gi (2)
1 1
where i (i = 1,2,3, and 4) represents the reaction degree of the mineral De = De20 exp 3 ,
T 293 (9)
compound of cement C3S, C2S, C3A, and C4AF, respectively, is the
degree of cement hydration and can be calculated from the weight where 1, 2, E/R, and 3 are the temperature sensitivity coecients
fraction of mineral compound gi and reaction degree of mineral com- and B20, C20, kri20, and De20 are the values of B, C, kri, and De at 20 C.
pound i, is the stoichiometric ratio by mass of water to cement The units of temperature sensitivity coecients 1, 2, E/R, and 3 are
(= 0.25), wg is the physically bound water in the CSH gel (=0.15), w K.
is the density of water, cis the density of the cement, Cw free is the Using the reaction degree of compound compositions of cement at
amount of water at the exterior of the CSH gel, r0 is the radius of dierent curing compositions [19], the coecients of the hydration
unhydrated cement particles, Sw is the eective surface area of the model are calibrated and shown in Table 1. By using the proposed
cement particles in contact with water, and S0 is the total surface area if Portland cement hydration model, Park [15] evaluated the heat evo-
the surface area develops unconstrained. lution rate, chemically bound water, compressive strength, and tem-
The reaction coecient kd is assumed to be a function of the degree perature history of hardening high-strength concrete.
of hydration as shown in Eq. (3), where B and C are the coecients
determining this factor; B controls the rate of the initial shell formation 2.2. Moisture diusion model
and C controls the rate of the initial shell decay.
At early ages, after removing the formwork, concrete will be ex-
B
kd = + C3 posed to ambient air, and water movement occurs because of moisture
1.5 (3)
diusion. In addition, self-desiccation in concrete occurs because of the
The eective diusion coecient of water is aected by the hydration of cement. Hence, the variation of the relative humidity in

Table 1
Complete sets of numerical values of input parameters.

Input parameters for hydration model

B20 C20 KrC3S20 KrC2S20 (cm/h) KrC3A20 (cm/h) KrC4AF20 (cm/h) De20 1 2 3 E/R
(cm/h) (cm/h) (cm/h) (cm/h) (K) (K) (K) (K)
8.09 10 9 0.02 9.03 10 6 2.71 10 7
1.35 10 6
6.77 10 8
8.62 10 10 1000 1000 5400 7500

Input parameters for moisture diusion model Input parameters for strength development model

A1 A2 F3 F4 F2
(MPa) (MPa/K)
14.5 4.66 144.91 1.13 2.54

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X.-Y. Wang, K.-B. Park Cement and Concrete Research xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

young concrete is a result of both moisture diusion and self-desicca- 2.2.2. Self-desiccation model
tion. Norling Mjonell [24] proposed a model of self-desiccation for high-
The total variation of internal relative humidity can be represented performance concrete. In this model, the eect of the degree of hy-
as follows [2021]: dration on the desorption isotherm is considered. As shown in Fig. 1-a,
the desorption isotherm is decomposed into two parts: a gel isotherm
h hd hs
= + , and capillary isotherm. The desorption isotherm is calculated as fol-
t t t (10)
lows:
h
where is the total variation rate of the relative humidity in concrete, We (h, ) Wgel (h, ) Wcap (h, )
t
hd = gel + cap
is the relative humidity variation rate due to moisture diusion, and C0 C0 C0 (16)
t
hs
is the relative humidity variation rate due to self-desiccation.
t 1
gel = 1
exp(b 10 ) h (17)
2.2.1. Moisture diusion model
The relative humidity variation rate due to moisture diusion can cap = exp(b 10 ) h 1, (18)
be determined through Fick's second law, as follows [2021]: where We is the evaporable water content, Wgel is the gel water content,
hd Wcap is the capillary water content, gel is the lling factor of gel water,
= div (D (h) h), and cap is the lling factor of capillary water. b is the shape factor of
t (11)
the desorption isotherm, and the range of b is from 8 to 12 [67,17,24].
where D(h) denotes the moisture diusion coecient. As proposed by In this study, the value of b is 10.
Bazant [20] and Kim [21], the moisture diusion coecient is depen- The self-desiccation hs due to cement hydration can be determined
t
dent on the relative humidity and can be expressed as follows: as follows [67,17,24]:
1
hs = (( We2 + 2We (Wcap Wgel ) + Wgel
2 2
+ 2Wcap Wgel + Wcap
1m b 10
D (h) = D1 m + n ,
1h
1 + 1 h + We Wgel + Wcap) 2Wcap). (19)
c (12)
As shown in Fig. 1-b, as the water-to-cement ratio decreases, the
where D1 is the maximum D(h) when h = 1, hc is the pore relative
D relative humidity reduction due to self-desiccation becomes more ob-
humidity at D(h) = 0.5D1; m = D0 , and D0 is the minimum relative
1 vious. Hence, for high-strength concrete or high-performance concrete
humidity at h = 0, and n is the exponent. m = 0.05, n = 15, and
with lower water-to-binder ratios, the relative humidity distribution is
hc = 0.8 were approximated ([2021]).
considerably aected by self-desiccation. The analysis results for self-
In Bazant [20] and Kim [21]'s analyses, the dependence of max-
desiccation model are compared with experimental data [25]. Lura
imum moisture diusivity D1 on the microstructure evolution of con-
et al. [25] measured isothermal heat evolution and self-desiccation of
crete is not considered. For hardening concrete, as the curing ages in-
hardening high- performance cement paste during the initial 6 days
creases, due to the hydration of cement, the capillary porosity of
after casting (water to binder ratio 0.37, silica fume replacement ratio
concrete decreases, and the value of D1 decreases correspondingly.
5%). The reaction of silica fume is simulated by using kinetic hydration
Based on the analysis of moisture diusion and moisture loss of hard-
model proposed in our former study [16]. The heat evolution of ce-
ening concrete with dierent curing ages and dierent water-to-cement
ment-silica fume blends is determined from reaction degrees of cement
ratios, Wang [22] proposed that the relation between D1 and capillary
and silica fume. As shown in Fig. 1-c and d, the analysis results gen-
porosity can be written as follows:
erally agree with experimental results. In very early age, because the
D11 proposed self-desiccation model does not consider the eect of dis-
D1 = ,
A1 exp(A2 ) (13) solved salts [25], the analysis results are slightly higher than experi-
mental results.
where D11 = 3.9 10 6 m2/h, A1 and A2 are parameters (A1 = 14.5;
A2 = 4.66 [22]), and is the capillary porosity of binder paste in 2.3. Interactions between hydration and drying
concrete, which can be determined using the degree of hydration, as
follows [12]: Eq. (1) is generally valid for seal-cured concrete where moisture
W0 0.4C0 + 0.0625C0 movement does not take place. If hardening concrete is exposed to
= W0 C0
. ambient air, due to moisture diusion, the relative humidity at external
+ (14)
W C layer is lower than that at inner layer, and rate of cement hydration will
be aected due to variance of relative humidity [26]. The eect of
As shown in Eqs. (13) and (14), as the curing age increases, the
relative humidity on the rate of hydration can be considered using a
degree of hydration increases, and the capillary porosity and h 0.55 4
maximum moisture diusivityD1decrease. Because Eq. (14) takes into reduction factor RH = 0.45 for h > 0.55 and RH = 0 for

account the eect of hydration on microstructure development, Eq. h < 0.55 [12]. Considering the eect of moisture diusion, we pro-
d
(11) is valid for hardening concrete. In addition, the dependence of posed that the modied rate of hydration of cement ( )
can be revised
dt
moisture diusivity on temperature can be evaluated using Arrhenius's as follows:
law as follows [23]:
d = d RH 1
Q 1 1 dt dt RH 2 (20)
D1T = D1 exp h ,
R 293 T + 273
(15) 4
h 0.55 (h > 0.55)
where D1Tis temperature dependent moisture diusivity and Qh is the RH 1 = 0.45
R 0 (h 0.55)
temperature sensitivity coecients of moisture diusivity (21)
( Qh = 2700 K [23]).
R
In this study, it is assumed that the relative humidity at the surface h 0.55 4
RH 2 = s ,
of concrete equals that in the exposed environment [2223]. 0.45 (22)

3
X.-Y. Wang, K.-B. Park Cement and Concrete Research xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

relative humidity reduction due to self-desiccation

1
gel isotherm
0.3 capillary isotherm 0.95
total desorption isotherm
0.25
0.9
We/C(Kg/Kg)

0.2 w/c=0.3
0.85 w/c=0.4
0.15 w/c=0.5
0.8
0.1

0.05 0.75

0 0.7
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
RH degree of hydration
a) schematic gel and capillary isotherm b) predicted relative humidity reduction due
(water-to-cement ratio 0.3, and degree to self-desiccation in terms of the degree
of hydration 0.2) of hydration in the sealed condition

600 1
analysis results
500 experimental results
0.9
heat of hydration (J/g)

relative humidity

400 analysis results

0.8 experimental results
300
0.7
200

0.6
100

0 0.5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
time(hours) time(hours)

c) isothermal heat evolution of cement d) elf -desiccation of cement-silica

silica fume blends fume blends
Fig. 1. Self-desiccation model of hardening concrete.

where RH1 is the value of RH under drying conditions, and RH2 is the determine h.
value of RH under sealed conditions. For seal-cured concrete, because It should be noted that for drying conditions, from the external zone
there is no moisture movement (RH1 = RH2), Eq. (20) is the same as to the internal zone, the relative humidity and degree of cement hy-
Eq. (1). If the current relative humidity is higher than the relative hu- dration increase, and relative humidity reduction due to self-desicca-
midity due to self-desiccation, the rate of hydration will increase. tion increases correspondingly. This is dierent from Kim and Lee's
Contrarily, if the current relative humidity is lower than the relative assumption [21]. In Kim and Lee's study, they assumed that for drying
humidity due to self-desiccation, the rate of hydration will decrease or concrete, the relative humidity reduction due to self-desiccation (hs) is
even stop. the same as that occurring in sealed concrete. Contrastively, in this
In addition, the amount of water in the capillary pores Cw free is study, the value of hs is dierent from that of sealed conditions and is
dependent on the current relative humidity. Cw free dependent on the position and local degree of hydration. Summarily,
W0 0.4C0 + 0.0625C0h r
= ( W0 ) , where 0.0625 C

0 is the pore volume our analysis considers the interactions between cement hydration and
the drying of concrete. For drying concrete, in our study, the relative
caused by chemical shrinkage and h is the lling factor. When h = 1,
humidity h, the relative humidity reduction due to self-desiccation hs,
h = 1, the pore volume caused by chemical shrinkage is lled with
the hydration reduction factor RH, and the degree of hydration are all
capillary water, and when h < = hs, h = 0, h = hsis sealed condi-
dependent on the locations in the concrete specimen.
tions. For hs < h < 1, the linear interpolation method can be used to

4
X.-Y. Wang, K.-B. Park
Table 2
Summary of the t parameters of the sub-models.
Sub-model Fit parameters
Cement hydration model Cement reaction rate coecients (B20, C20, kri20, and
De20) and temperature sensitivity coecients (1, 2,
E/R, and 3).
Moisture diusion model Moisture diusion parameters A1 and A2
Strength development F3 (revised intrinsic strength of concrete), F4
model (strength reduction coecient), and F2 (strength
exponent)
2.4. Strength development model.
Powers [13] proposed that the compressive strength of concrete
depends on the gel-space ratio determined from the degree of cement
hydration and water-to-cement ratio. A gel-space ratio is dened as the
ratio of the volumes of the hydration products to the sum of the vo-
lumes of the hydrated cement and of the capillary pores. The gel-space
ratio of cement can be calculated as follows [13]:
v (T )(1 c )
x pc =
(1 c ) +
W0
C0 (23)
where xpc is the gel-space ratio of concrete and v(T) is the volume of
hydration products of 1 unit volume cement, determined as follows
[12]:
volume of hydration products at T
v (T ) =
volume of reacted cement at T
= v293 exp( 28 106 (T 293)2) (24)
As shown in Eq. (24), as the curing temperature increases, this ratio
will decrease (v293 2.2).
The development of the compressive strength of Portland cement
concrete can be calculated using the gel-space ratio as follows [15]:
fc (t ) = F1 (x pc ) F2 (25)
where fc(t) is the compressive strength of concrete, F1 is the intrinsic
strength of the material, and F2 is the strength exponent. Powers [13]
assumed that for concrete with dierent curing temperatures, the in-
trinsic strengths F1 are the same. Maekawa et al. [5] found that for
concrete with low temperature casting, a relatively more uniform mi-
crostructure of the hydrated cement paste (especially the pore size
distribution) accounts for the higher nal strength. To reect the eect
of curing temperature on the nal strength of concrete, we propose that
the intrinsic strength of concrete is a decreasing function of the curing
temperature, as follows:
F1 = F3 F4 T (26)
where F3 is the revised intrinsic strength of concrete, and F4 is strength
reduction coecient. The negative sign in Eq. (26) means that as the
curing temperature increases, the intrinsic strength of concrete F1 de-
creases.
The eects of the curing temperature and relative humidity on ce-
ment hydration and concrete strength development are summarized as
follows:
First, when the curing temperature increases, the rate of cement
hydration will increase. This factor will contribute to the trend that as
the curing temperature increases, at a certain age, the compressive
strength will increase. This acceleration eect is considered using Eqs.
(6)(9).
Second, as the curing temperature increases, the ratio between the
volume of hydration products and that of reacted cement will decrease
(shown in Eq. (24)).
Third, the ultimate strength of concrete will decrease as the curing
temperature increases (shown in Eq. (26)).The second and third factors
will weaken the increasing trend of compressive strength due to the rst
Cement and Concrete Research xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx
factor.
Fourth, as the curing temperature increases, moisture diusivity
increases (Eq. (15)). In contrast, as the curing temperature increases
and the rate of cement hydration and degree of hydration increase,
moisture diusivity decreases (Eqs. (13) and (14)). The total moisture
diusion depends on the competition of dierent factors. The eects of
moisture movement on strength development are considered in Eq.
(20).
In addition, as mentioned in Section 2.3, because the degree of
hydration is dependent on the position in the concrete, the gel-space
ratio and compressive strength are also dependent on the position in the
concrete. The experimental results from the measuring compressive
strength of concrete are regarded as an average value of all the posi-
tions in the concrete.
The summary of t parameters of sub-models, such as the cement
hydration model, moisture diusion model, and strength development
model, are listed in Table 2. The verication of these sub-models is
available in our former studies [2728]. Wang and Lee [27] evaluated
the reaction degree of cement paste and strength development of con-
crete with various water-to-cement ratios, curing temperatures, and
curing ages. Park [28] evaluated relative humidity evolution in con-
crete with dierent water-to-cement ratios and dierent water curing
periods.
The ow chart of the proposed numerical procedure is shown in
Fig. 2. At each time step, using the modied Portland cement hydration
model, the rate of hydration and degree of hydration are calculated.
The relative humidity reduction due to self-desiccation is calculated
using the desorption isotherm. Then, by using the moisture diusion
model, the moisture distribution in concrete is calculated. Using revised
Powers' strength theory, the compressive strength of concrete is de-
termined.
The main novel point of this study is making an integrated thermo-
hydro-chemo-mechanical model considering the interactions among
cement hydration, concrete drying, and compressive strength devel-
opment. Our integrated model is new and shows advantages over other
researchers' studies. The advantages are summarized as follows:
First, regarding compressive strength development, van Breugel
[12], De Schutter [34], and Maekawa's [5] study assumed the degree
of hydration is uniform in a concrete cylinder. While for the air curing
concrete, due to moisture diusion, the degree of hydration is not
uniform. In other words, models proposed in references [15] are not
valid for strength evaluation of air curing concrete. Contrastively, in
this study, our integrated model considers the eect of drying on ce-
ment hydration and strength development. Our integrated model is
valid for air curing concrete.
Second, humidity-adjusted maturity function proposed by Liao et al.
[8] and Kwon et al. [9] can be used to evaluate strength development of
concrete with air curing condition. However, humidity-adjusted ma-
turity function does not consider size eects on the internal moisture
distribution. Humidity-adjusted maturity function can not explain that
smaller concrete specimen dry faster than larger ones, this stops hy-
dration, and therefore they are weaker. Contrastively, our integrated
model can explain this phenomenon.
Third, Kim et al. [21], Kang et al. [23], Mjonell [24], and Luzio
[67] proposed models of moisture transport of concrete considering
both moisture diusion and self-desiccation. However, their models do
not consider the eect of cement hydration on moisture diusion.
Contrastively, our study considers the interactions between hydration
and moisture diusion.
3. Verication of proposed model
In this study, an integrated model is proposed for hardening con-
crete considering various environmental temperature and relative hu-
midity. The integrated model includes some sub-models as follows:
Model 1: a hydration model for sealed curing concrete; Model 2: a
5
X.-Y. Wang, K.-B. Park
model for self-desiccation; Model 3: a moisture diusion model; Model
4: a model for coupling hydration and drying; Model 5: a model for
strength of concrete based on gel-space ratio.
The integrated model includes two processes, i.e. the calibration
process and validation (prediction) process.
In the calibration process, the input parameters involved in sub-
models (Model 1, Model 3, and Model 5) are calibrated. Table 1 shows
complete sets of numerical values of input parameters. The sequences of
calibration of input parameters are shown as follows:
First, by using reaction degrees of compound compositions of ce-
ment (water-to-cement ratio 0.5, sealed curing at 10 C and 40 C,
curing ages of 1 day to 365 days [19]), the input parameters of hy-
dration model (Model 1) are calibrated by using a predictor-corrector
6
Cement and Concrete Research xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx
Fig. 2. Flow chart of the numerical procedure.
algorithm [16]. The detailed process of calibration of input parameters
of hydration model (Model 1) is available in our previous study [16].
The calculation results of hydration model (Model 1) can be used for
other sub-models.
Second, based on relative humidity evolution of concrete specimen
(water-to-cement ratio 0.4, 3 days water curing before drying, the size
of prism specimen was 10 cm 10 cm 20 cm, and the specimen was
exposed to the environment with 50% relative humidity and 20 C
[21]), the input parameters of moisture diusion model (Model 3) are
calibrated. The detailed process of calibration of input parameters of
moisture diusion model (Model 3) is shown in our previous study
[28]. The calculation results from moisture diusion model (Model 3)
can be used for strength development model (Model 5).
X.-Y. Wang, K.-B. Park Cement and Concrete Research xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

Table 3
Mixing proportions of concrete [26].

Water Cement Sand Gravel Sand to Water-to-

(kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) aggregate ratio cement ratio

200 400 854 880 0.5 0.5

Third, based on strength evolution of hardening concrete (water-to-

Fig. 3. Inuence of dierent relative humidities on the degree of hydration.
cement ratio 0.68, curing temperature 12 C and 40 C,curing relative
humidity 100% [8]), the input parameters of strength model (Model 5)
are calibrated.
Because the hydration model (Model 1), moisture diusion model
(Model 3), and strength model (Model 5) have considered the eect of
water-to-cement ratio on the hydration of concrete, when experimental
results of concrete with a single water-to-cement ratio are known, the
input parameters of sub-models can be calibrated. These t input
parameters do not change with water-to-cement ratios, curing tem-
peratures, or curing relative humidity. For self-desiccation model
(Model 2) and coupled hydration and drying model (Model 4), no input
parameters need to be calibrated.

w/c=0.435 w/c=0.35
1 1
analysis-saturation curing
analysis-sealed curing
0.8 0.8 experiment-sealed curing
experiment-saturation curing
degree of hydration

degree of hydration

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

analysis-saturation curing
0.2 analysis-sealed curing 0.2
experiment-sealed curing
experiment-saturation curing
0 0 1 2 3 4
0 0 1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
time(hours) time(hours)

a) water-to-cement ratio 0.435 b) water-to-cement ratio 0. 35

w/c=0.25
1
analysis-saturation curing
analysis-sealed curing
0.8 experiment-sealed curing
experiment-saturation curing
degree of hydration

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0 1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10
time(hours)

c) water-to-cement ratio 0.25

Fig. 4. Inuence of wet curing and sealed curing on the degree of hydration.

7
X.-Y. Wang, K.-B. Park Cement and Concrete Research xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

=50mm =50mm
0.85 0.84

degree of hydration after drying

=80mm =80mm
0.8 =150mm 0.82 =150mm
relative humidity

0.75 0.8

0.7 0.78
0.65 0.76
0.6 0.74
0.55 0.72

0.5 0.7

0.45 0.68
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
relative position relative position

a) dependence of the relative humidity b) dependence of the degree of hydration

on the position on the position
self desiccation due to hydration after drying

0.99

0.98
=50mm
=80mm
0.97 =150mm

0.96

0.95
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
relative position

c) the dependence of self-desiccation on

the position
Fig. 5. Dependence of the relative humidity, degree of hydration, and self-desiccation on the position.

1
=50mm-analysis results
=50mm-experimental results
0.8 =80mm-analysis results
=80mm-experimental results
moisture loss

=150mm-analysis results
0.6
=150mm-experimental results

0.4

0.2

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
time(hours)
Fig. 6. Average degree of hydration.
Fig. 7. Moisture loss.

8
X.-Y. Wang, K.-B. Park Cement and Concrete Research xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

Table 4 and outdoor air curing conditions (shown in Section 3.3.2). Through
Mixing proportions of concrete [8]. the systematic verication process, the proposed integrated model is
validated.
Water Cement Sand Gravel Air content Water-to-
(kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) cement ratio

240 289 924 734 2% 0.81 3.1. Inuence of dierent relative humidities on cement (no size eect)

The experimental results on the reaction degree of cement with

Validation (prediction) process: based on input parameters obtained
from calibrated process, multiple checks, such as thermo-hydro-chemo-
mechanical aspects of concrete, are carried out for verications. In this
study, the verications focus on the interactions between hydration of
concrete and drying of concrete. The experimental results from both
experimental lab level and construction site level are adopted for ver-
ications. The results from experimental lab level include degree of
hydration with dierent curing conditions (shown in Section 3.1),
moisture loss of concrete with dierent sizes (shown in Section 3.2),
and strength development with dierent curing temperature and re-
lative humidities (shown in Section 3.3.1). The results from construc-
tion site level include strength development with outdoor wet curing
dierent relative humidities [29] were used to verify the proposed
model. Patel et al. [29] measured the reaction degree of cement con-
sidering the inuence of dierent relative humidities (RH = 1,
0.97,0.91,0.81,0.69, and 0.49). OPC paste with a water/cement ratio of
0.59 was rst wet cured for 2 days and then exposed to controlled re-
lative humidity environments at 20 C. After 14 and 90 days of ex-
posure, the degree of hydration of individual compounds was measured
using X-ray diraction and thermogravimetry. The size of the paste was
small: 3 mm 20 mm 28 mm. Because it was small, the moisture
distribution and degree of hydration in the external layer were ap-
proximately same as those in the central layer. As shown in Fig. 3, as
the relative humidity decreases, the degree of hydration of cement

1 1

0.8 0.8
degree of hydration

degree of hydration

0.6 0.6
temp 27 -RH-100%
temp 27 -RH-90%
0.4 0.4
temp 12 -RH-100% temp 27 -RH-80%
temp 12 -RH-90% temp 27 -RH-70%
0.2 temp 12 -RH-80% 0.2
temp 12 -RH-70%

0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
time(hours) time(hours)

a) degree of the hydration-curing b) degree of the hydration-curing

temperature 12 temperature 27
1

0.8
degree of hydration

0.6 temp 40 -RH-100%

temp 40 -RH-90%
temp 40 -RH-80%
0.4 temp 40 -RH-70%

0.2

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
time(hours)

c) degree of the hydration-curing

temperature 40
Fig. 8. Average degree of hydration as a function of the relative humidity and temperature.

9
X.-Y. Wang, K.-B. Park Cement and Concrete Research xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

curing temperature 12 curing temperature 27

40 35
RH=100% RH=100%
35 RH=90% 30 RH=90%
compressive strength(MPa)

compressive strength(MPa)
RH=80% RH=80%
30
RH=70% 25 RH=70%
25 regression y=131.15*x2.54 regression y=114.4*x2.54
20
20
15
15
10
10

5 5

0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
gel-space ratio gel-space ratio

a)compressive strength--curing temperature 12 b)compressive strength--curing temperature 27

curing temperature 40
30
RH=100%
RH=90%
compressive strength(MPa)

25
RH=80%
RH=70%
20
regression y=99.71*x2.54

15

10

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
gel-space ratio

c)compressive strength--curing temperature 40

Fig. 9. Compressive strength and gel-space ratio for dierent curing conditions.

decreases. For cement paste exposed to a RH 0.49 environment, cement
hydration ceases.
The experimental results regarding the reaction degree of cement
with wet curing and sealed curing [30] were also used to verify the
proposed model. Bentz [30] measured the reaction degree of cement
with dierent water-to-cement ratios 0.435, 0.35, and 0.25 under wet
curing conditions or sealed curing conditions. The curing temperature
is 20 C, and the degree of hydration is measured from early ages to
90 days. As shown in Fig. 4, for cement paste with a lower water-to-
cement ratio of 0.25, the degree of hydration with wet curing is much
higher than that with sealed curing.
In the studies of Patel et al. [29] and Bentz [30], because the spe-
cimens were small, the inuence of specimen size on the degree of
hydration and moisture distribution could not be reected. In the fol-
lowing Section 3.2, we will consider the size eect on the degree of
hydration, moisture distribution, and moisture loss.
3.2. Size eect on moisture loss
The experimental results of Ayano and Wittmann [31] are used to
verify the size eect on moisture loss. In the experimental study of
Ayano and Wittmann [31], the average moisture loss was measured for
three cylindrical concrete specimens characterized by dierent dia-
meters, 50, 80, and 150 mm, and lengths, 100, 100, and 150 mm, re-
spectively. The mixing proportions of concrete are shown in Table 3.
The moisture loss was due to exposure to ambient air with a relative
humidity of 45%. The top and the bottom surfaces of the cylinders were
sealed to generate radial water diusion. After 14 days of water curing,
the drying experiment began. At days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 98 after
the start of drying, the moisture loss was measured.
Fig. 5 shows the size eect on moisture diusion, the degree of
hydration, and self-desiccation. In the x axis of Fig. 5-a, Fig. 5-b and c, a
relative position of 0 means the external layer of drying concrete, and a
relative position of 1 means the central layer of drying concrete. Given
the same relative position, as the diameter of the concrete cylinder
decreases, the relative humidity decreases (Fig. 5-a), the degree of
hydration decreases (Fig. 5-b), and the relative humidity reduction due
to self-desiccation decreases (Fig. 5-c).
By using the degree of hydration at each position, the average de-
gree of hydration of the whole concrete cylinder can be calculated.

10
X.-Y. Wang, K.-B. Park Cement and Concrete Research xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

RH 100%-analysis curing temperature 27

30 30
RH 100%-experiment
RH 90%-analysis
RH 90%-experiment
compressive strength(MPa)

compressive strength(MPa)
25 25
RH 80%-analysis
RH 80%-experiment
20 RH 70%-analysis 20
RH 70%-experiment

15 15
RH 100%-analysis
RH 100%-experiment
10 10 RH 90%-analysis
RH 90%-experiment
RH 80%-analysis
5 curing temperature 12 5 RH 80%-experiment
RH 70%-analysis
RH 70%-experiment
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
time(hours) time(hours)

a)analyzed compressive strength--curing b)analyzed compressive strength--curing

temperature 12 temperature 27

curing temperature 40
30
compressive strength(MPa)

25

20

15
RH 100%-analysis
RH 100%-experiment
10 RH 90%-analysis
RH 90%-experiment
RH 80%-analysis
5 RH 80%-experiment
RH 70%-analysis
RH 70%-experiment
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
time(hours)

c)analyzed compressive strength--curing

temperature 40
Fig. 10. Analyzed compressive strength.

Fig. 6 shows the average degree of hydration. After drying begins, the
degree of hydration becomes lower than that in sealed conditions.
Given the same time, as the diameter of the concrete cylinder decreases,
the degree of hydration decreases and the compressive strength de-
creases correspondingly. Un and Baradan [10] reported that due to air
curing, the compressive strength of 50 mm cubic specimens is higher
than the compressive strength of 40 mm cubic specimens. This is con-
trary to the assumption that smaller specimens have higher compressive
strength than larger specimens [1112]. By combining the cement hy-
dration model with the moisture diusion model, we can explain the
size eect on the degree of cement hydration and strength develop-
ment.
The moisture loss from concrete specimens to the surroundings is
directly related to moisture diusion and is not aected directly by self-
desiccation. The moisture loss Wlosscan be calculated as follows:
Wloss = VWdidV, (27).where Wdi is the moisture loss at each ele-
ment due to moisture diusion. The value of Wdi is determined using
the desorption isotherm in Section 2.2.2.
The evaluation of moisture loss is shown in Fig. 7. Given the same
time, as the diameter of the concrete cylinder decreases, moisture loss
increases. Hence, a thinner structural element is more vulnerable to
drying than a thicker structural element. In a drying environment, a
thinner structural element presents a lower average degree of hydra-
tion, lower compressive strength, and higher moisture loss.
3.3. Compressive strength development with dierent curing methods
The experimental results from Liao et al. [8] are used to verify the
eect of curing methods on compressive strength development. The
mixing proportion of concrete is shown in Table 4. Type I ordinary
Portland cement (OPC), river sand, and gravel were used as the basic
materials. The slump of concrete was 20.5 cm. The dimensions of the
concrete cylinders were a diameter of 7.5 cm and length of 15 cm.
Dierent curing procedures were used in the study of Liao et al. In the

11
X.-Y. Wang, K.-B. Park Cement and Concrete Research xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

curing temperature 12 curing temperature 27

compressive strength(MPa) 30 30

compressive strength(MPa)
25 25

20 20

15 15
temp 27 -RH-100%
temp 27 -RH-90%
10 temp 12 -RH-100% 10 temp 27 -RH-80%
temp 12 -RH-90% temp 27 -RH-70%
5 temp 12 -RH-80% 5
temp 12 -RH-70%

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
relative position relative position

a) curing temperature 12 b) curing temperature 27

curing temperature 40
30
compressive strength(MPa)

25

20

15

temp 40 -RH-100%
10
temp 40 -RH-90%
temp 40 -RH-80%
5 temp 40 -RH-70%

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
relative position

c) curing temperature 40
Fig. 11. Local strength of concrete.

rst curing procedure, three constant curing temperatures of 12 C,
27 C and 40 C, were adopted. The relative humidities were set at
100% RH (cured in water baths), 90% RH, 80% RH and 70% RH for
each temperature, respectively. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and
32 nal set times were scheduled as the compression test dates for
the concrete cylinders. In the second curing procedure, concrete cy-
linders submerged in an outdoor water bath were used to simulate ideal
in-eld curing conditions. The relative humidity was 100% in this case.
In the third curing procedure, concrete specimens were air dried out-
doors to simulate the real eld curing conditions.
3.3.1. Compressive strength development with constant curing temperatures
and relative humidities
Using the hydration model considering both the local relative hu-
midity and temperature, the degree of hydration at each node can be
calculated. Furthermore, the average degree of hydration can be cal-
culated by using the individual degree of hydration of each node. Fig. 8
shows the average degree of hydration as functions of the relative hu-
midity (100% RH, 90% RH, 80% RH and 70%) and temperature (12 C,
27 C and 40 C). As the relative humidity or curing temperature in-
creases, the average degree of hydration increases correspondingly.
Using the average degree of hydration and mixing proportions, the
gel-space ratio of concrete can be calculated. Fig. 9 shows the relations
between the compressive strength and gel-space ratio for dierent
curing conditions. Given a certain curing temperature, for dierent
relative humidities, the relations between the compressive strengths
and gel-space ratios merge into a single function. For curing tempera-
tures of 12 C, 27 C and 40 C, the value of the strength exponent F2 is
2.54, and the values of the intrinsic strength of the material F1 are
131.15, 114.4. and 99.71, respectively. For low temperature casting, a
relatively more uniform microstructure of the hydrated cement paste
(especially the pore size distribution) accounts for the higher nal
strength [5]. The coecients of F3 and F4 are regressed as 144.91 and
1.13, respectively. In addition, Pichler et al. [32] studied the relation
between compressive strength and gel-space ratio of concrete with
dierent water-to-binder ratios (from 0.157 to 0.80). They found that
the power of the gel-space ratio F2 ranges between 2.11 and 3.42. In
this study, the value of F2 is 2.54, which generally agrees with the study
of Pichler et al. [32].
In this study, the strength development model considers the eect of
hydration on the compressive strength. However, the aggregate eect
on strength is not considered. For high-strength concrete, at late ages,
the compressive strength depends not only on the degree of hydration
but also on aggregate properties. Hence more improvements are

12
X.-Y. Wang, K.-B. Park Cement and Concrete Research xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

50 100% in this case). Fig. 13 shows the relative humidity and temperature
history for outdoor air-cured concrete. By using the dierential format
of Eq. (25), the degree of hydration for dierent curing processes is
45
calculated. As shown in Fig. 14, compared with outdoor wet curing, the
degree of hydration of outdoor air curing is lower. As shown in Fig. 15,
temperature( )

40 compared with outdoor wet curing, the compressive strength of outdoor

35
30
25
20
0 5 10
time(days)
Fig. 12. Temperature history for outdoor water-cured concrete.
necessary to consider aggregate eects [33].
The analyzed compressive strengths for dierent curing tempera-
tures and relative humidities are shown in Fig. 10. The analyzed results
generally agree with the experimental results. The local compressive
strength of concrete at a curing age of 28 days is shown in Fig. 11. As
shown in this gure, for curing conditions of 100% and 90% RH in the
environment, the dierence in compressive strength between the cen-
tral zone and surface zone is marginal. In contrast, for curing conditions
of 80% and 70% RH in the environment, this dierence becomes ob-
vious. This is because with the decreasing of RH in the environment, the
dierence in the degree of hydration between the central layer and
surface layer increases; consequently, the dierence in the compressive
strength of the central layer and surface layer also increases.
3.3.2. Compressive strength development with outdoor wet curing and
outdoor air curing
For concrete casts at a construction site, environmental temperature
and relative humidity are not constant; rather, they vary with time and
local climatic conditions. In addition to constant curing temperatures
and relative humidity, the proposed model is veried for various curing
temperatures and relative humidity. Fig. 12 shows the temperature
history for outdoor water-cured concrete (The relative humidity was
air curing is lower. Hence, wet curing is important for ensuring com-
pressive strength development of site-casted concrete.
This study focuses on the interactions among cement hydration,
moisture diusion, and strength development. To qualitatively evaluate
the shape dependency on the size eect, Ac can be used as an index
u
(where Ac is the cross section of the member and u is the perimeter of
the member in contact with the atmosphere). For concrete structural
elements with various shapes, as this index increases, the dierence in
the compressive strength between the central layer and surface layer
also increases. To quantitatively analyze the shape dependency on the
15
eect size, the combination of nite the element method with the ce-
ment hydration model, moisture diusion model, and strength devel-
opment model is necessary.
The proposed numerical procedure considers the coupling eects
between cement hydration and moisture diusion and calculates the
size eects on the reduction of the relative humidity due to self-de-
siccation, moisture diusion of hardening concrete, the degree of hy-
dration of cement, and compressive strength development with various
curing processes. However, the proposed numerical procedure shows
some weak points. First, Maekawa et al. [5] found for seal-cured con-
crete with higher curing temperatures (60 C), the relative humidity
decreases considerably at early ages and begins to increase at a certain
point of time. This is because water in the ink-bottle space is released
and redistributed as condensed water. The release and redistribution of
ink-bottle space water is not considered in this study. Second, the dif-
ference between drying isotherm and wetting isotherm is not con-
sidered in this study [5]. When the relative humidity in ambient air is
higher than that at the concrete surface layer (rain season), the wetting
of the surface concrete takes place. The equation for calculating
moisture diusivity in a wetting zone is dierent from that in a drying
zone [34]. Third, the decay of structural performance due to drying and
wetting and heating and cooling are not considered in this study [5,34].
The eect of damage on moisture diusivity requires careful in-
vestigations. Fourth, concrete consists of a paste phase, aggregate
phase, and interfacial transition zone between cement paste and ag-
gregate. The depercolation of capillary pores in the cement paste phase
and interfacial transition phase will aect the imbibition of curing

1 50

0.9 45

0.8
relative humidity

temperature( )

40
0.7
35
0.6
30
0.5

0.4 25

0.3 20
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
time(days) time(days)

a) relative humidity history b) temperature history

Fig. 13. Relative humidity and temperature history for outdoor air-cured concrete.

13
X.-Y. Wang, K.-B. Park Cement and Concrete Research xxx (xxxx) xxxxxx

0.8 indoor temperature and constant relative humidity, outdoor wet curing,
and outdoor air curing, on compressive strength development are si-
0.7 mulated. By using the individual degree of hydration at dierent
depths, the average degree of hydration and gel-space ratio is calcu-
0.6 lated. The compressive strength is evaluated using revised Powers'
degree of hydration

water curing strength theory. The proposed numerical procedure is valid for concrete
0.5 air curing with various curing temperatures and relative humidity history.
Fourth, the most important limitation of the proposed approach is
0.4
related to the fact that the models require calibration. Input parameters
0.3 need to be identied such that model outputs reproduce experimental
observations in a reasonable fashion. As for future work, it is desirable
0.2 that model inputs can be quantied based on information provided by
the mix design alone. This provides motivation for the continuous de-
0.1 velopment of predictive models for reaction kinetics, transport prop-
erties, and multiscale mechanics linking microstructural features of
0 cementitious materials to their macroscopic properties.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
time(hours)
Acknowledgments
Fig. 14. Degree of hydration for dierent curing processes.
This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program
through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by
25 the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (No.
2015R1A5A1037548) and a NRF grant (NRF-2017R1C1B1010076).
compressive strength(MPa)

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