B Eng (Hons) Electronic Engineering

Cohort: BEngEE/10B/FT, BEngEE09FT

Examinations for 2011 2012 / Semester 2

Resit Examinations for 2010 2011 /

Semester 2
MODULE: Signals and systems analysis
MODULE CODE: ELEC 2104

Duration: 3 Hours

Instructions to Candidates:

1. Answer any four questions.

2. Questions may be answered in any order but your answers must show
the question number clearly.
3. Always start a new question on a fresh page.
4. All questions carry equal marks.
5. Total marks 100.

This question paper contains 5 questions and 9 pages.

Page 1 of 9
SJL 2011-2012 S2
QUESTION 1: (25 MARKS)

(a) A system behaves according to the following differential equation:

d2y
3 dy

y (t ) u (t )
dt 2 2 dt
The system is excited with a signal u(t ) 2 cos(2t ) 3 sin(t ) . Write down the
frequency response H ( j) and use it to find the steady-state response y ss (t ) .

(8 marks)

(b) A discrete time system is modelled by the linear difference equation:

1 1
yk y k 1 y k 2 u k 2u k 3
2 18
Derive the impulse response function hk , considering the system to be causal,

that is, hk 0 for k < 0.

(8 marks)

(c) A periodic signal is described by the following Fourier series:

1
u (t ) sin(nt )
n 1 n

This signal is passed through a system described as follows:

dy
2 y(t ) u (t )
dt
Find the output signal y(t) in the form of a Fourier series with real coefficients.
(9 marks)

Page 2 of 9
SJL 2011-2012 S2
QUESTION 2: (25 MARKS)

(a) Consider a digital filter with the following LDE:

y(n) = x(n) + 0.5x(n 1)
(i) Derive the system transfer function H(z). (2 marks)

(ii) Sketch the pole-zero plot, and the magnitude and phase responses of the
filter for . (6 marks)

(iii) Calculate the exact frequency 0 at which the phase is a minimum. Hence
calculate the value of the minimum phase.
(5 marks)

(iv) Let y(n) now be filtered according to y1(n) = y(n) + 2y(n 1) 0.5y1(n 1).
Y1 ( z )
What can you say about the overall system response, H 1 ( z ) ? Plot
X ( z)
the magnitude and phase responses for .
(6 marks)

(b) A causal system has linear difference equation:

y(n) = x(n) ay(n 1), n 0.
What is the impulse response, h(n), of the system? What is the requirement
for the discrete-time filter above to be stable?
(6 marks)]

Page 3 of 9
SJL 2011-2012 S2
QUESTION 3: (25 MARKS)

(a) Consider the following systems, defined by their input-output relations:

(i) y[n] x[n] 0.5;

(ii) y[n] 0.5 n x[n 2]

(iii) y[n] x[n] x[n 1] y[n 1]
(iv) y[n] exp( x[n]) x[n 1]

Determine whether these systems are linear or nonlinear, time-invariant or time-

variant, and causal or non-causal?

(6 marks)
(b) Consider five linear and time-invariant systems and denote their impulse
responses and transfer functions by hi[n] and Hi(z) respectively, where
i = 1,2,3,4,5. These systems are connected to each other as in the following
block-diagram: (x[n] and y[n] being the input and output sequences
respectively)

x[n] h1[n]
h2[n]
y[n]

ss
h5[n]

h3[n] h4[n]

Let h[n] and H(z) denote the impulse response and the transfer function of the
above system.

(i) Determine expressions for h[n] and H(z) in terms of hi[n] and Hi(z),
i=1,,5.

Page 4 of 9
SJL 2011-2012 S2
 (ii) Calculate h[n] and H(z) when

h1[n] 0.5n u[n]; h2 [n] [n] [n 1];

h3[n] [n 1] [n 2]; h4 [n] [n 1]; h5[n] [ n 1]

where [n] and u[n] are the impulse and unit step sequences respectively
(i.e. [n] = 1 if n = 0 and [n] = 0 otherwise, and u[n] = 1 if n 0 and u[n] =
0 otherwise.)
(10 marks)
(c) Let h(n) represent the impulse response of a five-point running average digital
filter i.e.
1
, 0n4
h( n) 5

0, otherwise

where y ( n) x ( k ) h( n k ) . Derive expressions for H (e j ) and
k
j
( ) H (e ) , and from these roughly sketch H (e j ) and ( ) for
, labelling all the axes appropriately.
(9 marks)

Page 5 of 9
SJL 2011-2012 S2
QUESTION 4: (25 MARKS)
(a) Suppose that a linear time invariant system has the following z-transfer function
H ( z) 1 4 z 1 3z 2 z 3 2 z 6

(i) Determine the linear difference equation that relates the output y[n] of the
system to the input x[n].

(ii) Determine and sketch the output sequence y[n] when the input is

x[n] [n] [n 2] [n 3]
(8 marks)

(b) A sine wave has been sampled at a rate that is larger than the corresponding
Nyquist rate. The sampled signal is obtained as x[n] cos(0.125n) .

(i) The sampled signal x[n] is decimated by a factor of 4 to give the new
sampled signal y[n] cos(2n) . Determine the value of .

(ii) The decimated signal, y[n], is now passed through a 2-point moving
average filter whose impulse response is given by

h[n] b0 [n] b1 [n 1]

where [n] is the unit impulse, and b0 and b1 are real numbers. The output
of this filter can be written as z[n] A cos(2n ) . Determine the values
of b0 and b1 that lead to A = 2 and / 4 .
(8 marks)

Page 6 of 9
SJL 2011-2012 S2
(c) Consider an ideal digital linear time invariant filter whose frequency response is
1 if / 2
H I (e j )
0 otherwise
(i) Determine and sketch the impulse response, hI[n], of the ideal filter, using
the inverse discrete-time Fourier transform of H I (e j ) .

(ii) Since ideal filters cannot be realised in practice, we consider the truncated
impulse response given by h[n]= hI[n] if -2 n 2 and h[n] = 0 otherwise.
Determine the frequency response of the resulting filter by using the
discrete-time Fourier transform of h[n].

(iii) The continuous-time signal x[t ] cos(t ) is sampled at frequency fs = 4 Hz

and fed to the truncated filter. Using h[n] or its frequency response show
that the output of the filter is given by y[n] A cos(n / 4) where A is a
positive scalar.
(9 marks)

Page 7 of 9
SJL 2011-2012 S2
QUESTION 5: (25 MARKS)

(a) Sketch the magnitude spectrum and derive the minimum sampling rate in
Hertz, based on the Nyquist criterion, for each of the following signals:

(i) x1 (t ) cos(300t / 3)
(ii) x2 (t ) cos(1000t ) cos(20t )
(iii) x3 (t ) 100 sinc(100t ) cos(1000t )

where the sinc function is defined as sinc(a)=sin(a)/a for any real number
a.

(9 marks)

(b) A digital communication channel is capable of transmitting 64,000 bits per

second. We wish to use this channel to transmit a real-valued band-limited
analogue sinusoid, x(t), by sampling and digitising. The amplitude of the
analogue signal is limited to |x(t)| A. The error between the digital signal
and x(t) must not exceed 0.004A.

(i) What is the required number of bits of the analogue-to-digital conversion,

and what is the corresponding signal-to-quantization noise ratio in dB?

(ii) What is the maximum bandwidth of the analogue signal for which the
channel can be used?
(8 marks)

(c) Consider the following continuous-time chirp signal

x(t ) cos(90 t 2 20 t ), 0 t 2 seconds

Page 8 of 9
SJL 2011-2012 S2
 (i) Derive and sketch the instantaneous frequency (in Hz) of the above signal.

(ii) Determine the minimum sampling rate in Hertz, based on the Nyquist
criterion, for the above signal.

(iii) Let the sampling frequency be fs = 200 Hz. Determine and sketch the
instantaneous frequency of the analogue signal that we recover if the
sampled signal is passed through an ideal lowpass analogue filter with
cutoff frequency fc = 100 Hz.
(8 marks)

DTFT: X (e j ) x ( n)e
n
jn

1
X (e
j
Inverse DTFT: x ( n) )e jn d
2

***END OF QUESTION PAPER***

Page 9 of 9
SJL 2011-2012 S2