Summary

Biogeographical history

Pattern of special spreading by location and time.

Evolution living organisms react to its environment to create diversity.

-The Origin of Species by Means of Selection, biological work (1859) by Charles Darwin

Natural Selection The continuation of life and reproduction most ideal for the environment.

Variation Due to mutation, a genetic change

Recombination A new combination of genetic material.

ORGANISM adapts to its ecosystem

40,000 species of microorganisms

350.00 plants

2.2million insects

Speciation Process of forming a new species

By mutation and natural selection

By Genetic Drift

By gene flow flow of genes from 1 population to another

By isolation

EXAMPLE White oak (Thicker caps, pointier fruits) n red oak (Flat cap, round fruit)

- Speciation of Galapagos turtles, different types of shells

EXTINCTION Happens when all individuals of a species dies due to a change in the environment
(drastic)

EXAMPLE Passenger pigeon (died 19th century due to hunting)

- Meteorite hits earth 65 million years ago

Spreading The ability of an organisme to move from one location to another

- Example of spreading : seeds of plants

- Mobility of animals

SPREADING PATTERN Time thru time, evolution, speciation and extinction resulted in spreading of
many species on earth, creates pattern of spreading

- Cosmopolitan species : Can go everywhere

 - - Endemic species only one location

Biogeographical Regions

Divide to land and plants

Regions : Similar biogeographical history

BIODIVERSITY-----------------------

Variation of biological life

(humans have decreased rate of biodiversity by changing their natural environment which have resulted
in extinction)

Ex: Ferret hunted, preyed, and poisoned)

Duyung Collision with ship, endangered

2 OUT OF 5 SPECIES ARE ENDANGERED

35 hotspots of biodiversity (at least 1500 endemik plants n lost 70% of initial spread)

EFFECT OG HUMAN ACTIVITIES AGAINST THE CARBON CYCLE

-Burning of fossil fuels Global warming

-Change in tutupan lahan pens forests or leaves releases cO2 in the atmosphere

- If land is left without plants co2 will rise from the land

- Burning of forests for farms or fields = biomass waste release of carbon

- Oceans and land ecosystems will absorbs CO2 !!

BURNING IS BAD

- Carbon dioxide
- Air
- Gas
Will be produced if biomass is burnt imperfectly

Absorbs radiation of long waves and increases green house effect

-Fires can be felt from afar:

- Bright spots: spots of burning because they create higher heat energy than unburnt land

- Burning cant be seen if blocked by cloud

- SMOKE PLUME: identify location of fire but there are errors

- Burn scars and change in location can be detected after burning is done