Production of Biofuels from Micro ALGAE and
green wastes through Anaerobic Digestion
Muddasar Habib1*, Intisab ul Haq1, Pakeeza Mustafa1, Hira Rehman1, Rovaid Khan1 and Amad Ullah
Khan1
1
Chemical Engineering Department, University of Engineering & Technology,
Peshawar, Pakistan
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +92-3348314662; fax: +92919218180
E-mail address: *muddasar77@hotmail.com
Abstract The basic aim of this work was to explore the
possibilities of producing the bio-fuels by green waste
recycling from the available, inexpensive & echo-friendly
resources. The state of the art recovery of green energy from
green waste & algal biomass was explored with less energy
intensive processes. Many different methods are in use to
produce bio fuels; however this new technique stands out
among them due to its choice of raw materials and processing.
Mixing of residue algal biomass after extraction of oil & green
waste is suggested to prepare the feed for further extraction.
The lipid extractor and Anaerobic Digester (AD) form the
heart of this process. Bio-ethanol, bio-diesel, omega 3 and
astaxanthin will be extracted from micro-algae and while the
biogas will mainly result from AD. Bio-ethanol can be used in
vehicle transportation, bio-diesel can be blended with fossil
diesel in a specific ratio to produce B20. The omega 3 is an
important supplement for human body metabolism while
astaxanthin is an antioxidant which is used on the skin to
protect it from sunburn. Complex chemical reactions take
place in AD, resulting in the production of biogas that
contains 50-60% methane and 30-40% CO2 with traces of
H2S, H2 and NH3.
Keywords Anaerobic Digestion; Omaga-3, Bio Fuel, Bio
Gas, Lipid Extraction
I. INTRODUCTION
The current challenge is to overcome the energy crisis
and to supply the basic needs to all human beings. An
energy crisis is a great bottleneck in the supply of energy
resources to a growing economy. In popular literature,
though it often refers to one of the energy sources used at a
certain time and place, particularly those that supplies the
national electricity grids or serve as fuel for vehicles..
The latest increase in global energy demand, as well as the
harmful global effects of petroleum based energy sources
is having great impact on the environment and this has
provoked many to work in renewable energy resources.
Abundant third generation feedstocks for biofuel
production are available as viable alternatives to
traditional energy sources including microalgae.
Microalgae are the most promising alternative resource
with advantages such as characteristically high lipid
yields, potential utilization of poor quality water and land.
Far apart from higher plants, microalgae lack roots or
leaves, but are still capable of engaging in photosynthesis.
Due to this, they can produce about half of the earths
atmospheric oxygen and simultaneously utilizes half of its
carbon dioxide. This distinguishes them desirable for the
978-1-4673-6813-1/15/$31.00 2015 IEEE
decrease in greenhouse gases while producing the new
techniques for the production of renewable fuels [1].
Green waste is a decomposable waste, primarily collected
from kitchen, parks, gardens, grass & flower cuttings,
food industrial waste & commercial waste. Green waste is
enriched source of production of biogas due to the
presence of carbon component in it. AD can be used for
the decomposition of solid Green Waste mixed with algal
Biomass.
The Production of Biogas through AD offers remarkable
advantages over other forms of bio-energy production. It
has been concluded as one of the most energy-efficient
and environmentally beneficial technology for bio-energy
production [2].
Bio-gas production can drastically decrease greenhouse
gases as compared to fossil fuel utilization of locally
accessible resources. The digestate can be used as soil
conditioner which can act as substituted mineral
fertilizer [3].
II. MICROALGAE AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
The emphasis of biofuel production is now changing
towards second and third generation biofuels. First
generation biofuels are complete from
the sugars and vegetable oils originate in arable crops,
which can be easily removed using predictable technology.
In evaluation, second generation biofuels are made
from lignocellulosic biomass or woody crops, agricultural
deposits or waste, which makes it tougher to remove the
vital fuel. First generation biofuel processes are beneficial
but incomplete in most cases: there is an inception above
which they cannot harvest enough biofuel without
threatening food supplies and biodiversity. [4]
When it is possible to produce fuel, no feedstock can
compete algae in terms of amount, quantity or diversity.
The diversity of fuel that algae can form results from two
features of the microorganism. First, algae produce oil that
can easily be advanced into diesel or even definite
components of gasoline. More prominently there is a
second property in it can be inherently operated to produce
everything from ethanol and other type of fuels like biogas
[5].
The anaerobic digestion is approved out by
microorganisms that can only live in an oxygen free
environment. The putrefaction of bio waste happens in four
stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and
methanogenesis (Figure 1). Microalgae and green Waste,
in spite of being biodegradable, has a high lipid content
that follows the hydrolysis phase, acetogenesis phase,
acidogenesis phase and methanogenesis phase [6].
A. Hydrolysis
During the initial stage the bacteria converts the
particulate matter into liquid monomers and polymers i.e.
proteins, carbohydrates and fats are transformed to amino
acids, monosaccharides and fatty acids respectively. The
below equation shows an example of a hydrolysis reaction
where organic waste is fragmented down into a simple
sugar, in this case, glucose (Ostrem, 2004) [7].
C6H10O4 + 2H2O C6H12O6 + 2H2 (1)
B. Acidogenesis
In the additional stage, acidogenic bacteria convert the
products of the first reaction into short chain volatile acids,
ketones, alcohols, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The
principal acidogenesis stage products are propionic acid
(CH3CH2COOH), butyric acid (CH3CH2CH2COOH),
acetic acid (CH3COOH), formic acid (HCOOH), lactic acid
(C3H6O3), ethanol (C2H5OH) and methanol (CH3OH),
among other. From these products, the hydrogen, carbon
dioxide and acetic acid will skip the third stage,
acetogenesis, and be utilized directly by the methanogenic
bacteria in the final stage. The Below Equations 2,3
(Ostrem, 2004) and 4 (Bilitewski et al., 1997) represent
three typical acidogenesis reactions where glucose is
converted to ethanol, propionate and acetic acid,
respectively[8].
C6H12O6 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 (2)
C6H12O6 + 2H2 2CH3CH2COOH+2H2O (3)
C6H12O6 2CH3COOH (4)
C. Acetogenesis
In the next stage, known as acetogenesis, the all of the
acidogenesis products, i.e. the propionic acid, butyric acid
and alcohols are converted by acetogenic bacteria into
hydrogen, carbon dioxide and acetic acid. Hydrogen plays
a significant intermediate role in this process, as the
reaction will only occur if the hydrogen partial pressure is
low enough to thermodynamically allow the conversion of
all the acids. Such lowering of the partial pressure is
carried out by hydrogen searching bacteria, thus the
hydrogen concentration of a digester is an indicator of its
health (Mata-Alvarez, 2003). Equation 5 represents the
conversion of propionate to acetate, only attainable at low
hydrogen pressure. Glucose (Equation 6) and ethanol
(Equation 7) among others are also converted to acetate
during the third stage of anaerobic Digestion (Ostrem,
2004) [9].
CH3CH2COO-+3H2O CH3COOH-+ H++
HCO3-+3H2O (5)
C6H12O6 + 2H2O 2CH3COOH + 2CO2 + 2H2 (6) removed in the scrubber from methane gas, CO2 enriched
CH3CH2OH + 2H2O CH3COO- + 2H2 + H+ (7) water is recirculated to algal growth pond for nutrition. At
D. Methanogenesis
The Last stage is called methanogenesis. During this
stage, microorganisms change the hydrogen and acetic
acid formed by the acid formers bacteria to methane gas
and carbon dioxide (Verma, 2002). The bacteria
accountable for this alteration are called methanogens and
are severe anaerobes. Waste steadying is accomplished
when methane gas and carbon dioxide are produced [10].
CO2 + 4H2O CH4 + 2H2O (8)
2C2H5OH + CO2 CH4 + 2CH3COOH (9)
CH3COOH CH4 + CO2 (10)
carbohydrates Sugars
Carbonic
acid &
Alcohol
Fatty H2, CO2, Methane,
Fats
Acids Ch3COOH CO
CO2, H2,
NH3
Amino
Protiens
Acids
Figure 1: Reactions Steps
III. PROCESS DESCRIPTION
A. Lipid Extraction
An integrated bio refinery for the production of bio-
diesel & biogas is presented in figure 2. Bio-diesel
production process consists of four stages algal growth,
harvesting, dewatering, lipid extraction and algal oil
processing for obtaining biodiesel (Gebreslassie et al.,
2013). Basic harvesting step is needed to concentrate the
algae, and then an important step of dewatering is needed
to enhance the algae concentration concluding with a
thermal drying process, for this purpose centrifuge dryer is
used. Hexane is utilized as solvent to remove the algal oil
from the recently dried algae biomass and this hexane is
again recycled from algal oil to reuse. The lipid contents of
algae are further refined. The oil cake, which is rich in
proteins and carbohydrates, is also obtained in this step
[11]. This algal cake will be further used in biogas
production mixed with green waste.
B. Anaerobic Digestion
Purified glycerol separated from Algal oil is supplied to
AD along with green waste algal oil cake left after oil
extraction. From AD biogas mixture contain 50-60% CH4
& 40-45% CO2 is produced along with traces of flue gases.
Addition of glycerol to AD can enhance the production of
methane gas (Ehimen et al., 2011). Biogas production does
not depend on feed composition, but depends on C/N ratio
which must be between 20-25 (Morken et al., 2013), this is
the optimum operating condition for the AD (Yen and
Brune, 2007). The two main products are prepared after the
retention time of 14 days. One product is leachate
containing rich nutrients like nitrogen & phosphorous,
which is reclyed to the algae cultivation pond & solid
wastes are also separated as Digestate which is used as soil
conditioner. The second product is bio gas in which CO2 is
the end final purified bio gas is supplied to CHP for
generation of heat & electricity.
 C. Process Flow Diagram considerable and remarkable attention for the
Water
Vapors
Hexane
commercial cultivation of microalgae for biofuel
Coagulant
Algal production because of its easy and economical set up
and procedure as compared with photo
Sludge
Dryer

Dry
Lipid
Transesterif
Extra- Bio
Decanter -ication
ction Diesel

bioreactors. Raceway ponds Systems are the most

reactor

Biomass
Unit
Filter press
conditioner
water Water Steam
Oil
Hexane
Recovery commonly applicable for both the pilot scale
study and commercial scale study because of
Cake
Green
Waste
Glycerol
their easier set-up. In addition, the productivities
Gas
Storage
Scrubber of open ponds have been reported to be 1450
g/m2 /d. The production of an o p e n pond can b e
Weight Feeding Gas
Colle
Balance Hopper ction
Tubular CHP
Cutter Anaerobic
Digester
Digestate
Storage increased by improving the CO2 mass transfer. It is
Carbon
Dioxide
Enriched
Water
also studied that the astaxanthin contents of
Digestate
Digestate Pump
microalgae can be increased by adopting the so-
Recycle
called two-stage growth process where one step
Figure 2: Integrated Bio Refinery Design cultivates microalgae in a raceway open pond
system. So the selected species is cultivated in open
IV. FACTOR INFLUENCING ANAEROBIC DIGESTION pond system.
A. Temperature Micro algae could grow in a wide range of temperature
Anaerobic digestion can occur under two main (10-35 C), and the growth activation energy is 49.3 kJmol.
temperature ranges: The optimal temperature to produce micro algal biomass
Mesophilic conditions, between 20-45 degree Celsius, and lipid is 18 C, and after 14 days of batch cultivation
usually 35 degree Celsius [16].
Thermophilic conditions, between 50-65 degree Celsius, B. Microalgae Properties
usually 55 degree Celsius Phytoplankton have chlorophyll like land plants, they use
The optimum range of temperature may vary depending sun energy and carbon dioxide and convert it to chemical
upon the type of Digester and feedstock composition, but energy .some phytoplankton get additional energy by
in most anaerobic digestion process it is maintain consuming other organisms. Their growth depends on the
relatively constant to endure gas production rate. availability of carbon dioxide, sunlight, and nutrients.
Mesophilic digestion is more efficient than others, this has Phytoplankton which have characteristics like land plants,
good retention time, good loading rate and better require nutrients such as silicates, nitrates, phosphate, and
nominally gas production rate, it has and having a less calcium at several levels depends on the specie. Some
sensitivity to environmental conditions which makes the phytoplankton can fix nitrogen and can grow in areas
process more easier one than thermophilic digestion [12]. where nitrate concentrations are not adequate. They also
B. PH require small amount of iron. There are other factors
The optimum value of pH for acidogenesis and which effect phytoplankton growth rates, such as water
Methanogenesis stages are different. During acidogenesis temperature, salinity, depth, and kinds of predators that are
lactic acid, propionic acid and acetic acid are formed, and grazing on them. With 71% of the Earth covered by the
thus the pH falls. Low pH can stop acidogenesis and pH ocean, phytoplankton is responsible for generating up to
below 6.4 may be toxic for methane forming bacteria (the 50% of the oxygen we respire [17].
optimum pH for Methanogenesis is 6.6-7).The optimum C. Environmental Indicators for Algal Culture
pH for all stages is 6.4-7.2 [13]. For complete analysis of Algal biofuels culture, it is
C. Retention Time identified those more than fifteen environmental indicators
Retention time is the time needed to attain complete that summarize into 5 categories that describe the
degradation of organic matter. The retention time varies sustainability considerations that influence the
with process parameters, such as process temperature and development of algal-based bioenergy:
waste composition. The retention time needed for waste Soil quality
degradation for Mesophilic digester is 14 days [14]. Water quality
D. Mixing Water quantity
Mixing in the digester improves the contact time between Biodiversity and Productivity
microorganisms and substrate, thus improving the bacteria Air Quality
populations ability to obtain nutrients. Mixing also Indicators are selected to be real, widely appropriate,
prevents the formation of scum and the development of expectable in response, preventive in future changes, free
temperature gradients with in the digester. However, of scale and reactive to management. Major differences
excessive mixing can disrupt the microorganism, hence between algae and earthly plants feedstock, as well as
slow mixing is preferred [15]. their supply chains for biofuels, are painted for they
V. MATERIALS & METHODOLOGY impact the choice of appropriate sustainability
A. Open pond cultivation indicators. Algae strain selection characteristics
Open pond system cultivation received do not generally affect which indicators are
 selected. Use of these indicators involves
defining sustainability goals and targets in relations to The small difference is due to rounding off the values. All
stakeholder values in particular context and can lead to Values have units of kg/day
improved management practices. Algae hold promise as a VII. ENERGY BALANCE
future of liquid and gas fuel in part because of predicted The energy balance equation will be as:
sustainability benefits such as the use of degraded, non-
Q-Ws= KE + P.E+ Hr (11)
agricultural land(Gao et al.,2012),high productivity per
land area(Clarens et al.,2010). In the above equation neglecting shaft work, kinetic and
D. Harvesting Methods potential energies so the equation becomes
An ideal and effective harvesting method should be Q=Hr (12)
effective and efficient for the majority of micro algal Following is some of the data for energy balance;
species and should allow the achievement of greater TABLE 2: Hydrolysis Energy
biomass concentration, while requiring medium costs Balance
of operation, energy and maintenance. One of two
techniques are Hf Hf
generally applied: (i) a two- step concentration where Hydrolysis (KJ/mol) (KJ/mol) T (K) Hr ( KJ)
the suspension is preliminary thickened to a slurry of C6H10O4 -994.12 0.232 12 -991.336
about 27% of total suspended solids, TSS, H20 -286 0.07542 12 -285.92
(concentration factor of 100200) and further C6H12O6 -1740 0.218 12 -1737.38
dewatered to a cake with 1525% TSS (concentration H2 0 28.6 12 -991.336
factor of 210); or (ii) a single-step concentration
process.
H = 512.196 kJ
Selection of an appropriate and suitable harvesting
TABLE 4: Acetogensis Energy Balance
meth o d depends on th e final product, namely its value
and properties. Consequently, it is necessary to Acidoogensis Hf Hf T (K) Hr ( KJ)
consider the acceptable level of moisture, salt (KJ/mol) (KJ/mol)
con cen tration s, cell damage and species features, such Reaction 1
as their mass, density and size. Furthermore, selection C6H12O6 -1740 0.218 12 -1737.38
of a suitable harvesting procedure must take into C2H5OH -277 125 12 1223
consideration that micro algal biomass must be CO2 -393.5 37 12 50.02
f u r t h e r processed. Therefore, these methods must H =
not be toxic or contaminate micro algal biomass. It is also 3537.37
desirable that the selected harvesting method allows kJ
the recycling of t h e culture medium. For a l m o s t REACTION 2
applications, micro algal harvesting generally C6H12O6 -1740 0.218 12 -1737.38
comprises the two-step concentration method: H2 0 28.6 12 -991.336
thickening and dewatering. These stages are critical to C2H5COOH -510.8 0.152 12 -508.976
obtain thick algal slurry from the initial suspension H2O -286 0.07542 12 -285.92
and to enable further downstream processes [18]. H =
VI. MASS BALANCE -538.6
KJ
Mass Balance in this process may be defined as REACTION 3
Mass in = Mass out (10) C6H12O6 -1740 0.218 12 -1737.38
The following data is obtained during the mass balance; CH3COOH -482 0.12 12 -538.6
H =
282.384
TABLE 1: Overall Material Balance kJ
TOTAL SUM
Input kg/Day Output kg/Day 3281.38 kJ

micro algae 1000 Stack gases 381.465

Conditioner 5.7 Co2 122.0688

Green Waste 500 Ch4 244.1376

glycerol 50 CO2 water 40.6896

hexane 5.6625 Extracted 490.375
water
water 67.816 Extracted 5.6625
Oil
Digestate 339.08
min m out = 1623.479
=1629.1785
 TABLE 3: Acetogensis Energy CH3COOH -482 0.12 12 -538.6
Balance H = -
ACETOGENSIS 3544.9kJ
REACTION3
REACTION1 Hf Hf T (K) Hr (
CH3COOH -482 0.12 12 -538.6
(KJ/mol (KJ/mol) KJ)
CH4 -79.4 0.358 12 -78.97
CH3CH2COO- 1450 0 12 1450 CO2 -393.5 37 12 50.02
H2O -286 0.07542 12 -285.92 H =
CH3COO 65 0 65 455.98kJ
H+ 0 0 0 TOTAL -5162.82kJ
HCO3- -691.2 0 -691.2 SUM
H2 0 28.6 -
991.336
H = - Pump Design
190.16 The designing of Pump will follow the following
kJ
mechanical energy balance equation:
REACTION 2
H2O -286 0.07542 12 -285.92
Z1/gc+ V12/2gc +Q - W0= Z2/gc + V22/2gc +F (14)
CH3COOH -482 0.12 12 -538.6
CO2 -393.5 37 12 50.02 Arranging this equation we get:
H2O -286 0.07542 12 -285.92 W0 =Z/gc+ F (15)
H = -
4322.5 By assuming the pump efficiency of 60%:
kJ Power = 3 hp
REACTION 3 Centrifugal Separator
CH3CH2OH -277 125 12 1223 The designing of centrifugal separator will govern the
CH3COO- 65 0 12 65 following design equation;
H2 0 28.6 12 - Hold up Volume = V = (R2ri2)H (16)
991.336
H+ 0 0 12 0 Where in the above equation; ri is the impeller dia, H is the
H = height of the separator, whereas the retention time will be
1260.37 find as;
kJ Tr= V / Q1+Q2 (17)
TOTAL -3251.8 Results obtained in Plant Design:
SUM kJ TABLE 5
So overall energy produced from exothermic reactions is - Equipment Parameters Designed
5162.82 kJ Values

VIII.DESIGNING EQUIPMENTS MFR Reactor Residence 14 days

A. Reactor Design time 1323.75
A batch MFR reactor will be used to process 1 ton of Feed Rate mol/day
feed per day microalgae and green waste to produce biogas Concentration 1101.12
at Feed mol/day
i-e methane and carbon dioxide. The General Equation
Volume 17 m3
used for the calculation of volume of reactor; Pump Elevation 5m
t=v/v (13) No of valves 2
V (m3) is defined as volume of reactor; V0 (m3/s) is the Feed flow 0.5017
volumetric flow rate, which will be converted into feed rate rate m3/hr
F0(mol/day) and concentration of feed CA0(mol/m3).The Velocity of 140 ft/min
parameter t is the retention time given in literature that is Feed Turbulent
14 days. Nature of 3 hp
TABLE 4: Methogensis Energy Balance Flow
METHOGENSIS Power
REACTION 1 Hf (KJ/mol Hf T (K) Hr ( KJ) required for
(KJ/mol) pump
Centrifugal Separator Hold up 0.98 m3
CO2 -393.5 37 12 50.02
Volume
H2 0 28.6 12 -991.336 0.2695
Total Feed
CH4 -79.4 0.358 12 -78.97 flow m3/hr
H20 -286 0.07542 12 -285.92 rates(Q1+Q2)
H = - 16 sec
Residence
2074.4kJ Time
REACTION 2
C2H5OH -277 125 12 1223
CO2 -393.5 37 12 50.02
CH4 -79.4 0.358 12 -78.97
 CONCLUSION
Our study confirms the usability of microalgae and green
waste as a viable bio-fuel feedstock. By cultivating
microalgae based on the two-stage growth period,
high biomass production and the desired lipid
productivity can be produced. The advantage for using
ue gas to culture microalgae under phototrophic
conditions can b e accounted in the cost benet analysis
of micro algal commercialization. The use o f a
suitable solvent for the extraction of lipid oil from the
microalgae reduces the production cost because it can
b e recycles and r e u s e d w i t h e a s y s e p a r a t i o n from the
residual biomass. Fur thermore the use of microalgae
h a s o t h e r b enets s u c h a s in pharmaceuticals and
waste water treatment, consequently making it the
most beneficial organisms to human beings.
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BIOGRAPHY
Dr. Muddasar Habib is an Assistant Professor of
Chemical Engineering at the University of
Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan. He
obtained his PhD Degree in 2011 from the University
of Nottingham UK, in the Field of Particle Separation.
Prior to that he obtained his Master in Advance
Process Engineering Degree with Distinction from
Loughborough University, UK in 2005. He earned
B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of
Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan in
2001. He has published more than 25 national and
international journal and conference papers. Dr Habib
has done research projects at the University of
Nottingham and Johnson Mathey UK. His research
interests include advance processing, modelling,
simulation, optimization, membrane separation,
energy from waste and sustainable processing. He is
a member of PEC, PICHE, CIWM and ICHEM.
Engr. Amad Ullah Khan is currently a fulltime
lecturer at the University of Engineering and
Technology peshawar, Pakistan. He holds a Masgter
and Bachelor of Engineering degree in Chemical
Engineering from the University of Engineering and
Technology Peshawar, Pakistan. He has more than
10 years teaching and research experience in Energy
Engineering and has worked closely with businesses.
He has taught courses in Chemical Process Industries,
and Engineering Economics. Mr. Khan served as coal
research member of the Department of Science and
Technology (DoST) KPK and is a member of PEC.