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In the experiment, NH3-air gas mixture is contacted with water for the separation of NH3
gas in the water. Bubble-cap tray column, that has 20 trays, is used. The effect of gas-
liquid flow rate to the efficiency of column is investigated. Air-NH3 gas mixture and water
are used during the experiment.
Gas absorption definition is done and differences between distillation and absorption are
discussed in the report. Ideal number of plate is obtained as 2,1.6,1.2 respectively to set
1,set 2,set 3.Efficiency of column is calculated as 0.1,0.08,0.06 . Parameters are obtained
and discussed.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... i
ii
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1. Representation of ideal plates in Set 1 .............................................................10
iii
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1. Experimental Data-Flow rates and temperature of cooling water ................................ 2
[2]
Table 4. Partial pressure of ammonia as a function of weight ammonia/100 weight water .... 4
[3]
Table 6. Conversion of concentration of ammonia to weight percent of ammonia ................. 6
Table 7. Ammonia concentration and mole ratio in the liquid feed stream ................................ 6
Table 8. Ammonia concentration and mole ratio at the exit liquid stream ................................. 7
Table 9. Density of liquid water, NH3 and air gases as a function of temperature[4] .................. 8
Table 10. Flow rates of ammonia and air at the inlet gas stream ............................................. 8
Table 11. Concentration of ammonia in the gas stream entering to the column ....................... 8
Table 12. Concentration of ammonia in the gas stream leaving the column ............................. 9
iv
1.0 AIM
The aim of this experiment is to study absorption of ammonia into the water and to determine
the efficiency of a gas absorption column related to the ratio of gasliquid flow rates.[1]
1
2.0 RESULTS
Table 1. Experimental Data-Flow rates and temperature of cooling water
Temperature of Cooling
Run Flow rate of Flow rate of Air Flow rate of Water (C)
No NH3 (L/h) (L/min) Water (L/h)
inlet outlet
1 10 12 18 16 16
2 10 22 18 16 16
3 10 32 18 16 16
1 10 5.5
2 10 5.1
3 10 4.7
4 10 5.1
2
Table 3. Experimental Data-Analysis of NH3 concentration of the exit streams
Volume of
Volume of 1 N Volume of 0.1 N Required time for
Run No sample used
HCl used (mL) HCl used (mL) color change (min)
(mL)
10 14.5
1 10 13.5 20 40
10 13.5
10 14.9
2 10 14.1 20 30
10 14.2
10 13.5
3 10 13.4 20 6
10 13.2
3
Table 4. Partial pressure of ammonia as a function of weight ammonia/100 weight water [2]
50 686
40 470
30 298
25 227
20 166
15 114
10 69.6
7.5 50
5 31.7
4 24.9
3 18.2
2 12
Temperature: 20C
4
Table 5. Equilibrium data of NH3- H2O system at 20C
Temperature 20 C
5
Table 6. Conversion of concentration of ammonia to weight percent of ammonia [3]
1 0.584 0.994
5 2.587 0.979
10 5.623 0.958
16 8.795 0.936
18 9.823 0.929
24 12.827 0.910
30 15.713 0.892
Table 7. Ammonia concentration and mole ratio in the liquid feed stream
Amount of Amount of
CNH3
Sample No sample 0.1N HCl wt % x0 X0
(mol/L)
used (mL) used (mL)
Average values
10 10.85 0.051 0.095 1.009*10-3 1.011*10-3
of liquid feed
6
Table 8. Ammonia concentration and mole ratio at the exit liquid stream
Amount
Amount CNH3
of
of 1 N (mol/L)
Run No sample wt % xN XN
HCl used
used
(mL)
(mL)
10 14.5
1 10 13.5
10 13.5
10 14.9
2 10 14.1
10 14.2
10 13.5
10 13.4
10 13.2
7
Table 9. Density of liquid water, NH3 and air gases as a function of temperature[4]
Table 10. Flow rates of ammonia and air at the inlet gas stream
Table 11. Concentration of ammonia in the gas stream entering to the column
1 0.6 0.375
2 0.333 0.25
3 0.229 0.186
8
Table 12. Concentration of ammonia in the gas stream leaving the column
Run No Y1 y1
1 9.999*10-5 9.999*10-5
2 7.408*10-5 7.407*10-5
3 2.532*10-4 2.531*10-4
Run GN+1
Lo (kmol/h) Ls (kmol/h) Gs (kmol/h) Ls/Gs
no (kmol/h)
Y1 Xo YN+1 XN
9
Table 15. Number of ideal plates and column efficiency
Ls/Gs
Run No Nideal Nreal Ec (from operating line
slope)
1 2 20 0.1 33.230
0.7
0.6
0.5
Y,mole ratio in gas
0.4
Equilibirum Curve
0.3
operating line S-1
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
X,mole ratio in liquid
10
0.45
0.4
0.35
Y,mole ratio in gas
0.3
0.25
0.2 Equilibrium Curve
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
X,mole ratio in liquid
0.45
0.4
0.35
Y,mole ratio in gas
0.3
0.25
0.2 Equilibrium Curve
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
X,mole ratio in liquid
11
concentration vs NH3%
18
y = 0.5346x
16 R = 0.9987
14
Conc. ( gmol/ L )
12
10 concentration vs
8 NH3%
6
Linear (concentration
4 vs NH3%)
2
0
0 10 20 30 40
NH3 % (wt % )
12
3.0 DISCUSSION
Absorption is a technique which commonly used for scrubbing operation, to separate a
component present in a gas mixture with the help of a solvent which dissolves a particular
selected component.
There is a mass transfer of the component of the gas from the gas phase to the liquid
phase. The process of gas absorption, thus involves the diffusion of solute from the gas
phase through a stagnant or non-diffusing liquid. Some of the major characteristics of
absorption operation are compared with distillation operation. Distillation is a unit
operation which uses thermal energy so as to separate component into fraction based
upon their boiling points. The major difference between them is that absorption process
needs a liquid solvent is used for separation of gas mixture and this solvent in liquid form
is below it boiling point. In addition, other difference between the gas absorption and
distillation is, feed enters to the distillation column as a mixture at intermediate section, but
at gas absorption, feed enters to the column at separate phases and at different
places.Gas absorption is called as basic principle of the distillation, because all the
principles that distillation withstand is also ensured by the gas absorption.
At the beginning of the experiment, a little amount of ammonia is added to the feed water.
because, if just water had been used as a solvent, there would have been suddenincrease
in temperature. It provides gradual increase and protect isothermal condition by this way.
The main purpose is to decrease the driving force by using diluted solution. Driving force
13
is the difference of concentration. One of the other advantages of using distilled water is
the difference of concentation between NH3 and distilled water is bigger than ammonia
waters. When the solvent selection is decided, the concentation is important factor.
During the experiment, some parameters are determined. Firstly, column height and
diameter are important parameters for better design consideration. If the height of the
column had been increased, absorption would have increased because there would be
longer contact time for absorption by this way but the cost is higher as well. When
designing the column, its height should be high to provide the maximum contact time and
the efficient transfer. Hence this height should be optimized. Second parameters are flow
rate of air and water. If air flow rate increases, the contact time decreases and it effects
the transport rate. Also, if liquid flow rate increases, the contact time does not occur
enough and the dissolution does not happen efficiently. Moreover, number of stages is
significant factor. Likewise height column, if the tray number increases, it causes to
increase pressure drops and it is one of unwanted situations for steady state conditions.
Also, it requires more manufacture and mainteance costs. If the volumetric flow rate of the
air increases the liquid-vapor ratio decreases. The ratio gives the slope of the operating
line. If the V increases, the slope decreases and the operating line comes nearer to the
equilibrium curve. When it becomes nearer, the number of the ideal plates increases. The
efficiency is equal to when the ideal number of plate increases the efficiency increases.
Also, when V increases, contact time is effected. Therefore, optimization is required.
The concentration of the ammonia at the inlet and exit streams of water and is
determined by titrating with HCl solution using methyl red indicator and these procedures
are repeated three times to obtain the best result. The air that has poor NH3, is left from
the top of the column to the atmosphere. In order to determine the concentration of the
ammonia at the exit stream of gas mixture, the mixture is immersed the water-HCl solution
by adding indicator to observe the required time for color change.
From the number of ideal plates graphs,it is easily seemed that while the slope of the
operating lines increase efficiency will also increase. It is an expected result because
increasing ratio causes increasing the number of ideal plates.
The theoretical information about gas absorption is given by comparing with the
distillation. According to our experimental results if ratio decreases the efficiency
increases. In the theory it is expected that if the flow rate increases, the velocity of the gas
will increase and the contact time between the gas and the liquid will decrease. So, the
mass transfer will decrease. Our experimental results support this theory.
14
4.0 NOMENCLATURE
C: Concentration [gmol/L]
N: Normality [N]
P: Pressure [mmHg]
T: Temperature [C]
V: Volume [mL]
15
5.0 REFERENCES
[1] Manuel for Chemical Engineering Laboratory-II, (2017-2018 ), zmir.
[2] E., A., & M., D. (2006).Mass Transfer and Mass Transfer Operation,Ege University, Izmir.
[3] Treybal, R. E. (1981). Mass Transfer Operations, 3rd ed.,Mc Graw Hill Book Company.
[4] Weast, R. C.(1982). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Florida: CRC Press.
16
6.0 APPENDIX
1. Calculation of equilibrium data of NH3-H2O system:
For Liquid Phase;
m NH 3 50 kg
3 = 17
mNH 3 50 kg
n NH 3 2.941 kmol
MWNH 3 14 3kg / kmol
mH 2O 100 kg
2 = 18
100kg
n H 2O 5.556 mol
18kg / kmol
n NH 3 2.941
x* 0.346
n NH 3 nH 2O 2.941 5.556
x* 0.346
X
*
0.529
1 x 1 0.346
*
y* 0.903
Y* 9.309
1 y 1 0.903
*
17
2. Calculation of ammonia concentration in the liquid feed stream:
Sample 1
Vsample = 10 ml.
VHCl = 5.5 ml.
NHCl = 0.1 N
VSample N NH 3 VHCl N HCl
N NH 3 0.055 N
N C NH 3 e
N 0.055
C NH 3 0.055mol / L
e 1
(3 )0 = = 0.055 /
= 0.5346
0.055 = 0.5346
0.055
% 3 = = = 0.103
0.5346
n NH 3 n NH 3 w% mt / MW NH 3
xo
nt n NH 3 n H 2O w% mt 1 w % mt
MW NH 3 MW H 2O
0.00103 / 17
xo 1.091 *10 3
0.00103 / 17 1 0.00103 18
1.091 *10 3
Xo 1.092 *10 3
1 1.091 *10 3
Sample 2
Vsample = 10 ml.
VHCl = 5.1 ml.
NHCl = 0.1 N
VSample N NH 3 VHCl N HCl
N NH 3 0.051 N
18
N C NH 3 e
N 0.051
C NH 3 0.051mol / L
e 1
(3 )0 = = 0.051 /
= 0.5346
0.051 = 0.5346
0.051
% 3 = = = 0.095
0.5346
n NH 3 n NH 3 w% mt / MW NH 3
xo
nt n NH 3 n H 2O w% mt 1 w % mt
MW NH 3 MW H 2O
9.5 *10 4 / 17
xo 1.006 *10 3
4
4
9.5 *10 / 17 1 9.5 *10 18
1.006 *10 3
Xo 3
1.007 *10 3
1 1.006 *10
Sample 3
Vsample = 10 ml.
VHCl = 4.7 ml.
NHCl = 0.1 N
VSample N NH 3 VHCl N HCl
N NH 3 0.047 N
N C NH 3 e
N 0.047
C NH 3 0.047mol / L
e 1
(3 )0 = = 0.047 /
= 0.5346
0.047 = 0.5346
0.051
% 3 = = = 0.088
0.5346
19
n NH 3 n NH 3 w% mt / MW NH 3
xo
nt n NH 3 n H 2O w% mt 1 w % mt
MW NH 3 MW H 2O
8.8 *10 4 / 17
xo 9.317 *10 4
4 4
8.8 *10 / 17 1 8.8 *10 18
9.317 *10 4
Xo 4
9.326 *10 4
1 9.317 *10
Sample 4
Vsample = 10 ml.
VHCl = 5.1 ml.
NHCl = 0.1 N
VSample N NH 3 VHCl N HCl
N NH 3 0.051 N
N C NH 3 e
N 0.051
C NH 3 0.051mol / L
e 1
= 0.5346
0.051 = 0.5346
0.051
% 3 = = = 0.095
0.5346
n NH 3 n NH 3 w% mt / MW NH 3
xo
nt n NH 3 n H 2O w% mt 1 w % mt
MW NH 3 MW H 2O
9.5 *10 4 / 17
xo 1.006 *10 3
4
4
9.5 *10 / 17 1 9.5 *10 18
1.006 *10 3
Xo 1.007 *10 3
1 1.006 *10 3
= 1.01 103
20
3. Calculation of concentration, weight percent, xN and XN for the exit liquid
stream:
For Set 1;
There are three volume of 1 N HCl used : 14.5 ml, 13.5 ml, 13.5 ml.
Average volume of 1 N HCl used = (14.5+13.5+13.5) / 3 = 13.83 ml
Vsample = 10 ml.
VHCl = 13.83 ml.
NHCl = 1 N
VSample N NH 3 VHCl N HCl
10ml N NH 3 13.83 ml 1 N
N NH 3 1.383 N
N C NH 3 e
N 1.383
C NH 3 1.383mol / L
e 1
Weight percents are taken from graph,
(3 )0 = = 1.383 /
= 0.5346
1.383 = 0.5346
1.383
% 3 = = = 2.587
0.5346
n NH 3 n NH 3 w% mt / MW NH 3
xN
nt n NH 3 n H 2O w% mt 1 w % mt
MW NH 3 MW H 2O
0.02587 / 17
xn 0.027
0.02587 / 17 1 0.02587 18
0.027
XN 0.028
1 0.027
21
For Set 2;
There are three volume of 1 N HCl used : 14.9 ml, 14.1 ml, 14.2 ml.
Average volume of 1 N HCl used = (14.9 +14.1+ 14.2) / 3 = 14.4 ml
Vsample = 10 ml.
VHCl = 14.4 ml.
NHCl = 1 N
VSample N NH 3 VHCl N HCl
10ml N NH 3 14.4 ml 1 N
N NH 3 1.44 N
N C NH 3 e
N 1.44
C NH 3 1.44mol / L
e 1
Weight percents are taken from graph,
(3 )0 = = 1.44 /
= 0.5346
1.44 = 0.5346
1.44
% 3 = = = 2.694
0.5346
n NH 3 n NH 3 w% mt / MW NH 3
xN
nt n NH 3 n H 2O w% mt 1 w % mt
MW NH 3 MW H 2O
0.02694 / 17
xn 0.038
0.02694 / 17 1 0.02694 18
0.038
XN 0.040
1 0.038
22
For Set 3;
There are three volume of 1 N HCl used : 13.5 ml, 13.4 ml, 13.2 ml.
Average volume of 1 N HCl used = (13.5 +13.4+ 13.2) / 3 = 13.37 ml
Vsample = 10 ml.
VHCl = 13.37 ml.
NHCl = 1 N
VSample N NH 3 VHCl N HCl
10ml N NH 3 13.37 ml 1 N
N NH 3 1.337 N
N C NH 3 e
N 1.337
C NH 3 1.337mol / L
e 1
Weight percents are taken from graph,
(3 ) = = 1.337 /
0
= 0.5346
1.337 = 0.5346
1.337
% 3 = = = 2.501
0.5346
n NH 3 n NH 3 w% mt / MW NH 3
xN
nt n NH 3 n H 2O w% mt 1 w % mt
MW NH 3 MW H 2O
0.02501 / 17
xn 0.026
0.02501 / 17 1 0.02501 18
0.026
XN 0.027
1 0.026
XNaverage= (0.028+0.040+0.027)/3=0.032
23
4. Calculation of the flow rates of water at the inlet liquid stream:
The operating temperature of the system is the mean of the inlet and outlet
temperatures:
Set 1 : = 16
2 = 16
3 = 16
1
= 17.957 = 0.998
18
= 0.998 = 0
5. Calculation of the flow rates of ammonia and air at the inlet gas stream:
Correction of rotameter readings for NH3 flow rates with respect to water;
Q W = 10 L/h
13 1
Q W = 10 = 2.78 106 3 /
1000 3600
24
1
2
1 2 * g * Vb * ( b NH 3 ) * NH 3
QNH 3 CD * * A2 *
NH 3 A
A f * [1 2 ]2
A1
1
2
2 * g *Vb * ( b W ) * W
* A2 *
1
QW C D *
W A
A f * [1 2 ]2
A1
QNH 3 ( b NH 3 ) / NH 3
QW b W / W
106 3 3 3
3 = 43.26 (2.78 ) = 1.41 104 = 0.433
0.433 3 0.7195
3 = = 0.312 /
3
0.32 /
3 = = 0.018 /
17 /
For Set 1;
n NH 3 0.018
y N 1
n NH 3 n AIR 0.018 0.030
y N 1 0.375
0.375
YN 1 0.6
1 0.375
For Set 2;
n NH 3 0.018
y N 1
n NH 3 n AIR 0.018 0.054
y N 1 0.25
0.25
YN 1 0.333
1 0.25
For Set 3;
n NH 3 0.018
y N 1
n NH 3 n AIR 0.018 0.079
y N 1 0.186
0.186
YN 1 0.229
1 0.186
26
7. Calculation of concentration of ammonia in the gas stream leaving the
column:
For Set 1
kmol
n NH 3 3 10 6
h
kmol
n AIR 0.030
h
3 10 6
y1 6
9.999 *10 5
3 10 0.030
9.999 *10 5
Y1 5
9.999 *10 5
1 9.999 *10
For Set 2;
kmol
n NH 3 4 10 6
h
kmol
n AIR 0.054
h
4 10 6
y1 6
7.407 10 5
4 10 0.054
7.407 10 5
Y1 5
7.408 10 5
1 7.407 10
For Set 3;
kmol
n NH 3 2 10 5
h
kmol
n AIR 0.079
h
27
2 10 5
y1 5
2.531 10 4
2 10 0.079
2.531 10 4
Y1 4
2.532 10 4
1 2.531 10
Ln G Y L0 X 0
Yn1 Xn 1 1
Gn1 Gn1
By the assumption of constant molar flow rates of inlet gas and liquid:
LS L
Yn1 X n Y1 S X 0
GS GS
LS Lo (1 xo )
Lo 0.998 kmol/h
For Set 1;
+1 = 3 + = 0.018 + 0.030 = 0.048 kmol/h
Gs = 0.03 kmol/h
For Set 2;
+1 = 3 + = 0.018 + 0.054 = 0.072 kmol/h
X0 = 1.007*10-3
GS GN 1 (1 y N 1 ) 0.072(1 0.25)
Gs = 0.054 kmol/h
28
For Set 3;
+1 = 3 + = 0.018 + 0.079 = 0.097 kmol/h
X0 = 9.326*10-4
GS GN 1 (1 y N 1 ) 0.097(1 0.186)
Gs = 0.079 kmol/h
LS L
YN 1 X N Y1 S X 0
GS GS
LS = 0.997 kmol/h
GS = 0.030 kmol/h
X0 = 1.092*10-3
Y1 = 9.999*10-5
0.997 0.997
YN 1 X N 9.999 *10 5 1.092 *10 3
0.030 0.030
YN 1 33.23 X N 0.036
LS = 0.997 kmol/h
GS = 0.054 kmol/h
X0 = 1.007*10-3
Y1 = 7.408*10-5
29
0.997 0.997
YN 1 X N 7.408 *10 5 1.007 *10 3
0.054 0.054
YN 1 18.46 X N 0.019
LS = 0.997 kmol/h
GS = 0.079 kmol/h
X0 = 9.326*10-4
Y1 = 2.532*10-4
0.997 0.997
YN 1 X N 2.532 *10 4 9.326 *10 4
0.079 0.079
YN 1 12.62 X N 0.012
Nreal = 20 plates
2
= = 0.1 = 10%
20
1.6
= = 0.08 = 8%
20
1.2
= = 0.06 = 6%
20
30