Solutions- Problem Set - 7

MTH-201, MTH-201A
Linear Algebra

1. Let V be the inner

R 1 product space of polynomials over R of degree atmest 3 with the
inner product (f, g) = 0 f (t)g(t)dt.
a. Find the orthogonal complement of the subspace of scalar polynnomials.
b. Find an orthogonal basis of V by applying the Gram-Schmidth orthogonalization to
{1, x, x2 , x3 }.
c. Find the adjoint of the differential operator on V .
Ans: (b) Using Gram-Schmidth we get the orthogonal basis {1, x 12 , 16 x + x2 , 1
20
+
3
5
x 32 x2 + x3 }.
(a) So the orthogonal complement of the subspace of scalar matrices is {x 21 , 61 x +
x2 , 1
20
+ 35 x 32 x2 + x3 }.
R1 R1
(c) (Df, g) = 0 Df (t)g(t)dt = (f (1)g(1) f (0)g(0)) 0 f (t)Dg(t)dt = (f (1)g(1)
f (0)g(0)) (f, Dg) by using integration by parts.
So the adjoint is T1 T where T1 is the operator satisfying (f, T1 g) = (f (1)g(1)f (0)g(0)).
2. Let V be the inner product space of all n n matrices over C with the inner product
(A, B) = T r(AB )
a. Find the orthogonal complement of the subspace of diagonal matrices.
b. Find the adjoint of the operator Tp (A) = P 1 AP where P is a fixed invertible matrix.
Ans: a. Let for i 6= j Ai,j be the matrix whose (i, j)th entry is 1 and all other entries are
zero. Then each Ai,j belongs to the orthogonal complement. The subspace generated by all
these linearly independent Ai,j is of dimension n2 n. So this is the subspace ortogonal to
the subspace of diagonal matrices.
b. (T (A), B) = T r(P 1 AP B ) = T r(AP B P 1 ) = T r(A((P )1 BP )) ) = (A, TP (B)).
3. Let T be an operator on a finite dimensional inner product space. Prove that
Range(T ) = (N ull(T )) .
Ans: If v Range(T ) then there exists w V such that T (w) = v. If v N ull(T )
then (v, v ) = (T (w), v ) = (w, T (v )) = 0. So Range(T ) (N ull(T )) . They are of same
dimension since Rank(T ) = Rank(T ). So Range(T ) = (N ull(T )) .
4. Let T be an linear map between two inner product spaces. Prove that T is inner
product preserving iff T is norm preserving.
Ans: See Chapter 8 theorem 11 in Hoffman-Kunze: Linear algebra.
5. Find a linear map between two inner product space which is inner product preserving
but not an isomorphism.

1
 Ans: See Chapter 8 Example 25 in Hoffman-Kunze: Linear algebra.

1 1 4
1 4 2
6. Compute the QR decomposition of A =
1 4

2
1 1 0
Ans: Use Gram-Schmidth orthogonalization to the column vectors to find an orthonormal
basis for R3 . Form the matrix Q with all the vectors from this basis.
7. Prove that the length of each eigenvalue of a real orthogonal matrix is 1 and show
that 1 is an eigenvalue of a 3 3 real orthogonal matrix of determinant 1.
Ans: Let a be an eigen value and v be an eigen vector for a. Then A.v = a.v. So
kA.vk2 = ka.vk2 . So |a| = 1 since A is orthogonal.
For a 3 3 real orthogonal matrix of determinant 1 the characteristic polynomial is of
degree 3 and hance has at least one real root. Since the product of eigen values is the
determinant which is 1 we have 1 as an eigen value of A.
8. For the following matrix find a real orthogonal matrix P such that P T AP is diagonal.

1 2 3
A= 2 3 4
3 4 5

Ans: Find an basis consisting of eigen vectors and form the matrix P by putting all the
basis vectors as columns.
9. Prove that a real symmetrix matrix has a real symmetric cube root.
Ans: Since A is real symmetric there exists an invertible matrix P with real entries such
that P 1 AP = D. The entries of the diagonal matrix D are real numbers and have real cubic
roots. So we can find a matrix C with real entries such that C 3 = D. Then (P CP 1 )3 = A.
10. Show that a symmetric positive definite matrix has a square root.
Ans: Note that the eigen values of a symmetric positive definite matrix are positive real
numbers. Since it is symmetric there exists an invertible matrix P with real entries such
that P 1 AP = D. The entries of the diagonal matrix D are positive real numbers and hence
each one having a real square root. So we can find a matrix C with real entries such that
C 2 = D. Then (P CP 1 )2 = A.
 
3 2 2
11. Find the singular value decomposition of A = .
2 3 2
Ans: Find the eigen values of AAT and follow the procedure given in class.