NASA Army Research Laboratory

Technical Memorandum 107012 Technical Report ARL-TR-838

Bending Strength Model for

Internal Spur Gear Teeth

M. Savage and K.L Rubadeux

The University of Akron
Akron, Ohio

and (NASA-TM-IO7012) BENDING STRENGTH N95-33908

MO_EL FOR INTERNAL SPUR GEAR TEETH
H.H. Coe (NASA. Lewis Research Center) 12 p
Unclas
Lewis Research Center
Cleveland, Ohio
G3/37 0060532

Prepared for the

31st Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit
cosponsored by AIAA, ASME, SAE and ASEE
San Diego, California, July 10-12, 1995

U.S. ARMY

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration RESEARCH LABORATORY
 BENDING STRENGTHMODEL FOR INTERNAL SPUR GEAR TEETH

M. Savage
K. L. Rubadeux
The University of Akron
Akron, Ohio 44325
phone (2161 972- 7737
fax (216) 972- 6027

H. H. Coe
NASA Lewis Research Center
Cleveland, Ohio 44135

Abstract f face width (mm,in)

h height of Lewis parabola (mm,in)
Intemal spurgear teeth are normally H height,y distance (mm,in) orstress
strongerthan pinionteeth of the same pitch
concentration constant
and face width since externalteeth are
smallerat the base. However, ringgears J AGMA bending strengthfactor
which are narrower,have an unequal Kf stressconcentration factor
addendum or are made of a materialwitha m module (mm)
lower strengththan thatof the meshing pinion N number of teeth
may be loaded more critically inbending. In
Pd diametral pitch (1 .O/inch)
thisstudy,a model forthe bending strengthof
R pitch radius (ram,in)
an internalgear tooth as a functionof the
applied load pressureangle ispresented RC radial distance to the parabola apex
which isbased on the inscribedLewisconstant (mm,in)
strengthparabolic beam. The bending model RF cutter tip radius {ram,in)
includesa stressconcentration factorand an RFF radius to trochoid point {mm,in)
axialcompression term which are extensionsof
R0 cutter radius to center of cutter tip
the model foran externalgear tooth.The (mm,in)
geometry of the Lewis factordeterminationis
presented, the iteration
to determine the RT gear radius to the center of the cutter tip
fillet (ram,in)
factorisdescribed and the bending slrengthJ
factoriscompared to thatof an externalgear RA distance from the cutting pitch point to
tooth. Thisstrengthmodel willassist
optimal the cut point (mm,in)
design effortsforunequal addendum gears RD distance from the cutting pitch point to
and gears of mixed materials. the center of the cutter tip fillet (ram,in)
t Lewis parabola tooth thickness {mm,in}
Nomenclature c
t pitch circle tooth thickness (ram,in)

Symbols _J_t tangential load (kN,Ibs)

x Lewis form factor distance (mm,in)
B gear dedendum {ram,in) X abscissa coordinate (mm,in)
c center distance (mm,in) Y ordinate coordinate (ram,in) or Lewis form
factor
Copyright @ 1995 by Michael Savage. a angle between the tangent to the
Published by the American Institute of trochoid and the tooth centerline
Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. with (radians)
permission. 13 central gear angle {radians)
V angle on the gear from the cutting pitch lnfroduc:tiorl

point to the trochoid cutting point

In the design of spur gear teeth, bending
(radians)
strength is a significant concern ''z_. Gear
61 angle on the cutter from the pitch point teeth which break off at the root become free
on the tooth surface to the center of the debris in a gear box to cause secondary
tip circle (radians) failures. In a very short time, a tooth bending
fatigue failure will cause a complete
52 angle on the gear from the pitch point on
breakdown of the transmission in which it
the tooth surface to the center of the tip
occurs. So tooth bending fatigue limits in a
circle (radians)
transmission are a primary concern in all stages
A internal tooth half bottom land angle
of design.
(radians)
rl angle at the cutting point between the For equal addenda gears made of the
line of centers and the normal through the same material and the same width, the pinion
tip fillet center (radians) teeth have the lowest bending fatigue limit
since their bases are smaller and the loads on
B roll angle (radians)
the pinion and gear teeth are equal. Thus
ef central angle on the gear from the center most of the gear tooth bending stress models
of the tip of the trochoid to the trochoid
are for external gear teeth 4"s. However, there
point (radians) are situations in which an internal gear tooth
eft central angle on the gear from the center may have a higher chance of failure than its
of the gear tooth to the trochoid point meshing external pinion tooth. It may be
{radians) made of a weaker material or its tooth
thickness may be reduced to enlarge the
A supplement of the angle a (radians)
pinion's tooth thickness and balance the
p radius of curvature (ram,in)
bending strengths in the mesh.
o bending stress (Pa, psi)
pressure angle (radians) Present models for the bending strength
slope of the trochoid at the contact point of internal gear teeth _'7use the straight line
tangent model of Hofer with a slope relative to
Subscripts the tooth centerline of forty-two to fifty-nine
degrees. Both studies recommend forty-five
degrees for thick rimmed gears with larger
A point of contact
angles for thin rimmed gears. The AGMA
b base cErcle
Aerospace Gearing Design Guideline Annex 8,
C apex of parabola gives a procedure for finding the inscribed
E involute point parabola which yields the highest stress
f . fillet estimate for a given tooth and loading. This
F trochoid point procedure assumes a solid body gear and a
circular fillet tangent to the tooth involute.
z of the involute at the cutter tip fillet center
I cutter
In this work, the classic method of
2 internal gear inscribing a constant strength parabola inside
the tooth is used to estimate the tooth
Suoerscriots strength 9. This is the method of Wilfred Lewis I°
which has been used for many years by the
L stress concentration equation constant AGMA as the basis of the external gear tooth
strength model s. A stress concentration factor
M stress concentration equation constant
has been added to the calculation as an
extension of the Dolan and Broghamer
factor". The model also includes axial pressure angle of the applied load at the
compression to match the AGMA bending tooth surface, (I)A.
strength J factorS. Required information to
specify the internalgear J factor are: I) the For the stress analysis of internal gears,
dedendum ratioof the tooth, 2} the nominal both involute and trochoid geometry are used
pressure angle, 3) the pitch circletooth in checking for the smallest inscribed parabola
thickness, 4) the number of teeth on the in the tooth.
internalgear, 5J the number of teeth on the
meshing pinion to find the highest point of Involute Geometry
single tooth loading, 6) the number of teeth on
the pinion shaper cutter,and 7} the tipradius The involute is the locus of a point on a
of the cutter. line unrolling from its base circle. The involute
profile is described in terms of a coordinate
Tooth Slrenqth Model frame with its center at the gear center and
the y axis through the center of the tooth. The
Wilfred Lewis developed the basic model coordinates of the profile are obtained as
for bending stress in gear teeth in 1892 _°. In his projections of the base radius • R.o _, and the
analysis, Lewis considered a gear tooth to be a radius of curvature, p_, of the involute point
loaded cantilever beam with a force applied onto this x,y coordinate frame.
to the tip of the gear. He made the following
assumptions: The involute function of a pressure angle,
I. the load is applied to the tip of a gear (I), depicted in Figure I, is the difference
tooth; between the roll angle and the pressure angle
2. only the tangential component of the at that point. Mathematically, the involute of
force will be a factor {the radial an angle is expressed as:
component is neglected);
3. the load is distributed uniformly across the INV(_) = e-_ = tan(_) -_ (2)
entire face width of the gear;,
4. forces due to tooth sliding friction are The pitch radius of the internal gear is
negligible; and expressed by the equation:
5. no sJTessconcentration is present in the
tooth fillet. N2
Lewis took into account the geomeJry of the R2 - (3}
gear tooth by inscribing a constant strength 2"P d
parabola within the tooth form. The vertex of
the parabola is located at the intersection of or
the tooth centerline and the applied load's
line of action. At the location on the profile of m
the tooth where the inscribed parabola is R2 = N2.-- (4}
tangent, the Lewis equation for the tooth 2
bending stress is expressed as:
for metric units, where N_ is the number of
internal gear teeth, Pt.l isZ'the diamefral pitch
Wt" Pd
o - (1) and m is the module.-The base radius is:
f-Y
Rb2 = R2 - cos((1)) (5)
where W t is the tangential load on the tooth,
Delta, A, isone half of the bottom land angle
Pd is the diameJTal pitch, f is the gear face
wl_th, and Y is the Lewis form factor based on of the tooth involute. In Figure I,A can be
the geomeJry of the tooth. The point of seen as the angle from the center of the tooth
application of the load is described by the to the involute at the base circle,which is:

3
 t tangent with the tooth centedlne. Since the y
- P INV(¢) (6} distance to the apex of a parabola is one half

2- R2 the distance to the intersection of the tangent

with the centedine, H2 can be expressed as:
where t is the tooth thickness at the pitch
circle, p
H 2 = 2- (YE- RC) (12)

As shown in Figure 2, the radius to the An interval halving iterafive process is

loaded line of action at the centerline of the used to find the location on the tooth surface
loaded tooth isR_. Thisisalso the radial at which the largest parabola is tangent to the
distance to the parabola apex. The pressure involute. 8 X_ Y_ H., and HA are calculated
• ' I-' I Z
each time in _is process. The angle 8 is
angle at RC isequal to the sum of the tangent
of _)A'the pressure angle at the tooth surface, increased by a r0(ed step• Ae, in each iteration,
with A8 set to 0.01 radians initially. When the
and A. So R C can be expressed as:
difference in H.I and H_ changes sign AE} is set
to -A8/2 to close in on _e solution. When the
Rb2 Rb2
RC - - (7} values of H I and H_ ore equal• the location on
the tooth surface a_ which the largest
cos((I)c} cos(tan((I)A) + A)
parabola is tangent to the involute has been
determined.
In Figure 3, 8 is the roll angle to the point
on the involute which is tangent to the Trochoid Geometry
inscribed parabola with its apex at RE. Since
we must iterate to find e, an initial estimate for For an internal tooth, the largest inscribed
8 can be expressed as: parabola may be tangent to the involute or it
may be tangent to the trochoid at the base of
the tooth. Therefore, Jrochoid geometry is also
8 = 1.5- tan(cl)A) {8)
used to find the point of maximum sITess. In
X_ and Y, are the coordinates of the involute the following analysis, the cutter is gear I and
point which is cut at the roll angle e. These the internal gear is gear 2 with R I being the
coordinates are measured with respect to the pitch radius of the cutter and R2"being the
center of the loaded tooth. From the pitch radius of the internal gear.

geometry of Figure 3, XE and YE are:

As shown in Figure 4, R0 is the cutter
XE = PE" Cos(A + 8) - Rb2" sin{A + 8) {9) radius to the center of the cutter tip fillet:

R0 = R I+B-R F (13)
YE = PE" sin(A + 8) + Rb2- cos{Z_ + e) (10)
where B is the dedendum of the internal gear

and RF is the cutter tip radius. The pressure

In Figure 3, H 1 is the y distance from the angle on the cutter to the involute of the
tangent point on the involute to the cutter tip fillet center is denoted by (l)Z and is:
intersection of the involute's tangent with the
tooth centerline.
{14)

XE
HI = (11)
tan(A + 8)
The radius of curvature of the involute at the

H 2 isthe distance from that same point on the cutter tip fillet center is P7 which can be
parabola to the intersection of the parabola's determined from R0 ancT(J)Z by:

4
 PZ = RO" sin((I)zJ (15) RT = [ c 2 + R02 + 2.C.Ro.COS(8 I) ] I 12 (19)

where c is the gear to cutter center distance

81 is the angle on the cutter from the which isequal to R2 minus RI . The angle 13is
pitch I_oint on the tooth surface to the center the central angle on the gear from the cutting
of the cutter tip fillet and 6 9 is the conjugate pitch point, D, to the center of the cutter tip
rotation of the gear from the pitch point on the fillet. In Figure 6, the perpendicular distance
tooth surface to the center of the curler tip from point C to the gear-to-cutter line of
fillet on the cutting frochoid. The angles 61 centers is:
and 6 2 can be calculated as:
RT •sin(13) : R0 • sin(e1) (2o)
PZ + RF
therefore,
61 - q_Z - INV(_) (16)
Rbl
13 = sin-l( Ro'sin{el) (21)
Rr
R1
{17) RD is the distance from the cuffing pitch point
(52 = (31._
to the center of the cutter tip fillet. Applying
R2
the law of cosines to triangle ADC, yields:

Figure 5 shows the paths of the frochoids RD = [ R22 + RT2 - 2"R2"RT'COS(13)

]1/2 {22)
on the internal gear tooth and also displays
the locations of point C on the trochoid of the The angle at the cuffing pitch point between
tip center and its corresponding pitch point, D. the line of centers and the cuffing normal
The inner frochoid is for the point at the center through the tip fillet center• rl, isfound from the
of the cutter tip fillet. The outer trochoid is for law of cosines in triangle ADC:
the envelope of the cutter tip positions which 2
is the cut shape on the tooth root. The line
rl = cos -I ( R22+RD2-RT ) (23)
O2C L locates the tooth centerline in these
figures. 2-R2-RD

R__is the radius from the gear center to the

In Figure 5 8. is the rotation of the cutter t-_.
• / actual trochoid point:
and egis the corresponding rotation of the
gear. -While the cutter rotates the center of
the tip fillet from point F to point C, the gear RFF =_ [ R22.÷ RA2 _ 2.R2.RA.cos{rl } ] 1/2 (24)
rotates the apex of the trochoid, which is a
where RA equals RD plus RF. Gamma, y, is the
fillet radius above point F, to point G. The line
angle on the gear from the cuffing pitch point
O^G then is the centerline of the lrochoid on
to the trochoid cuffing point:
the gear. The angular rotation of the gear can
by expressed in terms of the rotation of the
cu_er as: -1 R22 + RFF2 - RA2
y=cos ( ) (25)
R1
2"R2"RFF
e 2 = e 1 -_ (181
R2
An expression for el, the central angle on the
gear from the cenfer of the tip of the frochoid
R_ isthe radius from the gear center to the
to the trochoid paint, is:
centet[ of the cutter tip fillet. From triangle ABC
in Figure 6 and the law of cosines, RT can be
defined as: ef = y- e 2 (26)
In Figure6,Offisthe centralangle on the gear InFigure7,H. isthe radialdistance on the
I
from the ceriferof the gear tooth to the tooth centerlinefrom the pointof interest
to
trochoidpoint. Itcan be expressed as the arc where the trochoidtangent crossesthe center
from the tooth centerlineto the pitch pointon of the tooth:
the involuteplusthe arc from the pitchpoint
to the center of the tiptrochoidminus the arc H I = XF •tan(_) (35)
to the frochoidpoint:
H^ isdefined as the radialdistance on the
z
t tooth centerlinefrom the point of interest
to
eft - P + 62- of (27) where the parabola tangent crossesthe
2-R2 center of the tooth. Since one-halfH2 equals
YF minus RC:
The coordinatesof the fillet
developed on
the internal gear are XF and YF: H2 = 2- {YF-Rc) {361

X F = RFF.sin(Oft) (28I A similar interval halving iterative process

and
YF = RFF" cos(eft}
Psi,
_, isthe slope of the trochoidat the
contact point measured relativeto a line
perpendicular to the centedine of the tooth.
The frochoidsurfaceisnormal to the lineDE in
Figure5 since D isthe instantcenter forthe
relativemotion of the cutterwith respect to
the gear. In Rgure 7,the angle at E between
the tangent to the trochoidand the radialline
to O_ isn12 - (n-y-rl}
or y+rl-nl2.
Thismakes the
angl'@between the tangent to the Irochoid
and the tooth centerline:
a = n - Off - (y + rl - n/2}
or
isused to findthe locationof the fillet
developed on the internalgear which is
tangent to a point on the inscribedparabola.
(29) When the values of H. and H_ are equal the
I _' '
locationof the tangent point on the internal
gear isdetermined.
The results
obtained from the involuteand
trochoidgeometries are then compared. The
smallerx coordinate identifies
the weaker
inscribedparabola forthe internaltooth.Thisx
coordinate and itscorresponding y coordinate
are used to calculatethe Lewisform factor,
and the AGMA bending strengthJ factor
which includesa stressconcentration factor
and a term foraxialcompression inthe tooth.
Bendina StrenathFactor
(3o)
The Lewis form factor,Y, originally
defined
forextemal teeth,is:

[31) 2
a = 3n/2 - eft - y - rl
y = ---Pd-X (37)
its supplement is 3

where
X = n-a = Ofl+y+rl-n/2 (32)

This angle is the complement of u_,therefore: XE2 tc 2

x - - (38)
= n/2 - (-n/2 + Off + y + rl) (33) Rc-Y E 4"(Rc-Y E}

of One of the most important factorswhich

Lewis overlooked inhisanalysiswas the effect
= n - n - y - Oft (34) of stressconcentrations.Large localized
stresses occur in the fillets of gear teeth due to The modified Lewis model for determining the
the sudden change in the cross-section of the bending stress in gear teeth, which includes
tooth. By examining these factors and this stress concentration factor and a term for
determining their exact effect on the bending the axial compression in the tooth from the
stress in a gear tooth, Lewis' work was radial component of the tooth load, is:
extended.

Wt'P d
In 1940, professors TJ. Dolan and E.L. a- {43)
Broghamer of the University of Illinois used the f.J
photoelastic method of stress analysis to do
this 11, They examined various types of gear where the AGMA J factor, in terms of e_, the
teeth and determined the location and the pressure angle at the apex of the paraJSola on
magnitude of the maximum stresses which the tooth centerline, is:
occur in the tooth fillets. Their research
showed that the maximum stress is located I
closer to the root circle than Lewis had J=
predicted. However, the distance between
Lewis' location and Dolan's and BroghameKs Kfc°SI*c)
( 6-2h tanl,
c))
location of the maximum stress is relatively cos(C) tc tc
small. Thus, the use of Lewis' model to
determine the bending stress location in gear
Since the bending strength factor isa
teeth was confirmed by Dolan and
function of the tooth shape, itisdependent on
Broghamer. They also determined that the
the number of teeth on the gear. Thisisshown
primary factors affecting the stress
concentration at the tooth fillet are the fillet in Figure 8, which isa plot of the J factor versus
the number of gear teeth for both an external
radius, the tooth thickness, the height of the
load position on the tooth, and the tooth gear and for an internalgear. As the number
of external gear teeth increases, the Lewis
pressure angle. They developed the following
stress concentration factor curve fit relationZn: form factor increases at a decreasing rate;
while as the number of internalgear teeth
L M increases, the Lewis form factor decreases at a

(tc tc decreasing rate. Since the tooth shape on the

two gears approach each other as the
Pf number of teeth increase, the form factor
values for the internaland external gears
where, t is the tooth thickness at the critical approach each other as well.
. C
sechon, pf is the minimum radius of curvature
Conclusions
of the fillet curve, and h is the height of the
Lewis parabola.
An estimate for the bending strength of

From a curve fit of the experimental data an internal spur gear tooth has been
of Dolan and Broghamer, AGMA s gives the developed. This model uses the inscribed
following values for the constants H, L, and M parabola approach of Wilfred Lewis in
combination with an extrapolation of the
in terms of the pitch circle pressure angle, (J):
Dolan and Broghamer stress concentration
factor and the addition of an axial
H = 0.331 -0.436-(J) {40)
compression term.
L = 0.324 - 0.492-_b 141)
The estimate is obtained considering both
the involute surface of the tooth and the
M = 0.261 + 0.545-(I) {42)
trochoid fillet at the base of the tooth as
produced by a pinion shaper cutter.
produced by a pinionshapercutter. ANSI/AGMA 200 I-B88, Alexandria,
Generationequationsarederivedfor both the Virginia, September 1988.
involuteand the trochoid. Dueto the general
nature of the model, the bending strength = Mitchner, R. G. & Mabie, H. H., "The
prediction is valid for a load applied at any Undercutting of Hobbed Spur Gear
point on the tooth. The load location is Teeth", ASME Journal of Meghanical
identified by the tooth surface pressure angle Vol. 104, No. I, 1982, pp. 148-158.
at the point of application of the load.
o
AGMA STANDARD, "Geometry Factors for
A direct and stable iteration procedure is Determining the Pitting Resistance and
used to determine the size of the largest Bending Strength of Spur, Helical and
inscribed parabola in the internal gear tooth. Herringbone Gear Teeth," AGMA 908-1389,
Based on the size of this parabola, the Lewis Alexandria, Virginia, April 1989.
form factor is established.
. von Eiff, H., Hirschmann, K. H. & Lechner,
To complement the base stress estimate, G., "Influence of Gear Tooth Geometry on
a stress concentration factor and an axial Tooth Stress of External and Internal
compression component are added to the Gears," ASME Journal of Mechanical
strength model. This stress concentration Vol. 112, No. 4, 1990, pp. 575-583.
factor is an extrapolation of the Dolan and
Broghamer factor and is consistent with the . Miyachika, K. & Oda, S., "Bending Strength
AGMA J factor for external gears. A of Internal Spur Gears," Proceedinas of the
comparison of the bending strength model for Intemotional _onference on Motion and
an external gear and for an internal gear is Power Transmissions. November 23-26,
given for gears of increasing size meshing with 1991, Hiroshima, Japan, pp. 781-786.
a twenty-five tooth pinion. Both gears have
twenh/-degree pressure angles and are cut . AGMA Information Sheet, "Spur Gear
with a twenty-tooth pinion shaper. Geometry Factor Including Internal
Meshes," Annex A, AGMA 91 I-A94, Design
By improving the estimate of the bending Guidelines for Aerospace Gearing,
strength of an internal gear tooth, this model Alexandria, Virginia, 1994.
will allow designers to vary the material of a
Hng gear from that of its meshing external . Rubadeux, K. L. "PLANOPT - a Fortran
gear. A long and shorf paddendum design Optimization Program for Planetary
system may also be evaluated to balance Transmission Design," M.S. Thesis, The
the bending strengths of the external and University of Akron, May, 1995.
internal gears.
10. Lewis, W., "Investigation of the Strength of
References Gear Teeth," Proceedings of the Engineers
Club, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1892.
I. Buckingham, E. K., Analytical Mechanics
of Gears. McGraw Hill, New York, 1949. 11. Dolan, T. J. & Broghamer, E. L., "A
Photoelastic Study of Stresses in Gear
.
Drago, R. J., Fundamentals of Gear Tooth Fillets," University of Illinois,
s_Qff=_jgD,
Butterworths, Stoneham, Engineering Experiment Station, Bulletin
Massachusetts, 1988. No. 335, 1942.

.
AGMA STANDARD, "Fundamental Rating
Factors and Calculation Methods for
Involute Spur and Helical Gear Teeth,"

8
 X
= YE-Rc

PE

Rb2
RC
YE

+0 2
02 x

Figure 1 Involute and Top Land Angles for an Figure 3 Involute Coordinate Geometry for an
Internal Gear Tooth Internal Gear Tooth

OOTH
\ SURFACE

Rb2 RC

PZ RO R1

Rbl

¢Z

01

Figure 2 Location of the Parabola Apex on Figure 4 Cutter Tip Geometry

the Internal Gear Tooth

9
 i Hll , H2/2
Dedendum G

Ro
"7 RC

Oft (F

02
I,
Figure 7 Trochoid Coordinate Angles on the
A Internal Gear Tooth

02

Figure 5 TrochoidLocation on the Internal

Gear Tooth

J FACTOR
RF .6
INTERNAL

.5

/ EXTERNAL
.4

FF
.3

25 TOOTH PINION
.2 20 TOOTH CUTI'ER
O.3/P, CUTTER TIP RADIUS
_0

.1

0 I I I ! I i
R2 0 50 1 O0 150 200 250 300

NUMBER OF GEAR TEETH

Figure 8 Bending StrengthJ FactorValues for

Externaland InternalGears with the
O2
Load at the HighestPointof Single
Tooth Contact
Figure 6 Internal Gear Tooth Trochoid Cuffing
Point Geometry

10
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1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. _EPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED
July 1995 Technical Memorandum
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

Bending Strength Model for Internal Spur Gear Teeth

W'U-505--62-36
6. AUTHOR(S) 1L162211A47A
M. Savage, K.L. Rubadeux and H.H. Coe

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER
NASA Lewis ResP..,tux_ Center
Cleveland, Ohio 44135-3191
and
E-9797
Vehicle Propulsion Directorate
U.S. Amay Research Laboratory
Cleveland, Ohio 44135-3191
10. SPONSO_NG/MONITORING
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
AGENCY REPORT NUMBER
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Washington, D.C. 20546-0001
and NASA TM-107012
U.S. Army Research Laboratory ARJ..-TR-838
Addphi, Maryland 20783-1145

11. SUPPLEMENTARYNOTES
M. Savage and K.L. Rubadeux, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325; H.H. Coe, NASA Lewis Research Center.
Responsible person, H.H. Coe, organization code 2730, (216) 433-3971.

12a. DISTRIBUTIOI_AVAILABILrI'Y STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

Unclassified -Unlimited
Subject Category 37
This publication is available from the NASA Center for Aerospace Information, (301) 621-0390.

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

Internal spur gear teeth are normally stronger than pinion teeth of the same pitch and face width since external teeth are
smaller at the base. However, ring gears which are narrower, have an unequal addendum or are made of a material with a
lower strength than that of the meshing pinion may be loaded more critically in bending. In this study, a model for the
bending strength of an internal gear tooth as a function of the applied load pressure angle is presented which is based on
the inscribed Lewis constant strength parabolic beam. The bending model includes a stress concentration factor and an
axial compression term which are extensions or the model for an external gear tooth. The geometry of the Lewis factor
determination is presented, the iteration to determine the factor is described and the bending strength J factor is compared
to that of an external gear tooth. This strength model will assist optimal design efforts for unequal addendum gears and
gears of mixed materials.

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

14. SUBJECT TERMS
12
Gears; Design; Transmissions; Spur gears; Internal teeth
16. PRICE CODE
A03
17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIRCATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABu I HACT
OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified

NSN 7540.-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)
Prescribed by ANSI SId. Z39-18
298-102