PROPOSAL FOR THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN DESIGN

AND CONSTRUCTION OF A DIGITAL TOLLGATE COUNTER

BY

HAMZA JIBRIN YUSUF

13/015798/ENG

A PROJECT TO BE PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/COMPUTER

ENGINEERING, IGBINEDION UNIVERSITY OKADA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING

NOVEMBER,2017

SUPERVISOR: (ENGR. IZILEIN F.A)

..

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR

 INTRODUCTION

Counters are specially designed synchronous sequential circuits, in which , the

state of the counter is equal to the count held in the circuit by the flip flops.
Counters calculate or note down the number that how many times an event
occurred. Counters are the crucial hard ware components, and are defined as The
digital circuit which is used to count the number of pulses. Counters are well
known to us as Timers. Counter circuits are the best example for the flip flop
applications. Counters are designed by grouping of flip flops and applying a single
clock signal to them. In simple words, the counters are those, which have the group
of storage elements like flip flops to hold the count.
Counters have modes. The mod of the counter represents the number of states of
the cycles through it, before setting the counter to its initial state. For example, a
binary mod 8 counter has 8 countable states. They are from 000 to 111. So the mod
8 counter counts from 0 to 7.
There are two types of counters available for digital circuits, they are

1. Synchronous counters
2. Asynchronous counters

A Digital tollgate counter that can change its state in either direction, under
control of an updown selector input, is known as an updown counter. The circuit
given here can count numbers from 0 to 99 in up and down modes depending upon
the state of the selector. It can be used to count the number of cars entering a city
in the up mode at entrance gate. In the down mode. It can also be used at gates of
parking areas and other public places.
This circuit divided in three parts: sensor, controller and counter display. The
sensor would observe an interruption and provide an input to the controller which
would run the counter in up/down mode depending upon the selector setting. The
same count is displayed on a set of 7-segment display through the controller.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Design is a systematic, qualitative and analytic procedure for the realization

of a given idea into a meaningful physical system by the use of basic scientific

laws and principles. Therefore, design is the heart of engineering. However, the

general objective of this project is to cover the analytic design of every stage of the

automatic speed controller to achieve circuit construction. In addition to that, the

design of the speed controller comprises the design of the following units.

*Design of the power supply unit.

*Design of the sensors circuit

*Logic control circuit.

*Design of micro-controller circuit.

*Display unit (usually 7 segment)

AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The project work is aimed at design and construction of digital tollgate counter that
can count the number of cars passed the tollgate from 1 to 99 and also to convert
the number cars recorded to desired currency.

MOTIVATION

It has been long ago engineers and technologies have been doing research on how
to simplify thing for human being used. It can be used in terms of counting the
number of cars entering a city in the up mode at entrance gate. It can also be used
at gates of parking areas and other public places.

METHODOLOGY

The project will be done stage by stage, by providing require specifications, the
circuit will be designed according to the specification. Purchasing the component
required from the shops in accordance with the design. Construction of the circuit
on the testing board, then we mount each and every component on the veroboard
and then soldered, we will provide a small box made of plastic covered with a
leather to prevent water from touching the circuit.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
It has been observed that there is random and unarranged passage of cars
which may lead to intruding of unwanted cars
The randomly moves of cars brings upon traffic congestion
It will help provide accountability
JUSTIFICATION OF STUDIES

To count the number of cars going through the tollgate

To take record of all cars that passed through the tollgate
To convert the number of cars passing through the tollgate to desired
currency
REFERENCES
1) Rooks, C (1985) Microelectronics Device and application West Africa.

2) Mastron R.M (1984), Opto Electronics. (Circuit Manual)

3) Theraja, B.L & Theraja A.K (2005) A Text Book of Electrical Electronic
Technology Revised Edition, Romanga, New Delhi, India