Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266485301
Article
CITATIONS READS
3 339
2 authors, including:
Pravin Rathod
Gujarat Technological University
21 PUBLICATIONS 42 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
I working on GUJCOST project of performance improvement of Dry WEDM with ultrasonic vibration
since 2010. View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Pravin Rathod on 08 July 2015.
Research Article
CATALYTIC CONVERTER BASED ON NON-NOBLE
MATERIAL
Chirag Amin1, Pravin P. Rathod2
V. NON-NOBLE MATERIAL BASED were deposited on the top of piston and cylinder head
CATALYST surface, using standard electroplating process.
A. Iron-exchange zeolite Copper was coated by using a cyanide copper bath
Zeolite is crystalline, hydrated alumina silicates, which produces a coating of porous nature and a fine
formed in nature or can be synthesized. Zeolite is deposition of metal on surface.
formed of AlO4 and SiO4 bonded together via the Among the different catalysts investigated, copper
oxygen atoms and assembled in such a way as to was found very effective in reducing both HC and
constitute cavities, cages and channels, uniformly CO emissions, and brake thermal efficiency was also
penetrating the entire lattice volume and thus improved. At a high CR of 9:l and with a lean
generating a high internal surface area available for mixture (A/F=I5.7), copper catalyst increases the
adsorption and catalytic processes. The properties of absolute brake thermal efficiency from 17.7% to
zeolites or molecular sieves which make them 22.8%, decreases HC emissions from 3200 to 2300
particularly suitable for use as catalysts are their large ppm, and lowers CO emissions from 3.6 to 0.25% by
surface area, well defined and uniform pore structure, volume when compared to the normal engine
well defined crystal structure, temperature stability, (CR=7.4, A/F=13.2) at 2 kW, 3000 rpm.
easy ion-exchange method and reproducibility in VI. CONCLUSION
various forms. The iron-exchanged X-zeolite (FeX) This paper reviewed the most common existing
has been developed by ion-exchanging of 13X zeolite technologies available to reduce exhaust emission
in pelletted form (3.0 mm average diameter) with and catalytic exhaust after treatment. Methodologies
anhydrous Ferric chloride (FeCl3). The amount of the to increase temperature of catalytic converter during
metal salt used for ion-exchanging is 5% of the mass cold starting were also discussed. Finally, current
of X-zeolite. research going on to replace noble catalyst were
Randip K. Das et al. conducted experiment with the discussed.
exhaust of a stationary, 4-stroke, 3-cylinder, water- REFERENCES
cooled, SI engine with a total displacement volume of 1. Ronald M. Heck, Robert J. Farrauto, Automobile
exhaust catalysts, Applied Catalysis General, vol.
800 cc and coupled to a hydraulic dynamometer.
221, 2001, pp. 443457
Maximum conversion efficiencies of 55.8% and 2. Grigorios C. Koltsakis, Anastasios M. Stamatelos,
57.4% were recorded for NOx and CO, respectively. Catalytic automotive exhaust after treatment, Prog.
The catalyst also maintains its high performance Energy Combust. Sci., Vol. 23, pp. 1-39, 1997.
3. R.Murali Manohar et al. Bio-Diesel production and
through a wide range of temperatures.
Effect of Catalytic Converter on Emission performance
B. TiO2 & CoO with Bio-Diesel Blends, International Journal of
M A Kalam et al. presented characteristics of a new Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 2(6), 2010,
catalytic converter (catco) to be used for natural gas pp. 2133-2139.
4. M A Kalam et al. Development and test of a new
fuelled engine. The catco were developed based on
catalytic converter for natural gas fuelled engine,
catalyst materials consisting of metal oxides such as Sadhana, Vol. 34, Part 3, June 2009, pp. 467481
titanium dioxide (TiO2) and cobalt oxide (CoO) with 5. Randip K. Das et al. Theoretical and experimental
wire mesh substrate. Both of the catalyst materials analysis of iron-exchanged X-zeolite catalyst for SI
engine emission control, Experimental Thermal and
(such as TiO2 and CoO) are inexpensive in
Fluid Science, vol. 19, 1999, pp. 214222
comparison with conventional catalysts (noble 6. John P.A. Neeft et al. Diesel particulate emission
metals) such as palladium or platinum. control, Fuel Processing Technology, 47, 1996, pp. 1-
The TiO2/CoO based catalytic converter and a new 69
7. Ramesh B. Poola et al. Devices to improve the
natural gas engine such as compressed natural gas
performance of a conventional two-stroke spark
(CNG) direct injection (DI) engine were developed ignition engine, ANL/ES/CP-15485 CONF-9504174-
under a research collaboration program. The original 1
engine manufacture catalytic converter (OEM catco) 8. Ashutosh Srivastava et al. Vehicular Emission Control
technique, ETWMT-09, indo-italian Conference on
was tested for comparison purposes. The OEM catco
emerging Trends in Waste management Technologies.
was based on noble metal catalyst with honeycomb Dec. 3.1.09.
ceramic substrate. It is experimentally found that the 9. Catalytic converter
conversion efficiencies of TiO2/CoO based catalytic 10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converter
11. Bharat stage emission standard
converter are 93%, 89% and 82% for NOx, CO and
12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Stage_emission_sta
HC emissions respectively. It is calculated that the ndards
TiO2/CoO based catalytic converter reduces 24%, 13. Catalytic converter
41% and 40% higher NOx, CO and HC emissions in 14. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/catalytic-converter.htm
15. Catalyst Handbook (Johnson Matthey).
comparison to OEM catco respectively.
16. Hans Bode, Material Aspects in Automotive Catalytic
C. Copper as in-cylinder catalyst Converters, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co., 2002.
In order to investigate the application of catalytic 17. A. Takigawa et al. Methane emission from automobile
combustion, Ramesh B. Poola et al. carried out equipped with threeway catalytic converter while
driving, Energy, vol. 30, 2005, pp. 461473.
experiment with various catalysts; such as copper,
18. M. Irani et al. Monolithic three way catalytic converter
chromium, and nickel, was coated on the combustion for automobile exhaust emission control, Iranian
chamber wall for determining their effect on engine journal of mechanical engineering, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2005,
performance, combustion, and emission IAChE.
characteristics. The effect of lean fuel-air mixture and
higher compression ratio was studied with the best
catalyst among all the catalyst tested. These catalysts