How do I calculate without a calculator for IIT JEE (especially in physical chemistry)?

Calculations won't be of vital importance in the JEE. The paper setters understand that you cannot
perform lengthy calculations. In any subject, all they want to do is test your knowledge that's all. So
worry more about learning the concepts perfectly rather on trivial stuff like difficulty of calculations.
At the end of the day, all that is required of you to do well is good subject knowledge. Practice a lot of
problems and you'll be fine with the calculations.

Long answer:
Approximations and fine tuning as needed - again in approximations of increasing accuracy
(depending on answer choices). USE ALGEBRA TO THE MAX. As and when needed, of course.

First get rid of the decimals and large numbers and reduce everything to operations of simple numbers,
multiplied by 10 to the power of something. So, 62387 x .00314 would look like 6.2387 x 3.14 x 10^(4-
3). Clear? These numbers are much more manageable.You already know multiplication tables
till 10. Make maximum use of that.

Then, you want to do 6.2387 x 3.14. You can round this up in the first order as 6 x 3 = 18 as a first step.
If only one answer choice is close to this, you're good to go.

If not, you need to do it to to another order of accuracy. Like this (6+.2)x(3+.1). Use the (a+b) x (c+d)
formula. So, 6 x 3 + .6 + .6 + .02. You can ignore the last term for now since it's two decimal places.
Then it's 18+1.2.

The more accuracy you need to home in on an answer, the farther you continue. To be safe, it's a
good idea to do it to one order of accuracy more than needed.

This is a very very narrow example. As you practice, try to get your head around using algebra rules to
do calculations. You'll improve your speed snd techniques with practice. Also, series can be very useful
for things like exponentials, the first couple of terms generally suffice, use common sense.

Good luck. Don't ask follow up questions. Do it yourself and figure out your own methods. They won't
be unique (many people will use similar tricks) but you'll be more fluent in your "own" techniques.
Fight math with math. You're doing far more complex problems in algebra and analysis, so tricks for
numerical computations should be like a "warm up".

Final point: stay very "sharp" while doing these tricks. If you forget to what power you were gonna raise
that 10, you'll have a wrong answer. You may or may not remember every detail, so it's a safer bet to
write things (steps, logic whatever) down, so there's something to keep track of / recheck. You have to
be able to recheck everything (just in case you're very lucky and finish 30 minutes in advance).

For physics and chemistry, try to have a rough guess of various constants like h, h bar, c, e, log 2, ln 2,
ln 10, Avogadro number, etc. When you do numerous old exam questions, any constant you see coming
up repeatedly, you should know the approx value for. If the answer choices are easy, you can make a
crude estimation in seconds rather than a full blown calculation in minutes. Again, stay frosty.

Cheers.

Learn (how to) to learn. Understood?