Chapter 1

Introduction
1.1 Background
Electrical power exists in two main forms: alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC). The
nature of alternating current is that the voltage level can be stepped up or down by use of
transformers while that of direct current is that its possible to store in batteries. Most electrical
devices in the world today are designed around AC/DC power conversion. Its therefore necessary
to convert the DC power from storage batteries to AC power for such kind of devices. In practice,
DC/AC conversion is done by a power inverter. Inverters are used to create single or polyphase
AC voltages from a DC supply. In the class of polyphase inverters, three-phase inverters are by
far the largest group. A very large number of inverters are used for adjustable speed motor drives.
The typical inverter for this application is a hard-switched voltage source inverter producing
pulse-width modulated (PWM) signals with a sinusoidal fundamental. Recently research has
shown detrimental effects on the windings and the bearings resulting from unfiltered PWM
waveforms and recommends the use of filters. A very common application for single-phase
inverters are so-called uninterruptable power supplies (UPS) for computers and other critical
loads. Here, the output waveforms range from square wave to almost ideal sinusoids [1].
In today's market, there are two different types of inverters, modified sine wave and pure sine wave
inverter. The modified sine wave is similar to a square wave which is less efficient in power
consumption. It produces high number of harmonics which affects the devices, hence, reducing its
life time. Whereas, a pure sine wave inverter reduces the harmonics to minimum, thus increasing
the efficiency of power consumption and life time of AC appliances. It also reduces the audible
and electrical noise in audible equipment, TV's, Fluorescent lights and allows inductive load, like
fan to run faster and quieter.

1.2 Literature review

1.2.1 Definition of Inverter

An inverter is a device that converts the DC sources to AC sources. The purpose of a DC/AC
power inverter is typically to take DC power supplied by a battery, such as a 12 volt car battery,
and transform it into a 220 volt AC power source operating at 50 Hz, emulating the power available
at an ordinary household electrical outlet. Inverters are used in applications such as adjustable-
speed ac motor drivers, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) and ac appliances run from an
automobile battery.

Inverters can also be used with transformers to change a certain DC input voltage into a completely
different AC output voltage (either higher or lower) but the output power must always be less than

1
the input power: it follows from the conservation of energy that an inverter and transformer can't
give out more power than they take in and some energy is bound to be lost as heat as electricity
flows through the various electrical and electronic components. In practice, the efficiency of an
inverter is often over 90 percent, though basic physics tells us some energyhowever littleis
always being wasted somewhere [2].

1.2.2 Classification of Inverters

Two different types of inverters are available:

Modified Square Wave (Modified Sine Wave)

Pure Sine Wave (True Sine Wave)

These inverters differ in their outputs, providing varying levels of efficiency and distortion that
can affect electronic devices in different ways. The main difference between pure sine wave and
modified sine wave inverters is that the former produces a better and cleaner current. Theyre more
expensive, but for good reason [3].

1.2.3 Modified Sine Wave

A modified sine wave is similar to a square wave but instead has a stepping look to it that relates
more in shape to a sine wave. The waveform is easy to produce because it is just the product of
switching between three values at set frequencies, thereby leaving out the more complicated
circuitry needed for a pure sine wave hence provides a cheap and easy solution to powering devices
that need AC power. However it does have some drawbacks as not all devices work properly on a
modified sine wave, products such as computers and medical equipment are not resistant to the
distortion of the signal and must be run off of a pure sine wave power source Modified sine wave
inverters approximate a sine wave and have low enough harmonics that do not cause problem with
household equipments.The main disadvantage of the modified sine wave inverter is that the
voltage rises and falls abruptly, the phase angle also changes abruptly and it sits at 0 Volts for
some time before changing its polarity [4].

1.2.4 Pure Sine Wave

Pure sine wave inverter represents the latest inverter technology. The pure sine wave inverters
produce a pure sine wave output [5]. This means waveform produced by these inverters is same as
or better than the power delivered by the utility. Usually sine wave inverters are more expensive
than the modified sine waves inverters due to their added circuitry.
There are two methods in which the low voltage DC power is inverted to AC power;

2
 The low voltage DC power is first boosted to high voltage power source using a DC-DC booster
then converted to AC power using pulse width modulation.

The low voltage DC power is first converted to AC power using pulse width modulation then
boosted to high AC voltage using a boost transformer.

The second method is used in modern inverters extensively because of its ability to produce a
constant output voltage compared to the first method that require additional circuit to boost the
voltage.

1.2.5 PWM Techniques for Pure Sine Wave Inverter

Variation of duty cycle of the PWM signal provides a voltage across the load in a specific pattern
will appear to the load as AC signal. A pure sine wave is obtained after passing the signal through
a low pass filter. The pattern at which the duty cycle of a PWM signal varies can be implemented
using simple analogue components or a digital microcontroller. Either of the two basic topologies
generates sinusoidal PWM that controls the output of the inverter.

Figure 1.1 Sine wave inverter design

From figure 1, the first step of designing a sine wave inverter is signal generation of control signals
to control power switches arranged h bridge configuration to switch the DC source to AC source.

1.2.6 Filter

The idea behind realizing digital-to-analog (D/A) output from a PWM signal is to analog low-pass
filter the PWM output to remove most of the high frequency components, ideally leaving only the
D.C. component. The main reason to filter a PWM signal is to extract the modulation from the
combined signal [6]. This is depicted in Figure 6. The bandwidth of the low-pass filter will
essentially determine the bandwidth of the digital-to-analog converter.

3
 Figure 1.2 Analog Filtering of PWM Signal

Filters are classification is based on performance. They include:

Active filters (built using op-amps)

Passive filters (composed solely of resistors, inductors, and capacitors).

Active filters avoid the impedance loading issues suffered by passive filters, where the upstream
or downstream impedances surrounding the filter can change the filter properties. Passive filters
can offer lower cost and reduced design complexity.

With active filters, one must also consider the gain bandwidth of the op-amps used. The gain
bandwidth represents the upper frequency that the op-amp can effectively handle when used in a
closed-loop circuit configuration with small signal input. In terms of active low-pass filters, input
signal components with frequency above the gain bandwidth will be attenuated since the op-amp
will not have the ability to handle such frequencies. Op-amps with sufficient gain bandwidth to
handle these frequencies are relatively expensive, and at some point one may as well just use an
actual DAC chip.

Passive filters do not suffer as much from a gain bandwidth problem. The biggest drawback of
passive is always impedance related. Upstream and downstream impedances can affect the
performance properties of the filter. In the PWM/DAC application, upstream of the filter will be
the PWM output from the DSP. This is a low output-impedance source that will not significantly
affect the filter. In the downstream direction, one can use a low-cost voltage follower op-amp to
create a high-impedance input. Since the op-amp is in the signal chain after the low-pass filter, an
op-amp with large gain bandwidth is not needed.

Filters are further classified as

4
 1storder linear time-invariant filters. The continuous-time domain transfer function for a 1st order
filter is given by the equation;

(vout/vin=1/(Ts+1));

Where, the time constant is in units of seconds. It may be constructed from a single resistor and
capacitor.

2nd order linear time-invariant filters. The transfer function is given by the equation;

(vout/vin=n2/(s2+2 n+n2));

Where,n is the un-damped natural frequency in units of (rad/s), and is the non-dimensional
damping ratio. Its constructed by cascading two 1st order RC filters in series or a resister inductor
and a capacitor.

1.3 Project objective

i) To design an inverter modeled by using Orcad PSpice software.
ii) To design and implementation of Sinusoidal PWM inverter.
iii) To make comparison of the output results from PSpice simulation and the
experimental circuit.

1.4 Thesis outline

Chapter 1 explains the definition of an inverter and focuses on the literature review that related to
this thesis.

Chapter 2 discusses overview of PWM inverters. Single phase and three phase inverter are also
discussed in this chapter.

Chapter 3 discusses about sinusoidal PWM inverter. An introduction of Orcad PSpice software
and discussion of circuit diagram of this project are placed in this chapter.

Chapter 4 explains the simulation results and the experimental results.

Chapter 5 discusses the conclusion of advantages of this project. This chapter also gives the
recommendation about the future development of the project.

Chapter 2
5
 Overview of PWM inverters

2.1 Introduction
Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a powerful technique for controlling analogue with a
processors digital outputs. It is also known as pulse duration modulation (PDM). The leading edge
of the carrier pulse remains fixed and the occurrence of the trailing of the pulses varies. PWM
signals find a wide application in modern electronics [7]. Some of these reasons are:

Reduced Power Loss switched circuits tend to have lower power consumption because the
switching devices are almost always off (low current means low power) or hard-on (low voltage
drop means low power). Common circuits that utilize this feature include switched-mode power
supplies, Class D audio power amplifiers, power inverters and motor drivers. Frequently, these
circuits use semi-analogue techniques (ramps and comparators) rather than digital techniques, but
the advantages still hold.

Easy to Generate PWM signals are quite easy to generate. Many modern microcontrollers
include PWM hardware within the chip; using this hardware often takes very little attention from
the microprocessor and it can run in the background without interfering with executing code. PWM
signals are also quite easy to create directly from a comparator only requiring the carrier and the
modulating signals input into the comparator.

Digital to Analogue Conversion pulse width modulation can function effectively, as a digital
to analogue converter, particularly combined with appropriate filtering. The fact that the duty cycle
of a PWM signal can be accurately controlled by simple counting procedures is one of the reasons
why PWM signals can be used to accomplish digital-to-analogue conversion.

The desired PWM technique should have the following characteristics.

Good utilization of DC supplies voltage possibly a high voltage gain.

Linearity of voltage control.

Low amplitude of low order harmonic of output voltage to minimize the harmonic content of
output currents.

Low switching losses in inverter switches.

Sufficient time allowance for proper operation of the inverter switches and control system.

2.2 Single phase bridge inverters

2.2.1 Half-bridge VSI

6
Figure 2.1 shows the power topology of a half-bridge VSI, where two large capacitors are required
to provide a neutral point N, such that each capacitor maintains a constant voltage vi/2. Because
the current harmonics injected by the operation of the inverter are low-order harmonics, a set of
large capacitors (C+ and C) is required. It is clear that both switches S+ and S cannot be on
simultaneously because a short circuit across the dc link voltage source vi would be produced.
There are two defined (states 1 and 2) and one undefined (state 3) switch state as shown in Table
2.1. In order to avoid the short circuit across the dc bus and the undefined ac output-voltage
condition, the modulating technique should always ensure that at any instant either the top or the
bottom switch of the inverter leg is on [8].

Figure 2.1 Single-phase half-bridge VSI.

Table 2.1 Switch states for a half-bridge single-phase VSI

2.2.2 Full-bridge VSI

A H-Bridge or full-bridge converter is a switching configuration composed of four switches in

an arrangement that resembles a H. By controlling different switches in the bridge, a

7
 positive,negative, or zero-potential voltage can be placed across a load. When this load is a
motor, these states correspond to forward, reverse, and off. The use of an H-Bridge
configuration to drive a motor is shown in Figure 2.2.

Figure 2.2 H-Bridge Configuration using N-Channel MOSFETs

As shown in Figure 2.2 the H-Bridge circuit consists of four switches corresponding to high side
left, high side right, low side left, and low side right. There are four possible switch positions that
can be used to obtain voltages across the load. These positions are outlined in Table 2.2. Note that
all other possibilities are omitted, as they would short circuit power to ground, potentially causing
damage to the device or rapidly depleting the power supply.

Table 2.2 Valid H-Bridge Switch State

High Side Left High Side Right Low Side Left Low Side Right Voltage Across
Load
On Off Off On Positive
Off On On Off Negative
On On Off Off Zero Potential
Off Off On On Zero Potential

The switches used to implement an H-Bridge can be mechanical or built from solid state
transistors. Selection of the proper switches varies greatly. The use of P-Channel MOSFETs on
the high side and N-Channel MOSFETs on the low side is easier, but using all N-Channel
MOSFETs and a FET driver, lower on resistance can be obtained resulting in reduced power
loss. The use of all N-Channel MOSFETs requires a driver, since in order to turn on a highsideN-
Channel MOSFET, there must be a voltage higher than the switching voltage (in the case of a
power inverter, 12V). This difficulty is often overcome by driver circuits capable of charging an
external capacitor to create additional potential.

2.3 Performance parameter of inverters

i. Harmonic factor of nth harmonic, HFn

8
It is a measure of individual harmonic contribution. HFn versus the control parameter gives the
harmonic profile of the inverter. Small HFn value is desired [9].

= > 1
01

ii. Total harmonic distortion, THD

It is a measure of closeness in shape between a waveform and its fundamental component

(sinusoidal waveform). THD = 0 means sinusoidal wave.

1 2
=
1
=2,3,

iii. Distortion Factor, DF

DF indicates the amount of HD that remains in a particular waveform after the harmonics of that
waveform have been subjected to the second order attenuation (i.e. divided by n2)

iv. DF of nth harmonic component, DFn

= > 1
1 2

v. Lowest-order harmonic, LOH

LOH is that harmonic component whose frequency is closest to the fundamental one. Its amplitude
is normally > 3% of the fundamental component. High LOH is desired.

3% 1

2.4 Voltage control of single phase inverters

Pulse Width Modulation method is a fixed dc input voltage is given to the inverters and a controlled
ac output voltage is obtained by adjusting the on and off periods of the inverter components [10].
This is the most popular method of controlling the output voltage and in this method is known as
pulse width modulation (PWM) control.

Different types of PWM control technique is given as follows:

i. Single pulse width modulation (Single PWM)

9
 ii. Multiple pulse width modulation (MPWM)
iii. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM)
iv. Modified Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (MSPWM)
v. Phase displacement control

2.4.1 Single Pulse Width Modulation (Single PWM)

In single pulse width modulation control technique only one pulse will be there for every half
cycle. The width of the single pulse can be adjusted in order to control the output voltage of the
inverter. By comparingrectangular reference signal of amplitude (Ar) and a triangular carrier wave
(Ac), the gating signals can be generated as shown in Figure 2.3. This generated gating signal is
used to control the output of single phase full bridge inverter [10]. The fundamental frequency of
the output voltage is determined by the frequency of the reference signal. For this technique the
amplitude modulation index (M) can be defined as

= , whereas the instantaneous output voltage of the inverter can be given as

V0 = VS (S1-S4).

Figure 2.3 Generation of Single pulse width modulation

2.4.2 Multiple Pulse Width Modulation (MPWM)

10
The main drawback of single PWM technique is high harmonic content. In order to reduce the
harmonic content, the multiple PWM technique is used, in which several pulses are given in each
half cycle of output voltage. The generation of gating signal is achieved by comparing the reference
signal of the amplitude (Ar) with a triangular carrier wave (Ac) as shown Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4 Generation of Multiple pulse width modulation

The output frequency (fo) is determined by the frequency of the reference signal. The output
voltage can be controlled by modulation index.The number of pulses (p) per half cycle is calculated
by the carrier frequency (fc). Number of pulses per half cycle is found by

= =
2 2

Where, = , called as frequency modulation ratio.

The instantaneous output voltage of the inverter can be given as V0 = VS (S1-S4).

2.4.3 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM)

11
Figure 2.5 explains the generation of a sinusoidal PWM signal, which finds more applications in
industries. The gating signal can be generated by comparing a sinusoidal reference signal with a
triangular carrier wave and the width of each pulse varied proportionally to the amplitude of a sine
wave evaluated at the center of the same pulse.

The output frequency (fo) of the inverter can be found by using the frequency of the reference
signal (fr). Therms output voltage (Vo) can be controlled by modulation index M and in turn
modulation index is controlled by peak amplitude (Ar). The voltage can be calculated by V0 = VS
(S1-S4). The number of pulses per half cycle depends on the carrier frequency.

The gating signal can be produced by using the unidirectional triangular carrier wave.

Figure 2.5 Generation of Sinusoidal pulse width modulation

2.4.4 Modified Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

When considering sinusoidal PWM waveform, the pulse width does not change significantly with
the variation of modulation index. The reason is due to the characteristics of the sine wave. Hence
this sinusoidal PWM technique is modified so that the carrier signal is applied during the first and
last 60 intervals per half cycle as shown in Figure 2.6. The fundamental component is increased
and its harmonic characteristics are improved. The main advantages of this technique is increased
fundamental component,improved harmonic characteristics, reduced number of switching power
devices and decreased switching losses.

12
 Figure 2.6 Generation of Modified sinusoidal pulse width modulation

2.4.5 Phase displacement control

Voltage control can be obtained by using multiple inverters and summing the output voltages of
individual inverters [11]. A single phase full bridge inverter in Fig. 2.7, can be perceived as the
sum of half bridge inverters. A 180 phase displacement produces an output voltage as shown in
Fig. 2.7c, whereas a displacement angle of produces an output as shown in Fig. 2.7e.

Figure 2.7Phase displacement control

13
2.5 Three-phase inverter
Single-phase VSIs cover low-range power applications and three-phase VSIs cover medium- to
high-power applications. The main purpose of these topologies is to provide a three-phase voltage
source, where the amplitude, phase, and frequency of the voltages should always be controllable.
Although most of the applications require sinusoidal voltage waveforms (e.g. ASDs, UPSs,
FACTS, var compensators), arbitrary voltages are also required in some emerging applications
(e.g. active filters, voltage compensators). The standard three-phase VSI topology is shown in
Figure 2.8 and the eight valid switch states are given in Table 2.3.

Figure 2.8A 3-phase voltage source inverter using power transistors.

Figure 2.9 Switching sequence for six-step output of 3-phase VSI

14
 Figure 2.10 Line to line output voltages of 3-phase VSI

Table 2.3 Valid switch states for a three-phase VSI

As in single-phase VSIs, the switches of any leg of the inverter (S1 and S4, S3 and S6, or S5 and S2)
cannot be switched on simultaneously because this would result in a short circuit across the dc link
voltage supply. Similarly, in order to avoid undefined states in the VSI, and thus undefined ac
output line voltages, the switches of any leg of the inverter cannot be switched off simultaneously
as this will result in voltages that will depend upon the respective line current polarity. Of the eight
valid states, two of them (7 and 8 in Table 2.3) produce zero ac line voltages. In this case, the ac

15
line currents freewheel through either the upper or lower components. The remaining states (1 to
6 in Table 2.3) produce non-zero ac output voltages. In order to generate a given voltage waveform,
the inverter moves from one state to another. Thus the resulting ac output line voltages consist of
discrete values of voltages that are Vi, 0, and Vi for the topology shown in Figure 2.8. The
selection of the states in order to generate the given waveform is done by the modulating technique
that should ensure the use of only the valid states.

16
 Chapter 3
Sinusoidal PWM Inverter
3.1 Introduction
Recent developments in power electronics and semiconductor technology have lead improvements
in power electronic systems. A voltage source inverter provides variable voltage and frequency
supply required by ac drives. For obtaining variable voltage supply pulse width modulation
technique proves to be useful. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation is one of the popular techniques
used for obtaining controlled output from inverters [12]. In Sinusoidal PWM inverter the widths
of the pole-voltage pulses, over the output cycle, vary in a sinusoidal manner. The scheme, in its
simplified form, involves comparison of a high frequency triangular carrier voltage with a
sinusoidal modulating signal that represents the desired fundamental component of the pole
voltage waveform. The peak magnitude of the modulating signal should remain limited to the peak
magnitude of the carrier signal. The comparator output is then used to control the high side and
low side switches of the particular pole [13].

3.2 Circuit diagram of Sinusoidal PWM Inverter

Figure 3.1 Circuit diagram of Sinusoidal PWM Inverter

17
3.3 Block diagram

Figure 3.2 Block diagram of Sinusoidal PWM Inverter

3.4 Description of Block diagram

Analog circuitry, as well as discrete components, a MOSFET drive integrated circuit and a low
pass filter is all that is necessary to generate an AC sine wave across a load. The block diagram
shown in Figure 3.2 shows the varying parts of the project that will be addressed. The control
circuit is comprised of three basic blocks, the six volt reference, sine wave generator and triangle
wave generator; when these blocks are implemented with comparators and other small analog
circuitry they control the PWM signals that the two MOSFET drivers will send. The PWM signals
are fed into these MOSFET drivers that perform level translation to drive four N-Channel
MOSFETs in an H-Bridge configuration. From here the signal is sent through a low pass LC filter
so that the output delivers a pure sine wave.

3.5 Introduction of Orcad PSpice

SPICE is an analog circuit simulator and stands for Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit
Emphasis that was developed in the late 1970s for IC analysis and design at the University of
California at Berkeley. Spice is widely used industry and a new BSEE graduate is expected to be

18
familiar with the program. PSpice is one of the many commercial SPICE derivatives, and has been
developed by MicroSim Corporation. Pspice is a version of the original Simulation program with
integrated circuit Emphasis program that have been adapted for PC. PSpice is the program, which
carries out the actual simulation of the circuit. Normally, one describes a circuit (using the
PSpice language) on a text editor. PSpice simulates the circuit, and calculates its electrical
characteristics. If we need a graphical output, PSpice can transfer its data to the Probe program for
graphing purposes. Also Pspice is a simulation program that models the behavior of a circuit [14-
15].

3.6 Circuit design in Orcad PSpice

3.6.1 Design circuit in PSpice Schematics

1. Launch PSpice Schematic Student by left-clicking of mouse on StartPSpice Student

Schematics. PSpice Schematics will launch and we see the following interface.

2. By clicking on menu Filenew, a new blank schematic sheet will appear as below. Now we
can design our circuit schematic on it.

19
3. First we have to save schematic design as a file. By clicking on menu Filesave, we can see
popup window, then select the directory and save the file.

4. Now we are ready to design the circuit in schematics. First we need to place all the parts in our
circuit. For this purpose we click on menu DrawGet new part. Or alternatively, just by clicking
on the small shortcut icon of Get New Part, as circled in the following figure we can give our
desire components.

20
5. After that we select the components which we need to complete the circuit.

6. We connect the components by using the wire.

7. Select proper values of the components.

8. And finally we simulate the circuit to obtain the simulation result.

21
 Chapter 4
Results and Discussion

4.1 Simulation Results

Fig 4.1: Circuit Diagram of Single-Phase Sinusoidal PWM Inverter

22
Fig 4.2: Reference Sinusoidal wave of 50 Hz Frequency

Sine waves are frequently used because of their ease of representation and some specific
advantageous characteristics. The sine or sinusoidal wave is a curve that describes a
smooth repetitive oscillation. We can define the sine wave as The wave form in which
the amplitude is always proportional to sine of its displacement angle at every point of
time.

All waves can be made by adding up sine waves. The sine wave has repetitive pattern.
The length of this repeating piece of the sine wave is called the wavelength.

Its most basic form as a function of time (t) is

Y(t)= A sin (2ft+ ) =A sin (t+ )

Where

A is the amplitude,

F is the frequency,

23
 = 2f, angular frequency, is phase.

Fig 4.3: Reference Sinusoidal Wave and its Inverted Sine Wave

Fig 4.4: Reference Sinusoidal Wave and Carrier Unidirectional Triangular wave

Fig 4.5: Output of Comparator, Ref Sinusoidal wave and Carrier wave

24
Fig 4.6: (a) Gate drive signals for MOSFETs M1 and M2(yellow color), (b)
Gate drive signals for MOSFETs M3 and M4 (sky color)

Fig 4.7: Inverter output voltage wave shape

Fig 4.8: Inverter output voltage wave and Reference sinusoidal wave

25
4.2 Experimental Results

26
Fig 4.9: Photograph of the Experimental Setup

Fig: Input Sine wave

27
Fig: Input Triangular Wave

Fig: Inverter Output across R12

Fig: Upper OPM input

28
Fig: Dual mode of Inverter Input and modified Triangular wave

Fig: Signal across R14

Fig: Final output across the load

29
 Chapter 5
Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion

A simple gate-pulse generating circuit for single-phase MOSFET based PWM inverter has been
designed and implemented in this project. The circuit was simulated using orCAD Pspice. The
PWM gate pulses for the four MOSFETs of the inverter are generated by comparing a sinusoidal
reference wave with a high frequency unidirectional triangular carrier wave. The inverter circuit
was implemented and tested practically in the laboratory. Single-phase bridge inverter is widely
used for various industrial applications such as speed control of AC motors, photovoltaic interface,
flexible AC transmission system and power conditioning devices.

5.1 Recommendation for further study

The results shown are being carried out for an open loop system. So for a closed loop system,
better results can be obtained by implementing appropriate feedback and control systems.
Moreover, voltage can be regulated and inverter can be controlled more independently if we
realize this design using Microcontroller and feedback control (closed loop inverter) especially
for high power applications.

30
 References
1. Michael Giesselmann, Overview of Inverters.
2. http://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-inverters-work.html.
3. https://www.analyticsystems.com/blog/2013/inverters-modified-sine-wave-vs-pure-sine-
wave.
4. http://www.samlexamerica.com/support/faqs/faq02.aspx.
5. http://www.hyclassproject.com/design-and-construction-of-a-7-5kva-pure-sine-wave-
power-inverter-system.html.
6. Jim Wagna, Filtering PWM signals, Rev 3, October 2009.
7. Sanjay Dixit, AmbreeshTripathi and VikasChola, 800VA Pure Sine Wave Inverters
Reference Design, Texas Instruments Application Report.
8. Daniel W. Hart, Introduction to Power Electronics.
9. Muhammad H. Rashid,Power electronics handbook, 3rd edition.
10. Azuan Bin Alias, Modeling and Simulation of Single phase Inverter with PWM using
MATLAB/SIMULINK, University Malaysia Pahang, November 2007.
11. Md. Imran Azim and Md. FayzurRahman, Performance Improvement of Phase
Displacement Modulated Inverter, International Journal of Electrical Energy, Vol.1,
No.4, December 2013.
12. Swati P. Awate and N.B.Wagh, Sinusoidal PWM Inverter fed Induction Motor Drive,
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 31
Number 5- January 2016.
13. Sine PWM and its Realization, Version 2 EE IIT, Kharagpur.
14. Minh Anh Nguyen, Pspice Tutorial.
15. X. Xiong, PSPICE Schematic Student 9.1 Tutorial.

31