IM2- 1

3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

EXAMPLES OF MOTOR OPERATION

At the base of equivalent circuit showing one phase of multi-phase motor

we can consider different possibilities of motor operation, depending on

its speed n, slip s and, therefore, the values of:

1 s
resistance R2'
s

2 1 s
and the power I2' R2'
s

a) n = n1 (s = 0 ) - ideal no-load operation (zero torque)

1 s
R2' = (electrical equivalent circuit is opened no-load).
s

Output power shown by means of this resistance is zero (I2=0).

b) n = 0 (s = 1) (the shaft is blocked is locked locked rotor state)

1 s
R2' =0 (electrical eq. circuit is short circuited:
s
short-circuit state of the motor).

Output power shown by means of this resistance is zero.

 IM2- 2

c) Operation of induction machine with 0 < n < n1 (motor operation)

Sankeys diagram energy (power) balance diagram:

P1 = m1 I 1U 1 cos

PCu1 = m1I12R1 - stator copper loss

( m1 - number of phases)
PFe - stator core loss (can be
determined from the no-load test)

The remainder: Pe = P1 PCu1 PFe

is called electromechanical power

or ideal power. Physically it is power
transferred from the stator to rotor by
means of magnetic field (through the
air gap). It is a power delivered to the
rotor!

From the equivalent circuit:

R' 1 s
Pe = m1I2'2 2 = m1I2'2R2' + m1I2'2R2'
s s
rotor copper mechanical power Pm
loss PCu 2 or rotor developed power
PCu 2 = sPe Pm = Pe PCu 2

From the first relation: the value of slip s should be as small as

possible to limit the value of rotor copper loss.
In practice s is at the range of several %, therefore f 2 = sf 1 is very Rotor core loss is not even
shown at Sankeys diagram.
small and rotor iron (core) loss is small and can be neglected.

After subtraction mechanical loss (power loss due to friction & windage
of rotating rotor) from Pm we get:
Pm Pm = P2 (or Pout or P ) shaft output power

P2 Pout
Efficiency of energy (power) conversion: = =
P1 Pin

For further consideration lets take the mechanical power which

1 s
corresponds to the power appearing across the resistance R2' . This
s
power is connected with the torque- electromechanical torque
rad
driving the rotor with the speed n (or in ):
s
1 s
Pm = m1I2'2R2'
s
Electromechanical torque

Pm 60m1 1 s
Te = = I2'2R2' in [Nm] or [Nm]
2n1(1 s ) s
 IM2- 3

From simplified equivalent circuit:

With two following
simplifications:
R2'
a) R1 << - and can
s
be neglected,
b) parallel branch is
neglected,
U1
I2' =
2

(X 1+ X 2')2 R'
+ 2
s

Substitution I 2' to Te relation yields:

60m1 R2' U12

Te = In general Te = f (s, U1, f , R2 )
2n1
(
s X1 + X 2')2 R '2
+ 2
s

The torque developed in the machine is proportional to the voltage

squared.

Testing of the function Te = f (s ) for U, f , R2 = const yields the following

results:

torqueslip curve
There are two critical points
60m1 U12
Tmax =
2n1 2 X1 + X 2' ( ) Notice that the maximum
(breakdown) torque is
breakdown torque maximum proportional to the voltage
torque that can be developed in squared and inversely
IM for given voltage U 1 and proportional to frequency
squared (n1 and X f).
frequency f .

Tmax doesnt depend upon R2 !

R2'
smax = breakdown slip smax R2 !
X1 + X 2'

The same result in other coordinates

torquespeed curve Kloss formula

T 2
=
Tmax smax s
+
s smax

Ts - starting torque.

Usually smax is at the range of

about 10%.
 IM2- 4

STABILITY OF THE MOTOR OPERATION

The motor operates with

constant speed when torque
balance is zero:

Te Tload = 0

From two possible points A & B

only point B corresponds to
stable operation.

Stable region of T-n curve

Stable region is for 0 < s < smax

N - point of nominal operation

( TN ; n N - nominal torque,
nominal speed).

Adequate surplus of stability is required. Usually minimum value of

torque ratio required by users is 2:

Tmax
2 stability margin
TN

For motor driving the load having fan-type torque-speed characteristic it

can happen that stable operation occurs for very low speed:

Such operation is very

dangerous for normal
construction motor:
1
n n1 s 0,5
2
PCu 2 0,5Pe

what means:

- very high rotor copper loss!,

- very low efficiency!.
 IM2- 5
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE

Consider a 3-phase induction machine (motor) of rating:

PN = 75 kW rated power (always must be understood as output one)

UN = 220/380 V rated voltage (for two possible connections)
cosN = 0.85 rated power factor
N = 0.92 rated efficiency
f = 50 Hz
nN = 975 rev/min rated speed
Pm = 0.5%PN mechanical loss at rated speed
R1 = 0.033 stator winding (phase) resistance

Calculate:
1) Nominal stator current (line) for star and delta connections of stator
winding,
2) Apparent nominal power SN (power drawn by the stator from the
line),
3) Active and reactive power absorbed from the mains for nominal load,
4) Nominal torque and nominal slip,
5) Iron core loss.

1.
P1N PN 75 103
I1NY = = = = 145.7 A
3UN cos N 3UNNcos N 3 380 0.92 0.85
PN 75 103
I1N = = = 251.7 A
3UNN cos N 3 220 0.92 0.85

P1N 75
2. S1N = = = 95.9 kVA
cos N 0.92 0.85

PN 75
3. P1N = = = 81.52 kW
N 0.92
Q1N = S1N sin N = 95.9 1 0.852 = 50.5 kvar

PN 75 103
4. TN = 9.55 = 9.55 = 734.6 N m
nN 975
n nN 1000 975
sN = 1 = = 0.025 sN = 2.5%
n1 1000

2
5. PCu1N = 3INph R1 = 3 145.72 0.033 = 2.102 kW

Pe = P1N PFeN PCu1N

PN = Pm Pm = Pe (1 s ) Pm

from this set of equations the unknown PFeN is

PN + Pm 75(1 + 0.005 )
PFeN = P1N PCu1N = 81.52 2.102 = 2.11 kW
1 s 1 0.025
 IM2- 6
BASIC CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDUCTION MACHINE

Slip-ring induction machine

Idea of construction

Example of connections

Basic characteristics
 IM2- 7
Squirrel-cage machine (squirrel-cage motor, cage motor)

Different possible profiles of rotor slots and cage bars

Double-cage motor

Deep-bar rotor (deep-bar squirrel-cage induction motor)

 IM2- 8

STARTING OF INDUCTION MOTORS

Slip-ring motor starting

Cage motor starting

Star-delta starting (most popular for the motors of rated power above 5 kW).
 IM2- 9
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE

About induction motor of rating as in previous numerical example:

PN = 75 kW
UN = 220/380 V
cosN = 0.85
N = 0.92
f = 50 Hz
nN = 975 rev/min
Pm = 0.5%PN
R1 = 0.033

we know that it is a squirrel cage motor having the breakdown torque

ratio Tmax/TN=Tb/TN=2.2, starting torque ratio Ts/TN=1.3 and rated starting
current ratio IsN/IN=6. Calculate:

1. Values of starting torque and currents for direct switch-on starting (at
nominal conditions of supply),
2. Starting torque and current for Y/ starting.

1.
a) for Y connection (stator connected in Y, U=UN=380 V)

TsN=1.3TN=1.3734.6=954.98 Nm

IsNY=6INY=6145.7=874.2 A

b) for connection (stator connected in , U=UN=220 V)

TsN=1.3TN=1.3734.6=954.98 Nm

IsN=6IN=6251.7=1510.2 A

2.
stator circuit connected in Y and supplied from the mains 3220 V:

1 6
IsY = 6 INY = 145.7 = 504.72 A
3 3

1
6 INY
IsY 3 1
= =
IsN 6 3 INY 3

2 2
U 1 1 1
TsY = TsN = TsN = TsN = 954.98 = 318.33 N m
UN 3 3 3
 IM2- 10
SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR

By means of rotor resistance

By means of line voltage

By means of slip-power recovery

 IM2- 11
By means of frequency

SPECIAL APPLICATION OF INDUCTION MACHINE

INDUCTION REGULATOR

Rotor position is controlled by means of worm gear (worm/pinion

device).
Controlled voltage (AC) source 0 2V1 (laboratory application).