AIIMSSRJULY2015

PROSTHODONTICS
1. DIEM2forcompletelyedentulousarchimplantrehabilitationisgivenby:
a) Paulomaulo
b) PeterTarnow
c) Branemark
d) Misch
Ans:a)Paulomaulo

DIEM: (TEETH IN A DAY) Immediate FullArch Rehabilitation. DIEM2:

REHABILITATIONOFBOTHUPPERANDLOWERARCH.

DIEM 2/allonfour treatment concept provides edentulous arches with an immediately

loaded,fixedprosthesisusingfourimplants:Twoimplantsintheanteriorregionofthejaw
whichareorientedstraightand2posteriorimplants,whicharetilteddistally.
"Allonfour" concept involves the use of four implants restored with straight and angled
multiunit abutments, which support a provisional, fixed, and immediately loaded, fullarch
prosthesis placed on the same day of surgery. "DIEM 2 concept" involves placing the four
implantsinbothmaxillaandthemandibleandimmediatelyloadingthemonthesaydayof
thesurgery.

2. W:PratiofortypeIIIgypsumproduct:
a) 0.280.30
b) 0.250.28
c) 0.450.50
d) 0.350.40
Ans:a) 0.280.30 Ref:(Ref.Phillips12thEdPg190)
TA
3. Mostacceptedtheoryforsettingofgypsumproduct:
a) Colloidaltheory
b) Hydrationtheory
c) Dissolutionprecipitationtheory
d) Phaseconversion
Ans:c) Dissolutionprecipitationtheory Ref:(Ref.Phillips12thEdPg183)
Therearethreetheoriesofgypsumsetting.
1. Thecolloidaltheoryproposesthat,whenmixedwithwater,hemihydrateentersinto
thecolloidalstatethroughasolgelmechanism.Inthesolstate,hemihydrateparticles
arehydratedtoformdihydrate,therebyenteringintoanactivestate.Asthemeasured
amountofwaterisconsumed,themassconvertstoasolidgel.
2. The hydration theory suggests that rehydrated plaster particles unite through
hydrogenbondingwithsulfategroupstoformthesetmaterial.
3. Themostwidelyacceptedmechanismisthedissolutionprecipitationtheory,which
is based on dissolution of the hemihydrate particles in water followed by instant
recrystallization to the dihydrate. This reaction has become possible because the
solubilityofhemihydrateinwaterisfourtimesgreaterthanthatofthedehydratenear
roomtemperature(Figure94).

4. Whichofthefollowingisfalseaboutgypsumproduct:
a) Alfahemihydraterequiredmorewaterfordissolutionthanbetahemihydrate.
b) Alfaandbetahemihydrateareformofgypsum
c) Alfa crystal have rods and prism shape crystal while beta have orthorhombic
crystals
d) GumArabicdecreasethesettingofgypsumbyformingalayerongypsum

Ans:a) Alfahemihydraterequiredmorewaterfordissolutionthanbetahemihydrate.

Depending on the method of calcination, different forms of hemihydrate can be obtained

these are: hemihydrate, modified hemihydrate and hemihydrate. Because of differences
incrystalsize,surfacearea,anddegreeoflatticeperfection,theresultingpowdersareoften
referredtoashemihydratefordentalstoneandhemihydrateforplasterofParis.The
hemihydrate crystals are characterized by their sponginess and irregular shaped
orthorhombiccrystals.Incontrast,thehemihydratecrystalsaredenserandhaveaprismatic
shape.Dentalstoneisproducedintheformofrodsorprisms.
 Thehemihydrateproducesamuchstrongerandharderdihydratestructurethanthat
resultingfromhemihydrate.Thechiefreasonforthisdifferenceisthatthehemihydrate
crystalsaremoreirregularinshapeandporousincharacterandrequiremorewatertowetthe
powderparticlessothattheycanbestirredandpoured.

5. Trueaboutgypsumproduct:
a) Gypsum>20%acceleratethesettingofcalciumsulphatehemihydrates
b) BoraxandNaCldecreasesthesettingofgypsumbyformingalayerofcalcium
sulphatehemihydrateswhichislesssoluble
c) Coolerwaterhassignificanteffectonsettingofgypsum
d) Glue and gelatin form a layer over hemihydrates resulting in decrease in
solubilityinwater

Ans: d) Glue and gelatin form a layer over hemihydrates resulting in decrease in
solubilityinwater (Ref.Phillips12thEdPg185186)

Retarderactsbyforminganadsorbedlayeronthehemihydratetoreduceitssolubilityand
onthegypsumcrystalspresenttoinhibitgrowth.Eg.Organicmaterialsuchasglue,gelatin
andsomegums.Anothertypesofretarderconsistofsaltthatformsalayerofacalciumsalt
thatislesssolublethaninthesulphate.Eg.Borax,potassiumcitrateandNaCI(20%).
Accelerators:Gypsum(<20%),potassiumsulphate(>2%),orNaCI(<2%).

Otherfactors:
1. Fine gypsum particle residues from incomplete calcination or addition by the
manufacturer will shorten the setting time because of the increase in the number of
nuclei.
2. W/P ratio: The use of a higher W/P ratio decreases the number of nuclei per unit
volume. Consequently, the setting time is prolonged. An increase in the W/P ratio
alsocausesadecreaseinthestrengthandadecreaseinthesettingexpansionofthe
setgypsumproducts.
3. MIXING: within practical limits, the longer and the more rapidly the gypsum
productismixed,theshorteristhesettingtime.

6. Basemetalalloyisbetterthangoldalloywhichaspect:
a) Lightweight
b) BetterCorrosionresistance
 c) Theyarewhitishincolor,naturalhueisnotpresent
d) Basemetalalloyhavelowermodulusofelasticitythangoldalloy
Ans:a)Lightweight (Ref.Phillips12thEdPg.384)

7. TrueaboutWroughtalloyis:
a) UsedforconstructionofRetainersinMarylandbridge
b) UsedasretentiveclaspofanObturator
c) UsedforconstructionofbothRetentiveandreciprocalandofcastpartialdenture
d) Hasgranulargrainstructure
Ans: b) Used as retentive clasp of an Obturator (Ref. Stewarts Removable Partial
Denture4thEdPg.76)

In 1965, Applegate introduced a modified wroughtwire clasp assembly known as the

"combination clasp. The combination clasp consists of an occlusal rest, a cast metal
reciprocalarm,andawroughtwireretentivearm.Thewroughtwirecomponentiscircular
in cross section, thereby permitting flexure in all directions. This omnidirectional flexure
allows the clasp to flex in all planes and can minimize the transfer of potentially harmful
forces to the abutment. The combination clasp is most frequently indicated on an abutment
adjacenttoaKennedyClassIorClassIIposterioredentulousareawhentheusableundercut
islocatedatthemesiofaciallineangleofthemostposteriorabutment.
ADVANTAGE: The improved flexibility more esthetic tooth coverage is markedly
decreaseddecreasedcariesincidence
DISADVANTAGE: additional steps during laboratory construction prone to damage
orbreakageclaspassemblydoesnotpossessthebracingorstabilizingqualitiesofmost
circumferentialclasps.
8. Patientexperiencediscomfortandpainduetocastpartialdentureduringfunction.
Onexamination,noimperfectionwasfoundonthetissuesurfaceoftheprosthesis.
Thepossiblereasonmaybe:
a) Faultyplacementofretentiveterminal
b) Inadequaterestseat
c) Occlusioncontactishigh
d) Inadequatemajorconnectordesign
Ans:b) Inadequaterestseat (Ref.Stewarts4thEdPg.43)
Forces that are applied to a removable partial denture must be transferred to the
supportingteethandtissuesinanatraumaticfashion.Thecomponentsofaremovablepartial
denture that transfer forces down the long axes of the abutment teeth are called rests. The
preparedsurfacesoftheteethintowhichrestsfitarecalledrestseats.
Therelationshipbetweenarestandarestseatmustbesuchthatforcestransmittedfrom
the prosthesis to an abutment are directed apically down the long axis of the tooth. In this
manner,stresscanbeabsorbedbythefibersoftheperiodontalligament.
Primary rests prevent vertical movement of prosthesis toward the tissues and also help
transmit applied forces to the supporting teeth. The transmission of lateral forces may be
increasedbydeepeningtheaccompanyingrestseats,butthisshouldbedoneonlyforentirely
toothsupportedprostheses.Inallotherapplications,restseatsshouldbeshallowandsaucer
shaped, and should function as ballandsocket joints. This geometry permits dissipation of
potentiallyharmfullateralforces.

9. Whichofthefollowingmaterialisnotusedforduplicationofcast:
a) Alginate
b) Silicon
c) Polyether
d) Agar
Ans:c) Polyether (Ref.Phillips12thEdPg170)

DISADVANTAGEOFPOLYETHER:isStiff,highmodulusofelasticityleadstodifficultto
removefromundercutsandtherefractorymaterialswhichisusetopourtheduplicatedcastis
verybrittle.
Othermentionedmaterialscanbeusedforduplicationforcast.

10. Allofthefollowingarecomplicationofzygomaticimplant,except:
a) Postoperativesinusitis
b) Liplaceration
 c) Oroantralfistula
d) Subconjunctivalhematoma
Ans:c) Oroantralfistula

Zygomatic implant complications: orbital lesions (suborbital haematoma), maxillary sinus

posterior wall and infratemporal fossa perforation, intraoperative bleeding, nerve lesions
(infraorbitalnerve),sinuspathology,andliplesionduringthedrilling.

11. A 40 yrs. old male comes to dept. underwent surgery for resection of portion of
maxillaandnose.Mostofpremaxillawasremovedandremainingteethonopposite
sidewerefewandperiodontallycompromised.ThepatientisaknowncaseofNon
Hodgkin lymphoma, has undergone surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy 6
monthsago.Whatisthechoiceofrehabilitativeprocessforthispatient:
a) MaxillaryObturatorandspectacleretainedacrylicnasalprosthesis
b) MaxillaryObturatorandseparateimplantretainednasalprosthesis
c) MaxillaryObturatorandmagnetretainednasalprosthesis
d) MaxillaryObturatorandadhesiveretainednasalprosthesis
Ans:c) MaxillaryObturatorandmagnetretainednasalprosthesis

Spectacle retained prosthesis has several disadvantages: of Patient has to remove the
prosthesis with spectacle and Movement of prosthesis margin with the movement of
spectacle.
DIASADVANGEOFADHESIVERETAINEDPROSTHESIS:Decreaseinefficacywith
continualuse,Possibilityofanallergicresponse,Disturbanceoftheadhesivebondbyfacial
movementandperspiration,Dailyremovalandreapplicationforhygiene.
DIASADVANGE OF acrylic nasal prosthesis: unaesthetic appearance, photographic
reflections.
Inthiscasemagnetretainedprosthesisispreferredoptionascomparedtoothers.

12. Whichofthefollowingistrueabutalignmentoftooth:
a) Maxillaryanteriorteethareinclineddistally,posteriorteethinclineddistally
b) Maxillaryanteriordistally,posteriormesially
c) Mandibularanteriorsareinclinedmesially,posteriorsareinclinedmesially
d) Mandibular anteriors are almost straight and posteriors are slightly mesially
inclined.
Ans: c) Mandibular anteriors are inclined mesially, posteriors are inclined mesially
(RefOkeson7thEdPg47)
Inthemandibulararchbottheanteriorandposteriorteetharemesiallyinclined.Thesecond
and third molars are more incline than the premolars. In the maxillary arch a different
patternofinclinationexists.Theanteriorteetharegenerallymesiallyinclined,withthemost
posteriormolarsbeingdistallyinclined.

13. Halflifeofmonomeris:
a) Notabsorbedbybloodandexcreted
b) 24hrs
c) 36hrs
d) 2040min
Ans:a)2040min(Ref:Philips12thedpg495)

Residualmonomerthatdoesreachthebloodstreamisrapidlyhydrolyzedtomethacrylicacid
andexcreted.Itisestimatedthatthehalflifeofmethylmethacrylateincirculatingbloodis
20 to 40 minutes (some books say it is 3 hours). The absorbed monomer is excreted
throughurineandbreath.

14. If paralleling tool is placed adjacent to proximal surface of a terminal abutment,

touchesthecervicalaspectoftooth,whatshouldbedonetoestablishguidingplane:
a) Tiltingofcastfollowedbyjacketcrown
b) Tiltingofcastfollowedbyjacketcrownorenameloplastyasrequired
c) Enameloplastyfollowedbyjacketcrownifrequired
d) Enameloplastywhichdependsonthicknessofenamel
Ans:b)Tiltingofcastfollowedbyjacketcrownorenameloplastyasrequired
15. Howthearticulardiscseenfromanterior/frontview:
a) Mesiallythickerthanlateral
b) Thinnestatcenterandthickeratanteriorandposteriorregion
c) Uniformthicknessthroughout
d) Thickerposteriorandthinneranteriorly
Ans:a) Mesiallythickerthanlateral (Ref.Okeson7thEdPg57)
From an anterior view, the disc is generally thicker medially than laterally, which
corresponds to the increased space between the condyle and the articular fossa toward the
medialofthejoint.

16. Whatisthemainconcernduringplacementofimplantforearprosthesis:
a) PresenceofSigmoidsinusundermastoidprocess(9.6%)
b) PresenceofMastoidaircellinmastoidprocess(13.5%)
c) Presenceofmajornervesandvesselsinthatarea
d) Presenceofthickskininthatarea
Ans:a) PresenceofMastoidaircellinmastoidprocess(13.5%)
(Ref.osseointegrationincraniofacialreconstructionPerIngvarBranemarkpg.121)

17. WhatisthemainproblemassociatedwithAdhesiveretainedearprosthesis:
a) Movementofskinduringfacialexpressioninthatareareducestheeffectiveness
ofadhesive
b) Presence of sweat glands in that area dilute the adhesive and reduce its
effectiveness
c) Skininthatareaissensitivetoadhesive
d) Orientationofauricularprosthesisisdifficult
Ans:a) Movementofskinduringfacialexpressioninthatareareducestheeffectiveness
ofadhesive
(Ref.ClinicalMaxillofacialprostheticsPg.286)
Theauricularprosthesishastendencytorotatewithtissuemovementduetochangesin
facialexpressionormandibularmovement.

18. WhichofthefollowingSoftlinermaterialnotusedforcompletedenturerelining:
a) Siliconwithadditionreaction
b) Polyurethane
c) Polyphosphazine
d) Vinylresin
Ans:b)Polyurethane (Refphillips12thEdPg494)
Materialsusedfordenturerelining:
Silicones
Plasticizedpolymerorcopolymer
Polyphosphazenefluoroelastomer
Vinylresins

19. PathofinsertionofRPDdependson:
a) Guiding plane, position of edentulous area, Retentive areas, Interference,
Aesthetics
b) Guidingplane,Retentiveareas,Interference,Aesthetics
c) Guiding plane, Retentive areas, Interference, Aesthetics and area of missing
tooth.
d) Positionofedentulousareaandesthetics
Ans: b) Guiding plane, Retentive areas, Interference, Aesthetics (McCrackens 11th
EdPg172)

20. Eviscerationis:
a) Removalofglobeofeyesparingtheextraocularmuscles
b) Removalofglobeofeyesacrificingextraocularmusclesandeyelid
c) Allthecontentsofeyeballandpartofbonyorbitareremoved
d) Allthecontentsoftheorbitalongwitheyelidsareremoved

Ans:a) Removalofglobeofeyesparingtheextraocularmuscles

21. MandibularGuidanceapplianceshouldbefabricated:
a) Immediatelyaftersurgery
b) 2weeksaftersurgery
c) 3monthaftersurgery
d) Afterradiationandchemotherapy
Ans: b) 2 weeks after surgery (Ref: Maxillofacial Rehabilitation John
Beumer3rded.Pg.119)
Mandibular Guidance therapy begins when the immediately postsurgical sequelae have
subsided,usuallyabout2weekspostsurgery.
22. A patient needs maxillary and mandibular implants and has to undergo
radiotherapy.Atwhattimeimplantshouldbeplaced?
a) 1yr.aftersurgeryandradiotherapy
b) Aftersurgeryimmediatelybeforechemoandradiotherapyifradiationdoseis<60
gray.
c) Immediatelyafterradiotherapy
d) 6monthafterradiotherapy
Ans: b) After surgery immediately before chemo and radiotherapy if radiation dose is
<60gray.

Placementofimplantsatthetimeoftumorresection:
ConsiderplacementofOsseointegratedimplantsatthetimeoftumorablation
Itimprovespatientacceptanceandfrequencyofuse(Changetal,2005)
Limitsthenumberofsurgeries
AcceleratesrehabilitationWhenthesurgicalsiteishealedandreadyforprosthesis,
theimplantsareOsseointegrated.
Placement of implants at the time surgical ablation is particularly necessary when
largefacialdefectsareanticipated.
This practice is recommended even if the patient is to receive postoperative
radiation.

23. AccordingtoRobinsonandRubrightaCastmandibularapplianceistobegiven:
a) Immediatelyaftersurgerywhereflangeguidanceprosthesiscanbefabricated
b) Immediately after surgery where mandible can be manipulated into acceptable
Centric relation but patient lacks motor control to maintain the mandible in the
position
c) After6monthsforReturntoguidanceapplianceaftercompletionofmandibular
guidancetherapy

Ans:b) Immediatelyaftersurgerywheremandiblecanbemanipulatedintoacceptable
Centricrelationbutpatientlacksmotorcontroltomaintainthemandibleintheposition
(Ref.RobinsonJE,RubrightWC.JProsthetDent196414:992999.)

24. InanedentulousPatientwithParkinsonsdiseasebesttreatmentoptionis:
a) Implantsupportedoverdenture
b) FixedImplantsupportedprosthesis
 c) Implantandtissuesupportedoverdenturedenture
d) Conventionalcompletedenture
Ans:c) Implantandtissuesupportedoverdenturedenture

Implantsurgeryandtherequiredanesthesiaappeartobethesafeprocedureforpatientwith
Parkinsonism. The quality of oral health and general health has improved by using dental
implant supported prosthesis and is associated with marked increase in masticatory ability.
Mandibularoverdenturewithmagneticattachmentcanbeutilizedasitiseasyforinsertionby
thepatientorbythecaregiver.ForpatientswithParkinsonsdiseaseandwithlimitedmanual
dexterity, the attachment system should allow easy insertion and removal of the prosthesis
andcleansabilityaroundtheimplantabutments.

25. Outersurfaceofcondyleiscoveredwith:
a) AdenseFibrousconnectivetissuedevoidofcartilagetobearthefunctionalload
b) Fibrousconnectivetissueandhyalinecartilagetobearfunctionalload
c) CartilageinterspersedwithMesenchymalcellsforgrowth
d) Chondrocytesandchondroblastslinesoutersurface
Ans:a) Fibrousconnectivetissueliningbearsthefunctionalload (Ref.Okeson7thEd
Pg7)

The articular surfaces of the mandibular condyle and fossa are composed of four distinct
layersorzones
Articularzone:isthemostsuperficiallayerItisfoundadjacenttothejointcavity
and forms the outermost functional surface. It is made of dense fibrous connective
tissue rather than hyaline cartilage. The fibers are tightly packed and can withstand
the forces of movement. Advantage: less susceptible to aging, less likely to break
downovertime,betterabilitytorepair.
Proliferative zone: is mainly cellular composed of undifferentiated mesenchymal
tissue responsible for the proliferation of articular cartilage in response to the
functionaldemands.
Fibro cartilaginous zone: collagen fibrils are arranged in bundles in a crossing
pattern. Provides a threedimensional network that offers resistance against
compressiveandlateralforces.
Calcified cartilage zone: 4th and the deepest zone comprises chondrocytes and
chondroblasts which become hypertrophic, die, and make way for endosteal bone
formation.
26. Inhuman,forforwardvision,musclefromposteriorsurfaceoftheskullattachesto
the cervical spine is contracted, the overovercontraction of which is prevented by
activationofthesemuscles:
a) Masseter,Trapezius,spleniuscapatis,longuscapatis
b) Masseter,Trapezius,spleniuscapatis,longuscapatisandsuprahyiod
c) Masseter,Trapezius,spleniuscapatis,longuscapatis,suprahyiodandinfrahyoid
d) ActivationofSuprahyoidandinfrahyoid.
Ans: c) Masseter, Trapezius, Splenius capatis, longus capatis, suprahyiod and
infrahyoid (Ref.Okeson7thEdPg15)
The suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles play a major role in coordinating mandibular
function,asdomanyoftheothernumerousmusclesoftheheadandneck.Itcanbequickly
observed that a study of mandibular function is not limited to the muscles of mastication.
Othermajormuscles,suchasthesternocleidomastoidandtheposteriorcervicalmusclesplay
majorrolesinstabilizingtheskullandenablingcontrolledmovementsofthemandibletobe
performed.

27. Cuttinginstrument,martensiticispreferredoverausteniticbecause:
a) MartensiticphasehashigherHardness
b) MartensiticphasehashighCorrosionresistance
c) MartensiticphaseislessBrittle
d) Martensiticphasehaslowstrength
Ans:a) MartensiticphasehashigherHardness (RefPhillips12thEdPg406)

Becauseofhighstrengthandhardness,martensiticsteelsareusedforsurgicalandcutting
instruments.

TYPESOFSTAINLESSSTEELS:
FerriticStainlessSteels:Thesealloysprovidegoodcorrosionresistanceatalowcostwhen
high strength is not required. They cannot be hardened by heat treatment or readily work
hardened.
Martensitic Stainless Steels: These alloys can be heattreated in the same manner as plain
carbon steels, with similar results. Because of their high yield strength and hardness,
martensiticstainlesssteelsareusedforsurgicalandcuttinginstruments.
AusteniticStainlessSteels:Theadditionofnickeltotheironchromiumcarboncomposition
stabilizes the austenite phase on cooling. Type 188 stainless steel, is the most commonly
usedalloyfororthodonticstainlesssteelwiresandbands.Theausteniticstainlesssteelsare
themostcorrosionresistant.
AdvantageofAusteniticstainlesssteel:
Greaterductilityandabilitytoundergomorecoldworkwithoutfracturing
Substantialstrengtheningduringcoldworking(sometransformationtomartensite)
Greatereaseofwelding
Abilitytoovercomesensitization
Lesscriticalgraingrowth
Comparativeeaseofforming

28. Forsaferetrievalofimplantwhichofthefollowingisnotused:
a) Stainlesssteel
b) Plastic
c) Gold
d) Graphite
Ans:a) Stainlesssteel (Ref.CarlMisch3rdEdPg.1076)
A variety of nonmetallic, plastic, graphite, nylon or Tefloncoated instruments have been
proventobesafetouseontitaniumimplantsurfaces.Stainlesssteeltippedinstrumentshave
beenfoundtobedetrimentaltoasmoothtitaniumsurface.

29. VHNofzirconiainkg/mm2is:
a) 400
b) 500
c) 1400
d) 800
Ans:c) 1400 (Ref:Phillips12thed.pg454)
30. Whichofthefollowingcementhasadvantageofdurabilityandeaseofretrievability
forimplantretainedcrown:
a) Zincpolycarboxylate
b) GIC
c) Zincphosphate
d) ZOE
Ans:c) Zincphosphate (Ref.Misch2ndEdPg.415)

31. MainIndicationofcastRPDis:
a) Forbilateralstabilization
b) WhenFPDcannotbegiven
c) Severelyresorbedridge
d) Pt.cannotafford.
Ans:b)WhenFPDcannotbegiven

32. Whichofthefollowingisnotusedforthesurfacetreatmentofimplant:
a) Metronidazole
b) Gentamycin
c) Tetracycline
d) Simvastatin
Ans:a)Simvastatin
Simvastatin (Zocor) is a cholesterollowering medication that blocks the production of
cholesterol.Ithasnoroleinimplanttherapy.

33. Trueaboutmusclespindles:
a) TheGolgitendonorgansoccurinparallelwiththeExtrafusalfibers
b) Musclespindlesaresuppliedbytwoafferentnervesonelargerandothersmaller
one.
c) IntrafusalfibersareinseriestoExtrafusalfibers
d) StimulationofAlfacausescontractionofIntrafusalfibers.
Ans: b) Muscle spindles are supplied by two afferent nerves one larger and other
smallerone. (RefOkeson7thEdPg26)

Q33b.Regardingmusclespindlewhatistrue
a. Contractionofmusclespindlecanoccurbytwomeansstretchingofthemuscleand
contractionofnuclearbagalongintrafusalfibre
b. Themusclespindleisalignedparalleltotheextrafusalfibres
c. Theintrafusalfibreandextrafusalfibretogetherwithitsconnectivetissuesheathis
knownasmotorunit

Ans:b. Themusclespindleisalignedparalleltotheextrafusalfibres
Themotorunitisthefunctionalunitofmusclecontractionandincludesthemotor
nervefiberandthemusclefibersitinnervates.
NuclearbagfibresfunctiontogiveproprioceptivefeedbacktotheCNSregardingthe
length,tensionofmuscle.Theyhavenoroleinactivecontraction.

MuscleSpindles:Skeletalmusclesconsistoftwotypesofmusclefiber.Thefirstare
theExtrafusalfibers,whicharecontractileandmakeupthebulkofthemusclethe
others are the intrafusal fibers, which are only minutely contractile. A bundle of
intrafusal muscle fibers bound by a connective tissue sheath is called a muscle
spindle. They are interspersed throughout the muscles and aligned parallel with the
extrafusalfibers.Withineachspindlethenucleioftheintrafusalfibersarearranged
in two distinct fashions: chain like (nuclear chain type) and clumped (nuclear bag
type).
Two types of afferent nerves supply the intrafusal fibers. They are classified
according to their diameters. The larger fibers conduct impulses at a higher speed
andhavelowerthresholds.Thosethatendinthecentralregionoftheintrafusalfibers
arethelargergroup(Ia,Aalpha)andaresaidtobetheprimaryendings(socalled
annulospiral endings). Those that end in the poles of the spindle (away from the
centralregion)arethesmallergroup(II,Abeta)andarethesecondaryendings(so
calledflowersprayendings).
34. Best tool to measure the productivity and validity of publication of scientific
researchisdeterminedby:
a) Impactfactor
b) Citationindex
c) Hindex
d) VisibilityinPubMed
Ans:c) Hindex
TheHindexisanauthorlevelmetricthatattemptstomeasureboththeproductivity
andcitationimpactofthepublicationsofascientistorscholar.Theindexisbasedontheset
ofthescientist'smostcitedpapersandthenumberofcitationsthattheyhavereceivedinother
publications.

35. Mostcommonadvantageofallin4concept:
a) Decreasedcost
b) Eliminatestheneedofbonegraft
c) Decreasedcantileverlength
d) Goodbiomechanics.
Ans:b)Eliminatestheneedofbonegraft(Ref:DentClinNAm59(2015)421470)
EliminationofneedofbonegraftisprincipaladvantageofAllon4design.

OtherBiomechanicaladvantagesofAllon4design:
1.Implantsfollowadensebonestructure
2.Longerimplantscanbeplacedbytiltingthemposteriorly
 3.TiltingimprovesAPspreadofimplants
4.APspreadenhancesloaddistributionforprosthesis
5. Shorten cantilever (maximum of 7 mm for maxilla and 1.52.0 AP spread for
mandible)reducesprostheticfracture/instabilityandmarginalboneheightstability.
6.Marginalboneheightofimplantsismaintainedwithrigidprosthesis
7.Tiltedimplantshavesimilarsuccessrateastraditionalimplantswhensplintedtogether

36. A hard splint was fabricated for a patient with bruxism. He has been wearing the
splintforthelast6months.Whatistrue:
a) ItdecreaseperipheralinputtotheCNS
b) Bruxismstopsaslongastheywearthesplint
c) Thepatientshouldstopwearingtheprosthesisafter6months
d) Itcancurethesymptoms

Ans:a) ItdecreaseperipheralinputtotheCNS (RefOkeson6thEdPg468)

37. Insertionofsuperiorconstrictorison:
a) It merges and anastomoses with the fibers of the contralateral side into an
apponurosisandinsertsinmidlineposteriorpharyngealwalloforopharynx
b) It merges and anastomoses with the fibers of the contralateral side into an
apponurosisandinsertsinmidlineposteriorpharyngealwalloforopharynxand
nasopharynx
c) Inposteriorpharyngealwall
d) OnPterygomandibularraphaeandmaxillarytuberosity
Ans: b) It merges and anastomoses with the fibers of the contralateral side into an
apponurosis and inserts in midline posterior pharyngeal wall of oropharynx and
nasopharynx

38. If you conduct a scientific research project then what will be the first step in
conductingresearchis:
a) Takingethicalclearanceforethicalclearancefromethicalcommittee
b) Samplesizeselectionanddeterminationofpowerofstudy
c) Formulatingresearchquestion
d) Formulatingnullhypothesis

Ans:c) Formulatingresearchquestion
 Theprimarystepinresearchmethodologyisidentificationofaresearchtopic.Once
thetopicisdecided,theexistingdataisanalyzedtofindoutthelacunae(Reseachquestion).
Subsequently a research hypothesis is formulated which is the basis for enactment of the
researchprotocol.

39. DifferenceinPankeyMannSchulerandHobo&Takayamatechniqueis:
a) TypesofArticulatorused
b) Numbersofinterocclusalofrecordsmade
c) NumberofocclusalContactinlateralexcursion/eccentriccontact.
d) Planeofocclusion
Ans:b) Numbersofinterocclusalofrecordsmade
InHobo&Takayamatechniqueonlyonetimeinterocclusalofrecordsisrequired.

40. Maximum difference between condylar and incisal guidance angle in Hobo and
Takyamatechnique:
a) 10
b) 5
c) 3
d) 7
Ans: b) 5 (Ref: Oral Rehabilitation clinical determination of
occlusionHoboandTakayamapg.35)

Adjustingcondylarpathat40degreeandanteriorguidetableto45degreeprovides:(1)the
standardamountofdisocclusionwillbeobtainedonmolarsand(2)aphysiologicalanterior
guidancewillbefabricated.
However,ifincisalpathismorethan5degreesteeperthancondylarpath,patientcomplain
ofdiscomfort.Ifincisalpathisshallowerthancondylarpath,thecondylerotatesinreverse
directionthatisnotphysiologicmovement.

41. Trueaboutmicrowavecuringofdenturesisallexcept:
a) Canuseconventionalmicrowaveforcuring
b) Microwaveenergyisthethermalenergyusedforcuring
c) Istechniquesensitive
d) Theyrequirespecialheatresilientplasticflasks

Ans:C)Istechniquesensitive (RefPhillips12thEdPg482483)
 POLYMERIZATION VIA MICROWAVE ENERGY: Polymethyl methacrylate
resin can be polymerized using microwave energy because the methyl methacrylate
molecule is asymmetric. This technique employs a specially formulated resin and a
nonmetallic flask. A conventional microwave oven is used to supply the thermal
energyrequiredforpolymerization.
Advantage: increased speed physical properties and fit of microwave resins are
comparabletothoseofconventionalresins
Disadvantage:overheatingcanoccurinthicksections,causingthemonomertoboil
andproduceporosity.

42. Errorsinocclusionduringprocessingofcompletedenturesareduetoallexcept:
a) Overheating(shortcycleused)/rapidheating
b) Warpageduetoheatproducedduringpolishing
c) Toomuchpressureapplicationduringflasking
d) Incompleteclosureofflaskduetoincompletepressure
Ans:a) Overheating(shortcycleused)/rapidheating (Ref:Philips12thedpg481)
Rapidheatingoftheresinmassmaycausethemonomertoboil,producingporositywithin
thepolymerizeddenturebase.Butitdoesnotcausewarpage

43. If the wax pattern has been stored in a refrigerator, before the investment
procedurethewaxpatternshould.
a. Nottobestoredinarefrigeratorunderanycircumstances
b. Beallowedtoreturntoroomtemperature
c. Havethemarginreheatedandreadapted
d. Notbeallowedtoreturntoroomtemperature.

Ans:b) Beallowedtoreturntoroomtemperature

Since waxes tend to distort with temperature change, it leads to development of residual
stressesandwarpagewhenthetemperaturechangeisrapid.Henceitisrecommendedtobring
acooledwaxpatterntoroomtemperaturewhileoncastbeforefurtherprocessing.

44. AccordingtoAmericanDentalAssociationspecificationforcastgoldalloy:
a. A decrease of the gold content is coupled with a decrease in the mechanical
properties,exceptelongation,whichincreases.
b. A decrease of the gold content is coupled with an increase in the mechanical
properties,exceptelongation,whichdecreases.
 c. An increase of the gold content is coupled with an increase in the mechanical
properties,exceptelongation,whichdecreases.
d. There is no correlation between the gold content of the gold alloys and their
mechanicalproperties.

Ans: b) A decrease of the gold content is coupled with an increase in the mechanical
properties,exceptelongation,whichdecreases. (RefPhillips11thEdPg638)

Gold is a highly malleable and ductile metal. But it lacks strength and toughness. Hence a
reductionintheamountofgoldgenerallyimprovesthemechanicalpropertieslikestrength,
hardnessandtoughnessbutreducestheductilityandmalleabilityofthealloy.

45. Whichofthefollowingisnottrue
a. CeTZP/Aluminananocompositesisthetoughestdentalceramicavailable.
b. Thickness of CeTZP/Alumina nanocomposites framework can be reduced to
0.3mm.
c. CeTZP/Alumina nanocomposites suffers from low temperature aging
degradation(LTAD)
d. Noneoftheabove.

Ans: c) CeTZP/Alumina nanocomposites suffers from low temperature aging

degradation(LTAD)

46. Whatisthechiefindicationfortheuseofanonrigidconnector:
a. Theloadontheanteriorabutmentshouldbedecreased
b. Somephysiologictoothmovementbyeachabutmentisnecessary.
c. Theocclusalloadontheposteriorabutmentshouldbedecreased.
d. Theabutmentcannotbealignedwithoutsignificanttoothreduction.

Ans: d) The abutment cannot be aligned without significant tooth reduction. (Ref.
Resenstiel4thEdPg848)

The design of nonrigid connectors that are incorporated in the wax pattern stage
consistsofamortise(alsoreferredtoasthefemalecomponent)preparedwithinthe
contours of the retainer and a tenon (male) attached to the pontic. The mortise is
usuallyplacedonthedistalaspectoftheanteriorretainer.Accuratealignmentofthe
dovetail or cylindrically shaped mortise is critical it must parallel the path of
withdrawalofthedistalretainer.Parallelingisnormallyaccomplishedwithadental
surveyor. When aligning the cast, the path of placement of the retainer that will be
 contiguous with the tenon is identified. The mortise in the other retainer is then
shaped so its path of insertion permits concurrent seating of the tenon and its
correspondingretainer.

47. Which of the following treatment approaches should be considered for a severely
extrudedabutmenttooththelossofwhichwouldcreateadistalextensionarea.
a. Occlusalrecontouring
b. Endodontictherapyandcopingplacement.
c. Castrestoration.
d. Extraction.

Ans:b)Endodontictherapyandcopingplacement.

Since distal extension situations can be difficult to manage prosthetically as the cantilever
design leads to increased instability, every effort must be made to salvage a terminal
abutment tooth. Since the tooth is severely extruded, significant reduction to get it into
occlusal level would prior endodontic treatment. Coping is required to provide suitable
contourstotheremainingtooth.

48. Maxillary and mandibular removable partial denture framework has been
independently adjusted for occlusion to allow natural tooth contacts. With both
frameworkseateditisnotedthatthenaturalteethareinslighthyperocclusion.The
prematurecontactexistsbetween.
a. Themandibularframeworkandnaturalmaxillaryteeth
b. Themaxillaryframeworkandnaturalmandibularteeth.
c. Opposingframework
d. Maxillaryandmandibularteeth.
Ans:c)Opposingframework

49. Inacompletedmonoplanedenturearrangement.
a) Maxillary anterior teeth may exhibit a small degree of vertical overlap in
relation to the mandibular anterior teeth when an orthognathic ridge
relationshipexists.
b) Central fossae areas of maxillary molars are always aligned over the
mandibularcrestofridgeline.
c) Inadequate buccal overlap of maxillary posterior teeth in relation to
mandibularposteriorteethmayresultincheckbiting.
Ans: C) Inadequate buccal overlap of maxillary posterior teeth in relation to
mandibularposteriorteethmayresultincheckbiting.

50. Allthefollowingaretrueformagnetsexcept.
a) Alnicomagnetwerethefirsttypeofpermanentmagnets
b) Hardmagneticmaterialspossessalowcoercivity
c) Softmagnetseasiertomagnetizeanddemagnetize
d) Magnets have poor corrosive resistance within oral fluid and therefore require
encapsulationwithinertalloysuchastitaniumorstainlesssteel.

Ans:b)Hardmagneticmaterialspossessalowcoercivity

Magneticmaterialscanbedividedbroadlyintotwogroups,"hard"and"soft,"basedontheir
magnetic properties. The hard magnetic materials possess a large remanence and coercivity
and are difficult to magnetize and demagnetize. Magnetically soft materials require only
small fields to reach saturation, whereas magnetically hard materials require large fields to
reachsaturation.Thesoftmagneticmaterialshavelowpermeabilityandlowcoercivityand
are easily magnetized and demagnetized.Alnico magnets were the first type of permanent
magnetstobeusedforbiomedicalpurposes
Soft magnet PdCoNi, PdCo, PdCoCr, PdCoPt, magnetic stainless steel,
Permendur(alloyofFeCo),CrMo.
HardmagnetAlnicoalloys,CoPt,CoSm,NdFeB.

51. Allarethefeaturesofridgeresorptionexcept
a) Anestimated60%lossofridgeheightand40%lossofridgewidth.
b) Inevitablelossofbundlebone
c) Buccalplateresorbsmorethanpalatalorlingualplates.
d) Rate of reduction of the residual ridge is 0.1mm/year for the maxilla and 0.4
mm/yearforthemandible.

Ans:a)Anestimated60%lossofridgeheightand40%lossofridgewidth.

52. Of the following which is the most unpredictable method for horizontal bone
augmentation:
a) Ridgesplitorexpansion
b) Distractionosteogenesis
 c) Simultaneous (sandwich bone augmentation) or Staged (guided bone
regeneration).
d) Twostagegrafting

Ans:b) Distractionosteogenesis

53. Followingarethepossiblecauseoflateralpolediskderangementexcept:
a) Distalizationofthenonworkingcondyleinlateralexcursion.
b) Distalizationofcondyleduringmaximumintercuspation.
c) Trauma
d) Muscleincoordination.

Ans: a) Distalization of the nonworking condyle in lateral excursion. (Ref.

DawsonPg281)

Itisanearlystageofdiscderangementinwhichthelateralpoleofthecondyleloads
againstthelateralhalfoftheposteriorbandofthediscwhilethemedialpoleisstill
seatedinthecentralbearingarea.
Thepossiblecausesforinitiationoflateralpolediscderangementare:
a) Muscle incoordination resulting from occlusal interferences, particularly
steepinclineinterferencesonsecondorthirdmolar.
b) Distalizationoftheworkingsidecondyleinlateralexcursions
c) Distalizationofthecondyleduringmaximumintercuspation
d) Trauma

54. PipersstageIIIaforintracapsularTMDs
a) Medialpolelock
b) Lateralpolelock
c) Medialpoleclick
d) Lateralpoleclick

Ans:d)Lateralpoleclick (Ref.DawsonPg312)

StageI StructurallyintactTMJ
StageII Intermittentclick
StageIIIa Lateralpoleclick
StageIIIb Lateralpolelock
StageIVa Medialpoleclick
StageIVb Medialpolelock
 StageVa Perforationwithacutedegenerativejointdisease
StageVb Perforationwithchronicdegenerativejointdisease

55. Electrognathographyis
a) Recordingandanalysisofmicrovoltagefrommuscle.
b) A system to evaluating the dynamic function of the TMJs by recording and
analyzingvibration.
c) Trackingofincisormovementduringnaturalfunction.

Ans:c) Trackingofincisormovementduringnaturalfunction.

56. Obstructivesleepapneacharacterizedbyallexcept
a) IncreasedOxygensaturation,whichcanaffectbothcardiovascularandmetabolic
system
b) Continuedrespiratoryeffortdespiteobstruction.
c) Briefunconsciousarousalfromsleepduetooxygendeprivation.
d) Repeatedcollapseofpharyngealmusclessurroundingtheairway.

Ans: a) Increased Oxygen saturation, which can affect both cardiovascular and
metabolicsystem

57. Allaretrueforimmediateimplantsplacedinmaxillaryanteriorregionexcept:
a) Jumping2mmorlessdistancemayhelpinspontaneousboneregeneration
b) 150micrometerofmovementcanleadtofibrousencapsulationofimplant
c) Implant with roughened and microthread neck would cause more resorption of
crestalbone
d) Immediateimplantsarenotadvisedincaseswiththingingivalbiotype

Ans:c)Implantwithroughenedandmicrothreadneckwouldcausemoreresorptionof
crestalbone.

58. Sigmaimplantis
a) Zirconiadentalimplant
b) Subperiostealimplant
c) Stainlesssteelalloyimplant
d) Titaniumalloyimplant.
Ans:a) Zirconiadentalimplant

The principal disadvantage of titanium is its dark grayish color, which often is visible
throughtheperiimplantmucosa,thereforeimpairingestheticoutcomesinthepresenceofa
thinmucosalbiotype.Otherdisadvantages:

Unfavorable soft tissue conditions or recision of the gingiva may lead to

compromised esthetics. This is of great concern when the maxillary incisors are
involved.
Mayinduceanonspecificimmunomodulationandautoimmunity.
Galvanicsideeffectsaftercontactwithsalivaandfluoride
Allergicreactions(veryrare).

Currently,9zirconiadentalimplantsystemsarecommerciallyavailable.
Sigma implant (Sandhause, Switzerland), developed in 1987 was the first zirconia
dentalimplantsystem.
CeraRoot
ReImplant
WhiteSkysystem
Goeisystem(Japan)
Konus
Zsystems
Ziterionsystem

59. Blatterfeinsclassificationofsurveylines
a) High,low,intermediateandperpendicularsurveyline
b) Diagonal,moderate,highandlowsurveyline
c) Nearzoneandfarzonesurveyline.
d) Alltheabove

Ans:b) Diagonal,moderate,highandlowsurveyline

Surveyline Directionofsurveyline Clasprecommended

 Thisextendsfromthemidpointbetweenthe
occlusalsurfaceandthegingivalmarginin Occlusallyapproaching
Thetypicalor
thenearzone,toapointtwothirdsofthe andgingivally
mediumsurveyline
distancefromtheocclusalsurfacetothe approachingclasps
gingivalmargininthefarzone.
Reverseactionorhairpin
Runsdiagonallyacrossthetoothsurfacefrom
TheatypicalAor clasp
ahighpositioninthenearzonetoalow
diagonalsurveyline Gingivallyapproaching
positioninthefarzone.
clasp
Wrought,occlusally
AtypicalBorhigh Lineisparalleltotheocclusalsurfaceandlies
approachingNeyClass
surveyline closetoit
IIItypes
Anextendedtypeofclasp
armisrecommended.
Typical(orlow Lineisparallelwiththeocclusalsurface,but
Undercutmaybe
surveyline) liesjustabovethelevelofthegingivalmargin
developedby
recontouringthetooth.

60. AllaretrueregardingPresurgicalnasoalveolarmolding(PNAM)therapyexcept:
a) Reductioninsizeofintraoralalveolarcleftthroughthemoldingofbone
b) Positioningofthedeformedsofttissueandcartilageincleftnose.
c) PNAMcombinedwithcolumellarelongationtocreateaneocolumella.
d) PNAMmaybesuccessfulindelayedmanagementofbothunilateralandbilateral
cleftanomalies.

Ans: d) PNAM may be successful in delayed management of both unilateral and

bilateralcleftanomalies.

PNAMiscarriedoutwithin2weekofbirth.Thetherapyisbasedonthepremisethat
high hyaluronic levels in the neonate allow for rapid moulding of the premaxillary
segment within a few weeks. PNAM has little effect in infants above 3 months of
age.

61. Cantileverimplantfixedprosthesistrueisallexcept:
a) CanbecomparedwithclassIIlever
b) The distance between the most anterior and most distal abutment divided by
lengthofcantileverisMechanicaladvantage.
c) Angledforcesaremoredetrimentalthanforcesinthelongaxisoftheabutment.
d) Cantileversnottobeusedwhenforcefactorsaremoderatetosevere.

Ans:a) CanbecomparedwithclassIIlever

CantileverimplantsprosthesisworkasaClassIlever.
62. AllaretrueforOringsexceptoneofthestatement.
a) WaterbaselubricantdamagesiliconeORING
b) Elastomericmateriallikesilicone,fluorocarbon,ethylenepropylene
c) ThesoftestOring3040inashoreAscale
d) HardestOring8090inashoreAscale.

Ans:a) WaterbaselubricantdamagesiliconeORING

63. Duringlateralexcursionontheworkingside,whatistrue:
a)Mandibleshiftstoleft
b) Teethofbothsidesmoveinsamedirection
c) Lingual to lingual laterotrusive movement occur between inner incline of
mandibularlingualcuspandinnerinclineofmandibularlingualcusp
d) During left lateral movement contact occurs between inner incline of maxillary
buccalcuspandouterinclineofmandibularbuccalcusp

Ans:a)Duringleftlateralmovementcontactoccursbetweeninnerinclineofmaxillary
buccalcuspandouterinclineofmandibularbuccalcusp

64. TMJiscalledasGinglymoidjointbecauseitproduce:
a) Hingemovement
b) Glidingmovement
c) Bothmovement
d) Hingemovementandglidingalongtheaxisofthecondyle
Ans:a) Hingemovement

The area where the mandible articulates with the cranium, the TMJ, is one of the most
complexjointsinthebody.Itprovidesforhingingmovementinoneplaneandthereforecan
be considered a ginglymoid joint. However, at the same time it also provides for gliding
movements, which classifies it as an arthrodial joint. Thus it has been technically
consideredaginglymoarthrodialjoint.

65. Duringchewingoffoodbeforetheinitiationofcrushingphasethereis:
a) 56mmlateralmovementfrommidline
b) Simultaneousdownwardandlateralmovement
c) Mandiblemovesupwardandlaterally
d) Bolusisplacedinbetweenteethtobecrushed
Ans:a) 56mmlateralmovementfrommidline (Ref.Okeson7thEdPg31)

ChewingStroke:Masticationismadeupofrhythmicandwellcontrolledseparationand
closureofthemaxillaryandmandibularteeth.ThisactivityisunderthecontroloftheCPG
locatedinthebrainstem.Thecompletechewingstrokeistearshapedmovementpattern.It
canbedividedintoopeningandclosingmovements.Theclosingmovementhasbeenfurther
subdividedintothecrushingphaseandthegrindingphase.
When the mandible is traced in the frontal plane during a single chewing stroke, the
following sequence occurs: In the opening phase, it drops downward from the intercuspal
positiontoapointwheretheincisaledgesoftheteethareabout16to18mmapart.Itthen
moveslaterally5to6mmfromthemidlineastheclosingmovementbegins.Thefirstphase
of closure traps the food between the teeth and is called the crushing phase. As the teeth
approacheachother,thelateraldisplacementislessenedsothatwhentheteethareonly3mm
apartthejawoccupiesapositiononly3to4mmlateraltothestartingpositionofthechewing
stroke.
Asthemandiblecontinuestoclose,thebolusoffoodistrappedbetweentheteeth.This
beginsthegrindingphaseoftheclosurestroke.Duringthegrindingphasethemandibleis
guidedbytheocclusalsurfacesoftheteethbacktotheintercuspalposition,whichcausesthe
cuspalinclinesoftheteethtopassacrosseachother,permittingshearingandgrindingofthe
bolusoffood.

66. Forconductingrandomizedcontrolledtrialstudy,guidelinestobefollowedis:
a) PRISMA
 b) STARD
c) CONSORT
d) STROBE
Ans:c) CONSORT (Ref.www.consortstatement.org/)
CONSORT stands for Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials and encompasses
variousinitiativesdevelopedbytheCONSORTGrouptoalleviatetheproblemsarisingfrom
inadequatereportingofrandomizedcontrolledtrials.

67. Maindisadvantageoffluidresintechnique:
a) Displacementoftoothduringpacking
b) Inappropriatetissuefit
c) Expensive
d) Techniquesensitive
Ans:a) Displacementoftoothduringpacking (Ref.RefPhillips12thEdPg485)

FLUIDRESINTECHNIQUE:
Potential disadvantages: (1) noticeable shifting of prosthetic teeth during processing,
(2) air entrapment within the denture base material, (3) poor bonding between the denture
basematerialandacrylicresinteeth,and(4)techniquesensitivity.
Advantages:(1)improvedadaptationtounderlyingsofttissues,(2)decreasedprobability
ofdamagetoprostheticteethanddenturebasesduringdeflasking,(3)reducedmaterialcosts,
(4)andsimplificationoftheflasking,deflasking,andfinishingprocedures.

68. Thecastingringlinerusedininvestmentwhichisthefalsestatement:
a) Watershouldnotbesqueezedasitresultsinunevenexpansion
b) Useofthickerlinerortwolinerresultingreaterexpansion
c) Stickywaxcanbeusedtoholdlinerinplace
d) Theendsoftheringlinershouldnotendinabuttjointbutshouldoverlap
Ans: d) The ends of the ring liner should not end in a butt joint but should overlap
(Ref.Phillips12thEdPg21516)
To ensure uniform expansion, the clinician or technician cuts the liner to fit the inside
diameterofthecastingringwithnooverlap.
Theuseofonelinerincreasesthenormalsettingexpansioncomparedwithnoliner.Usinga
thicker liner material or two layers of liner (D) provides even greater semihygroscopic
expansionandalsoaffordsamoreunrestrictednormalsettingexpansionoftheinvestment.
Thethicknessofthelinershouldnotbelessthanapproximately1mm.
The expansion of the investment is always greater in the unrestricted longitudinal direction
thanintheradialdirectionthatis,towardthering.Therefore,itisdesirabletoreducethe
expansion in the longitudinal direction. Placing the liner somewhat short (3.25 mm) of the
ends of the ring tends to produce a more uniform expansion thus there is less chance for
distortionofthewaxpatternandthemold.

69. Healthyperiimplantsulcusdepthis:
a) 0mm
b) 12mm
c) 14mm
d) 2.54mm
Ans: a) 2.54 mm Ref: (Ref. Contemporary implant dentistry Carl
Misch3rdEdPg.1064)

Teeth(inmm) Implants(inmm)
Sulcusdepth 0.69 0.16
Junctionalepithelium 0.97 1.88
Connectivetissue 1.07 1.05
Biologicwidth 2.04 3.08
Probingdepth 3inhealth 2.55.0

Thepressurerecommendedforprobingis20g.

70. While calculating the sample size what is the minimum acceptable power of the
study:
a) 0.5
b) 0.6
c) 0.7
d) 0.8
Ans:a)0.8

71. BernardGiesenhagenisfamousforhisboneaugmentationtechniqueusuallycalled
as:
a) Pouchtechnique
b) Onlaygraft
 c) Bonering
d) Rollflap

Ans:c) Bonering

Dr. Bernhard Giesenhagen has developed a technique which allows bone augmentation and
implantationtobeperformedsimultaneouslyinasingleprocedure.Theboneringtechnique
isapplicableforalmostallindications,includingsinuslift.Theentiretreatmenttimecanbe
reducedbyseveralmonths,areentryisnotrequired.

72. Binderinphosphatebondedinvestmentis
a) Cristoballite
b) Carbon
c) Quartz
d) Magnesiumoxide
Ans:D)Magnesiumoxide
COMPOSITION: Like gypsumbased investments, phosphatebased investments contain
refractory fillers and a binder. The silica filler, typically 80% by weight, is in the form of
cristobalite, quartz, or a mixture of the two forms. The purpose of the filler is to provide
thermalshockresistance(refractoriness)andahighthermalexpansion.Thebinderconsistsof
magnesium oxide (basic) and a phosphate that is acid in nature. Originally phosphoric acid
wasused,butmonoammoniumphosphatehasreplaced
Binderingypsumbondedinvestment:gypsum

73. Apatientscomplainsofloosenessofdentureduringfunction,themaincauseis:
a) Overextendedborders
b) Lackofretention
c) Lackofstability
d) Lackofocclusion(deflectiveocclusalcontacts)
Ans:d)Lackofocclusion(deflectiveocclusalcontacts)(Ref:NBDE)

74. Whichofthefollowingisincorrect:
a) Sprue former flared for high density alloys, while constructed in low density
alloys
b) Diameterofsprueformerisgreaterthanthethickestpartofwaxpattern
c) Twostagedburnoutforplasticsprue
d) Moltenalloyflowfromcusptomarginalridgearea
Ans: b) Diameter of sprue former is greater than the thickest part of wax pattern
(Ref.Philips12thEdPg.21314)

Diameterofsprueshouldapproximatethethickestpartofwaxpatternwhereitisattached.
Factorsaffectingsprueplacement:
WAX PATTERN REMOVAL: The sprue former should be attached to the wax
patternsothatthepatterncanberemoveddirectlyinlinewithitspathofwithdrawal
fromthedie.
SPRUEDIAMETER:shouldbeapproximatelythesamesizeasthethickestareaof
thewaxpattern.
SPRUEPOSITION:shouldbeplacedatthepointofgreatestbulkinthepatternto
avoiddistortingthinareasofwaxduringattachmenttothepattern.
SPRUE ATTACHMENT: The sprue former connection to the wax pattern is
generally flared for highdensity gold alloys but often restricted for lowerdensity
alloys.Areservoirshouldbeaddedtoaspruenetworktopreventlocalizedshrinkage
porosity.
SPRUEDIRECTION:Thesprueformershouldbedirectedawayfromanythinor
delicate parts of the pattern angle should be approx.. 45 angle to the proximal
area.
SPRUELENGTH:Gypsumbonded:waxpatternshouldbewithin6mmoftheopen
endphosphatebondedinvestments:waxpatternshouldbewithin3to4mmofthe
topoftheinvestment.

75. True statement regarding the role of nasal turbinates in maxillectomy defects are
allexcept:
a) Nasalturbinatesshouldberemovedastheyenlargewithtime
b) Insmalllesionsinvolvingmidlineorsoftpalatetheyarenotutilized
c) Under cuts along the line of palatal resection into, nasal or para nasal cavity or
medialwallofdefectcanincreaseretention.
d) Removing the inferior turbinate, the prosthesis can be contoured to fit into the
nasalcavity

Ans:a) Nasalturbinatesshouldberemovedastheyenlargewithtime

76. NottrueaboutMyotacticjawreflex:
 a) Norelaytothecerebralcortex
b) Responsibleformaintenanceoftonicityofthemuscle
c) Contraction
d) CausesJawopening

Ans:a)CausesJawopening (Ref:okeson7thedpg27)

Twogeneralreflexactionsareimportantinthemasticatorysystem:(1)theMyotactic
(stretch)reflexand(2)thenociceptive(flexor)reflex.
Myotatic (stretch) reflex is the only monosynaptic jaw reflex. When a skeletal
muscleisquicklystretched,thisprotectivereflexiselicitedandbringsaboutacontractionof
thestretchedmuscle.
It is activated by a sudden application of downward force to the chin with a small
rubberhammer.Thisresultsincontractionoftheelevatormuscles(masseter).Thisprevents
furtherstretchingandoftencausesanelevationofthemandibleintoocclusion.

The nociceptive or flexor reflex is a polysynaptic reflex to noxious stimuli and

therefore is considered to be protective. It is activated by unexpectedly biting on a hard
object. The noxious stimulus is initiated from the tooth and periodontal ligament being
stressed. The efferent neurons that innervate the jawdepressing muscles act to move jaws
apart.
The myotatic reflex protects the masticatory system from sudden stretching of a
muscle. The nociceptive reflex protects the teeth and supportive structures from damage
created by sudden and unusually heavy functional forces. The Golgi tendon organs protect
the muscle from over contraction by eliciting inhibition stimuli directly to the muscle that
theymonitor.

77. TrueaboutZirconiaImplantis
a) RadioactiveIsotopesmaycauseradioactiveemission
b) YieldstrengthofZirconiais700800
c) Ithaslowermodulusofelasticity
d) MayinterferewithMRI

Ans:a) RadioactiveIsotopesmaycauseradioactiveemission

(Zirconiahascertainradioactiveisotopes,whichmaycauseradioactiveemission.Yield
strength of Yttrium stabilized Zirconia is 2080 MPa. It has a high modulus of elasticity.
Zirconia crowns do not cause significant problems during MRI although they can produce
artifactsduringCTscan.)
78. AccordingtoADAspecificationno.24,allaretrueformodelingwaxexcept:
a) TypeIIusedfortrialofwaxpatterninthemouth
b) TypeIbuildingveneers
c) TypeIIITrialintropicalclimates
d) TypeIVforfabricationofdenturebaseplate

Ans:d TypeIVforfabricationofdenturebaseplate (Ref.Phillips12th

EdPg200)

Typesofmodelingwaxes:
TypeI,asoftwax,isusedforbuildingveneers.
TypeII,amediumwax,isdesignedforpatternstobeplacedinthemouthinnormal
climaticconditions.
TypeIII,ahardwax,isusedfortrialfittinginthemouthintropicalclimates.

79. Freedomincentricocclusalphilosophyisindicatedinallexcept:
a) NotabletoholdinCR
b) Neuromuscularincoordination
c) Heavyhabitualcentricrelation
d) InterferencesbetweenCRandCO

Ans:c) Heavyhabitualcentricrelation

80.Occlusalmorphologyisgivenby

a. Okeson
b. Bencher
c. Kennedy

AnswerA(Okeson)