46.

Dung, Hair, and Mungbeans

Household Remedies in the Longmen Recipes

mich ael stanley- bake r an d dol l y y an g

S outh of the Tang capital of Luoyang lies the world-renowned Longmen Caves, a
beautiful sacred site carved into the cliff faces of two mountains facing the River
Yi. It is now recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, but from the turn of the sixth
century, the caves have attracted hosts of pilgrims from near and far, not merely for
their beauty and sacred power, but as a site to make conspicuous displays of devotion
and wealth.1 Royalty, aristocrats, poets, wealthy officials, and guilds all came to Long-
men to make votive offerings and pray for blessings. Amidst this conspicuous display of
devotion, compassion, and monumental art lies the Medical Recipes Cavern, a hand-
carved cave [no. 1387]. On its walls are engraved over one hundred and fifty ancient
medical formulas, commonly known as the Longmen Drug Recipes.
The location of the recipes in a sacred site dominated by exclusively Buddhist
monumental statuary and dedicatory and scriptural inscriptions strikes a distinctive
chord. On the one hand, it marks them as part of a broad range of knowledge mastered
by Buddhists in China. On the other, their inclusion among the many merit-making
votive statues and dedications at the site suggests that they were engraved as a form of
compassionate ser vice and to generate and spread karmic merit.2 Thus, these carvings
are an expression of the Buddhist ethic of compassionate healing that has been described
in other chapters throughout this collection.3
The cave contains a number of small niches with votive statues and dedicatory in-
-1 scriptions, dated to 530, 532, and 534. The recipe inscription surrounds the niches on
0 the north, south, and east walls. The date of carving is debated, but philological analysis
+1

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 d ung, hai r, and mungbeans 455

places it somewhere between 650 and 653.4 The inscriptions are badly damaged in
places. In our translation below, we indicate illegible sections with [...].
The recipes appear to have circulated widely within the Chinese medical world. Two
incomplete copies of the inscriptions were among the manuscripts collection found in
Dunhuang (P. 3596 and S. 3347). The existence of these manuscripts indicates either that
travelers went to the Longmen caves and copied down the recipes, or that they had ac-
cess to a source text from which the Longmen recipes were copied. The recipes, or ones
very similar to them, are also distributed in medical works from the period, including
in the works of Sun Simiao and Tanba no Yasuyori (on these authors, see chapters 52
54), as well as those by the fourth- century doctor Ge Hong. 5 Given that many of the
recipes appear in native Chinese medical collections, some quite early, it is not clear that
the recipes transmit Indian medicine, or if they do, in what proportion. Through
comparison of these texts against rubbings taken by different visitors to the site over
time, modern authors have separately reconstructed and published the recipes. Our
translation is based on a comparison of these different transcriptions.6
The recipes appear accessible for general use by common people without any special-
ized medical training. Simple to prepare, and composed of easily accessible ingredients,
the Longmen formulas do not require great technical skill. Ingredients used range from
foods such as mungbeans, pork, garlic, chives, and cloves to local vegetation such as mul-
berry bark, willow branches, and wild rice. They also include ingredients from elite ma-
teria medica, such as angelica sinensis, evodia fruit, cinnamon bark, and apricot seeds, as
well as human and animal secretions such as manure, urine, and hair. Many of the dis-
ease terms are common-language terms requiring no special education. They describe
easily discernible visual signs or the patients own sensations. Yet some technical
concepts are also used, such as the five types of difficult urination, or heat jaundice.
The recipes are orga nized under different diseases, for which anywhere from two to
eight recipes might be included. These headings are indicated in the translation below
by bold typeface, separated out from the recipes. These diseases can be grouped together
into general categories that include, when listed in descending order according to the
number of recipes for each category:

Topical skin injuries or diseases (46 recipes)

Internal pains, swellings, masses (35)
Fevers and wasting diseases (25)
Throat obstructions or coughing (14)
Traumatic injury (14)
Fits, spasms, and mad speech (11)
Digestive illnesses (6)

The language of the recipes is terse and simple, and sometimes deviates from Chinese
grammar to favor an order that reflects the logic of practice. We have taken care to
reflect this in our translation, sometimes reproducing an uncomfortable read,
but one which reveals the steps by which the recipes were prepared. The recipes are -1
consistently structured in order of the materia medica, their amounts, the method of 0
+1

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 456 h y b r id it y in b u d d h is t h e ali ng

preparation, and the dosage. Words such as dry-frying, sauting, boiling, or de-
cocting are regularly used to distinguish precise preparation methods. Treatments
include not only materia medica, but also acupuncture, osteopathic manipulation with
ropes, and moxibustion ( jiu). Moxibustion is generally understood to be the burning of
dried, powdered mugwort (Artemisia argyi, aicao) on the skin. Where the same term re-
fers to applying a burning rope to the skin, however, we translate it as cautery.
In producing modern identifications of herb names, we have relied on a number of
print sources, which are identified at the first occurrence of each term. It should be
recalled, however, that Chinese medical plant identification was an art that allowed for
significant variation. One Chinese plant term could include plants that today would be
considered botanically different species or genera. Furthermore, local use of such
recipes often involved substitution when specific materia were not available. This re-
mains an ongoing practice today, as Chinese pharmacology is practiced in a wide vari-
ety of climatic zones as well as regulatory environmentsrestricting access to drugs
on ecological or legislative grounds. Terms for plants also varied across time and space.
Therefore, the botanical identities described here should not be taken as exact, but as
the best approximation modern research tools can provide.
Dosages in the recipes are precise, ranging from a pinch of ash in a cup of wine to
sixty liters of beans to make gruel for a topical wash. Measurements were standardized
throughout much of Chinese history, but over time, these standards changed. To repro-
duce the weights and measures of the time in modern metric units, we have relied on a
metrological study that produced average measurements of archaeological finds of mea-
surement instruments over different periods.7
Metric conversions for units in this chapter:

1 cuo=1 pinch, approximately 0.40.72 g.

1 dan=60 L
1 dou=6 L
1 ge=60 ml
1-inch spoonful=1018 ml liquid, 2 g powdered mineral, 1 g powdered herb
1 jin =662672 g
1 liang=42 g
1 qian=ca. 4.2 g
1 sheng=300 ml

further reading

Hsia, Emil C. H., Ilza Veith, and Robert H. Geertsma, trans. 1986. The Essentials of Medicine in
Ancient China and Japan: Yasuyori Tambas Ishimp. Leiden: Brill.
McNair, Amy. 2007. Donors of Longmen: Faith, Politics, and Patronage in Medieval Chinese Buddhist
Sculpture. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
-1 Tsiang, Katherine R. 2005. Embodiments of Buddhist Texts in Early Medieval Chinese Visual
0 Culture. In Body and Face in Chinese Visual Culture, ed. Wu Hung and K. R. Tsiang. Cambridge,
+1 Mass.: Harvard University Press.

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 d ung, hai r, and mungbeans 457

Unschuld, Paul U. 1986. Medicine in China: A History of Pharmaceutics; Comparative Studies of Health
Systems and Medical Care. Berkeley: University of California Press.

L ongmen Dru g R eci p e s from t h e M e di c al

R ecipe s Cav e rn 8

A. Section to the Upper Left of the Statue Dedication

recipes for mal ari a- l i ke di s e as e s

1. One ge of swallow droppings. Powder it. Take a one-inch spoonful,9 and wait
until the dawn of an onset day.10 Mix into half a bowl of wine. Have the patient
raise it up with both hands in front of his or her nose and inhale the vapors. Do
not drink it. [It] works divinely.

2. Another: Sichuan varnish.11 Grind it. [Use] one square-inch spoonful. Before
the onset [recurs], mix it with wine and drink it.

3. Another: Grind coptis root12 into a powder. Before onset, mix a three-finger
pinch13 with wine and drink it. [This is] also a proven [cure].

recipes to treat acut e on s e t of mad s p e e c h

and gh ostl y gi bbe ri n g 1 4

4. Pierce with a needle one fen below the large toenail, then it will stop.

5. Another recipe: Use a steamer-belt15 to tightly bind the two thumbs, then
use moxibustion on the right and left flanks while raising the elbows. Heat should
be applied on both sides at the same time, seven cones each. Shortly thereafter,
the ghost will of its own accord speak its full names16 and beg to leave. Slowly re-
lease the patient. [This is a] proven [cure].17

recipes for cu ring di ffi c u l t bre at h i n g

6. Apply moxibustion to the lower end of the big crease inside the elbow.18 [Use
a number of] cones according to the patients age.

7. Another recipe: Wrap a cord around the base of the neck, so that it hangs
down between the nipples. Also pass the [other end of the] cord backward down
the back, so that it lies directly along the spine, and the head of the cord on the -1
back [is opposite the one] between the nipples. Cauterize19 both points six hun- 0
dred times. [This] works well and is proven. +1

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 458 h y b r id it y in b u d d h is t h e ali ng

B. Section to the Lower Left of the Statue Dedication

[Nos. 8 and 9 are illegible.]

recipes for cu ring s t omac h re fl u x

10. Get a hedgehog skin and scorch it to ashes. Make half a sheng of mung bean
gruel and mix [them together]. Take doses of one spoonful until cured.

11. Another recipe: On the fifth day of the fifth month,20 dry cockleburs21 in
the shade, [grind them into powder,]22 and mix with water. Take after meals, one
spoon per dose. Repeat daily; stop when cured.

12. Another recipe: Scorch human dung to ashes, combine with water. Take
three spoons per dose. Repeat daily until cured. [This is] effective.

recipes to treat s ore s on t h e bac k

13. Acquire some dough; surround the swellings with borders on four sides.
Have seven boys urinate on them and cleanse them.

14. Another: Enclose in horse manure. Once dry and loose, let a married woman
express breast milk [on it]. This also cures [them].

recipes to cu re l ac qu e r s ore s 2 3

15. Boil willow and wash with [the water].

16. Another recipe: [Take] seven wild rice24 [stalks] and pound [them].25 Two
parts juice, to one part mirabilite.26 Spread this on [them].

17. Another recipe: Pound Chinese chives;27 spread this on them. [This is] also
a proven [cure].

C. Section Underneath the Sculpture Dedication

recipes for cu rin g ri s i n g q i , c ou gh ,

abdominal fu l l n e s s , an d e de ma
-1
0 18. Three sheng of Manchurian catalpa28 leaves [and] three sheng of water. Bring
+1 [this] to a boil thirty times. Remove the lees, saut them, pack them to make pills

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 d ung, hai r, and mungbeans 459

the size of small jujubes. Use a bamboo tube to insert into the lower region. The
cure will be immediate.

19. Another recipe: Take three sheng of mulberry root bark,29 and finely cut it;
half a sheng of fresh ginger; half a sheng of evodia fruit;30 and five sheng of water.
Cook them together, bringing to a boil three times. Discard the lees, divide it, and
take in successive doses. The qi will descend and the swelling will subside. [This
is] a secret recipe worth a thousand in gold.

20. Another recipe: For those with chronic rising qi for thirty years: Take one
or two sheng of apricot seed.31 Remove the peels and dry-fry them. Pound them.
Combine with jujube paste and fermented soybeans32 in equal portions. Pound
them. Make them into pellets, store them in a sack. Frequently suck on them, swal-
lowing the juice, until cured.

21. Another moxibustion method: [Apply] over the [vertebral] spaces from the
Great Bone33 at the [base of the] neck down to the fifth [thoracic vertebral] joint.
[Use a number of] cones according to the patients age.

recipes for h e art p ai n

22. Half a ge of uncooked oil,34 taken warm.

23. Another recipe: Grind Chinese angelica root.35 Take a square-inch spoon-
ful with wine.

24. Another [recipe] for cool36 heart pain: One sheng of evodia fruit; three liang
of cinnamon bark; three liang of Chinese angelica root. Grind them to a powder.
Combine with honey into pills the size of pawlonia seeds.37 Take twenty pills with
wine. Repeat daily; gradually increase to thirty pills, according to your judgment.

25. Another recipe: Seven cloves,38 and ash from burnt hair, the size of a jujube.
Grind together, take with wine.

26. Another [recipe] for heart pain from parasites:39 Take dung from earth-
worms, scorch so it turns red, and grind it until cold. Take with wine.

27. Another recipe: Take one sheng of rice gruel per dose. Also proven.

28. Another moxibustion method: Count down from the zhui vertebra [thoracic
vertebra T1] seven sections.40 Apply thirty cones of moxa there.
-1
29. Another [recipe]: Apply moxibustion one inch below the heart, fourteen 0
cones. +1

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 460 h y b r id it y in b u d d h is t h e ali ng

recipes for cu r i n g w as t i n g an d
th irstin g di s orde r

30. Take one sheng of dark sesame oil at once. [This is a] divinely proven
[cure].

31. Another recipe: Upper tiles from an old roof. Break them up to make 1 dou
and five sheng, and cook them with two sheng of water. Bring to a boil four or five
times before taking it.

32. Another recipe: Cucumber roots and coptis root in equal measures. Grind
them to powder, combine with honey into pills the size of pawlonia seeds. Take
ten pills after meals, until cured.

recipes to treat su dde n e ru p t i on of boi l s

on th e e n t i re body

33. When you first sense they are about to erupt, apply moxibustion to the tip
of the pointed bone on the outside of the [wrist].41 [Use a number of] cones ac-
cording to the patients age.

34. Another recipe: Cook pork in water until hot and slice it. Take one qian42 of
mirabilite43 and take them together. This also reduces scarring.

35. Another recipe: Make a soup from peach branches and leaves, and wash with
it. This also reduces scarring.

36. Another recipe: Clean and wash one ge of millet. Leave it overnight, exposed
to the dew. At dawn, use one sheng of water and grind it. Take half; use the other
half to scrub the boils. [This is] also a proven [cure].

recipes to treat five t y p e s of h e morrh oi ds

37. On the fifth day of the fifth month, get cocklebur stems and leaves. Shade
dry them and then pound [them] into powder. Take three square spoonfuls with
water three times a day. Stop when cured.

38. Another recipe: Scorch ox-horn marrow into powder, and take a square-
inch spoonful with water three times a day. [This is] a proven secret [cure].

-1 39. Another recipe: Habitually take a square-inch spoonful of cattail pollen44

0 three times a day. [This is a] good [cure].
+1

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 d ung, hai r, and mungbeans 461

recipes to t re at boi l s

40. Take a big bunch of willow branches and leaves, three feet long, and four
feet around. Chop them. Cook them in seven dou of water, bringing to a boil thirty
times. Remove the lees, and saut them into a soft dough. These will lance [the
boils]. Apply [to the skin]. [This is] divinely effective.

41. Another recipe: Midden inkcaps45 are shaped like earth fungus. They grow
in clumps on dung heaps. In daylight, they shrink and darken. Take them and burn
them to ash. Use a needle to pierce the sore on four sides, until painful. Make a
hole and insert the ash, and press repeatedly. Allow the boil to suppurate over-
night; then use pincers to pull out the root. Works very well.

42. Another recipe: First apply three cones of moxa to the boil. Then [grind]
stalactite into powder, mix with food sauce,46 pound it together, and smear it on.
After a short while, remove the root. Proven.
[Use a number of] cones according to the patients age.

recipes to treat inv e rt e d fl ow e r 4 7 s ore s

43. Saut willow branches and leaves until soft; apply them to the skin. [This]
works well.

44. Another recipe: Burn purslane48 to ashes. Apply.

45. Another recipe: Ashes of [burnt] salt and rice. Apply them. [This is] also a
proven [cure].

recipes to treat w oun ds [ i n fl i c t e d by ] me t al

46. Chew fresh chestnut meat49 and apply it.

47. Another recipe: Mix lime with pig fat, and scorch it until red. Grind into
powder and apply.

48. Another recipe: Pound and apply Carpesium abrotanoides.50

recipes to treat sor e s an d boi l s on s ome on e

on th e verg e of deat h du e t o w i n d i n v as i on

49. If the bleeding cannot be stopped, pound the whites of fresh scallions, put -1
them in the mouth and chew them, then apply them topically. In the beginning, 0
+1

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 462 h y b r id it y in b u d d h is t h e ali ng

they sting, and later they itch. When the itching stops, apply more. It will be cured
after no more than seven or eight times.

50. Another recipe: Vinegar sediment, bran, distillers grains, salt, and pepper.
Dry-fry them together until hot. Wrap them in cloth to use as a hot press on the
sores. Change it when it gets cold.

51. Another recipe: For all kinds of pain from ulcers, wind invasion, and watery
boils. For all of these, take green scallion leaves, ginger and amur cork-tree bark,51
and cook them to make a decoction. Use as a hot soak. Works well.

recipes to tre at ooz i n g s ore s

52. Boil Manchurian catalpa leaves, extract the juice, saut them until thick.
Apply it. [This] works divinely.

53. Another recipe: Apply fresh cow dung while still hot, three times daily.

54. Another recipe: Croton seeds.52 Husk the seed, combine with mugwort53 to
make a wick. Apply moxibustion to the sore.

55. Another recipe: Grind sulphur ore, place it on the sore, and apply moxibus-
tion by mugwort.

56. Another recipe: For internal oozing. Take ten liang of pagoda tree bark,54
pound it and make pills. Wrap them in a sack and insert into the lower region.55
[This] also works well.

recipes to treat v i c i ou s s t ab w ou n ds

57. Boil pagoda tree bark into a decoction, cleanse them with it.

58. Another recipe: Mix deerskin glue56 and sal ammoniac ore,57 and apply it.

59. Another recipe: Take two sheng of vinegar and place it in a wide-mouthed
[vessel].58 Get one sheng of hot ashes and throw them inside, then use the pot to
cover the wounded area, inserting it into the pot and fumigating it. Do not let [the
wound] touch the vinegar. Then use a cloth to stuff up the mouth [of the pot], and
prevent the gases from leaking out.

-1 60. Another recipe: One liang of ginseng; one handful of black nightshade59 root,
0 cleaned, washed and peeled; twelvemonth pork lard;60 and a little vinegar. Mix
+1

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 d ung, hai r, and mungbeans 463

and pound. Apply [to the wound]. Change several times. When worms emerge,
pluck them out with pincers. [This is] also a proven [cure].

recipes to treat a bow - be n t body 6 1

du e to w ind enteri n g t h e body , an d for
w omen stru c k by w i n d

61. [Take] two sheng of black soybeans62 and dry-fry them until they are
scorched, then pour three sheng of wine into the pan, and stir vigorously. Sieve it
through a silk skein, and take it immediately. This will cause a sweat to break. Do
not take more than three doses. For extremely severe cases, add one ge of chicken
dung, and heat them together. If the mouth will not open, use force to pour it in.
[This] works well.

62. Another recipe: Use the juice from roasted bamboo. Take as much or as little
as required.

recipes to trea t ri s i n g q i c au s i n g
th e spitting o f bl ood an d p u s

63. [Use] moxibustion on the black and white border below the nipples, one hun-
dred cones. [This] works well.

64. Another recipe: [Use] moxibustion on a point on the stomach channel.63 The
point is three inches above the instep where the pulse [can be felt].64 Twenty-seven
cones.

65. Another: [Use] moxibustion one inch below the navel. One hundred cones.
[This] works well.

D. Section to the Lower Right, Below the Seven Small Buddha Figures
and Statue (Dedication Dated to 534 c.e., Northern Wei)

recipe to treat t h orac i c mas s e s

66. [Take] ten liang of rhubarb root65 and grind into powder. Adding three sheng
of vinegar, saut into a soft dough. Add two spoons of white honey, saut again.
Pack them to make pills the size of pawlonia seeds. For each dose, take thirty pills,
until the condition has improved.
-1
67. Another recipe: Use moxibustion at the end of the short rib.66 Fifty cones. 0
+1

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 464 h y b r id it y in b u d d h is t h e ali ng

68. Another: [Locate the point] near the heart, [at] the end of the third rib. Use
moxibustion [...] Moxa the two sides [...] points on the foot [...].

recipes to treat l os s of s p e e c h

69. Acquire human milk and food sauce in equal proportions. Take two sheng.
[This] works well.

70. Another recipe: Green bamboo broken into forty-nine slips; two sheng of
black soybeans; eight sheng of water. Combine and cook until hot. Discard the lees
and get the liquid. Pour it into the mouth. If the mouth wont open, use a bamboo
tube to pour through the nose.

71. Another recipe: [Take] equal measures of cinnamon and burnt human hair.
Put in a cloth sack and hold it in the mouth, swallowing the liquid. [This] also
works well.

recipes to treat u n e n di n g bl e e di n g
from w ou nd s du e t o me t al

72. [Take] some big scallions.67 Roast them. While hot, extract the juices. Apply
them. [The flowing] blood will then stop. After it stops, pound [...].

73. [...] donkey dung. Quick-fry it. Use as a compress. [The flowing blood] will
also stop.

recipes to cu re su dden i mp e di me n t , s t u mbl i n g,

and lack of mobi l i t y i n t h e l e gs

74. Wheat-based fermentation starter.68 Grind up one and a half sheng, and add
three sheng of salt. Steam it so that the steam escapes, filling up a sack of coarse
cloth. Place the feet on the sack. When it gets cold, change it.

E. South Wall of the Cavern

recipes to cu re febri l e e p i de mi c di s e as e s

-1 75. [...] [Take] two sheng of dung from a sow and two sheng of human urine.
0 Mix [them together]. Wring it to derive one sheng. Take at once, cover [with a blan-
+1 ket,] and sweat. [This is a] proven [cure].

66103_1Pa_02_salg17994_text.indd 464 1/5/17 4:24 AM

 d ung, hai r, and mungbeans 465

76. Another recipe: Always on the twelfth69 day of the first month of the year,
get equal measures of seven kinds of dung: cow, sheep, horse, chicken, pig, human,
and dog. Scorch and powder them. Take one square-inch spoon with well water
drawn at sunrise, three times daily.

r ecipe for cu ring noxio u s i n fi x at i on e n t e ri n g t h e

h eart- mind and cau s i n g on e t o w i s h t o di e

77. [Take] a single bulb of garlic and a jujube-sized ink stick. Grind them
together, and take them in combination with food sauce. There will be a cure.

78. Another recipe. [Taking] three liang of realgar, three spoons of lacquer,70
and nine sheng of aged vinegar, on the fifth day of the fifth month, saut them
over a low flame. Every twenty-four hours,71 take one pill per dose. The pill should
be the size of an adzuki bean. Apply it for snakebites or scorpion stings, which
will also be cured.

79. [Another] recipe: Four heads of purple-skinned single- clove garlic72 and
equal portions of yellow soil from the bottom of the stove. Pound with aged
vinegar, mix them together, and take immediately.

80. [Another] recipe for chronic infixations lasting many years: One handful of
human hair, burnt to ashes; twenty-one peach pits, with the points removed, peeled,
and double pounded. Mix with one sheng of a young boys urine. Take immediately.

81. Another recipe: Donkey manure. Wring out one sheng of liquid, ingest it.
[This is] also effective.

great divinely m i rac u l ou s re c i p e for

cu ring inse c t p oi s on i n g 7 3

82. [This is] for cases where the saliva sinks [in water].74 [Take] one croton
seed, shelled with the point removed; three fermented soybeans, dry-fried; one
square-inch spoon of soot from the bottom of a cauldron. Combine and pound
them, then divide to form three pills. Taking one pill should cause bowel move-
ments. If not, then take another.

83. Another recipe: Roots and leaves of coriander.75 Pound out half a sheng of
juice. Drink at once. Bowel movements will occur immediately.

84. Another recipe: Three honey locust beans.76 Roast them and remove the skin -1
from the seeds, [place in] one sheng of good wine, and leave overnight to settle. 0
Remove the lees, and drink. One dose [...]. +1

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 466 h y b r id it y in b u d d h is t h e ali ng

recipes to cu re acu te j au n di c e , h e at j au n di c e ,
interior jau n di c e , e t c .

85. Soak three liang of thickly cut rhubarb in two sheng of water overnight to
clarify. At dawn, wring out the liquid, so there is one and a half sheng. Add two
liang of mirabilite, mixing it in so it dissolves. Drink it at once. Very quickly this
will cause diarrhea, and the disorder will be cured.

86. Another recipe: One sheng of yellow buns, one jin of wheat flour, and one jin
of sows dung. Steep in five sheng (three liters) of water overnight. Boil down to
three sheng. Drink one sheng at once. Repeat the dose daily.

87. Another recipe: [Take] Two sheng of sows dung and one sheng of human
urine. Mix [them together] and wring them out to get one sheng of liquid. Drink
immediately. Cover in a [blanket] and sweat. [This is] is a proven [cure].

88. Another: [Perform] moxibustion on the tips of the little fingers. Seven
cones.

recipes for cu ring infan t i l e mal n u t ri t i on

89. [...] Yellow, realgar, [...] Chinese wild ginger,77 rust, and [...] cure. [This
cure] will immediately be proven.

90. Another recipe: Take refined alum ore, cinnamon bark, and smallwort root,
one liang each.78 Pound them and apply externally.

91. Another recipe: Burn clams into ash, mix with winter pork lard, and apply
it. [This is] proven on both humans and livestock.

92. Another recipe: Fresh human [...] hair [...] supremely proven [...].

recipe for treating f u l l n e s s of t h e abdome n

t hat is h ard like stone , ac c u mu l at e d ov e r y e ars
w ith ou t de c re as e

93. Get southeast pointing branches of white poplar, remove the leaves, and
guarding them from the wind, finely chop five sheng. Dry-fry them until yellow,
and thoroughly soak them in five sheng of wine. Then use a hempen bag to collect
the lees and place them back in the wine, tightly seal it, and leave it overnight
-1 again. Each dose should be one ge; take three times daily.
0
+1

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 d ung, hai r, and mungbeans 467

recipe for cu ring n ox i ou s s w e l l i n gs

94. Heat up a basin and fill it with water. Drill a hole near the bottom and let
the water shoot onto the top of the swelling, [leaving] the rest [of the body]79 cold.
[This is a] proven cure.

95. Another recipe: Motherwort.80 Pound and juice it. Take a dose in the amount
of a chicken egg. Use the lees to envelop the sore. When it warms up, change the
dressing. [This] works well.

96. Another recipe: [Take] rhubarb, lime, and adzuki beans in equal portions.
Grind [them together]. Use clear liquor to mix. Apply on the surface.

97. Another recipe: [Take] half a sheng of pagoda tree seeds81 and one handful
of garden stonecrop.82 Mix them and pound [them together]. Use water to com-
bine and cover [the swelling].

98. Another recipe: Get soil from beneath the stove [and some] aged vinegar.
Combine and apply the paste. [This is] also a proven [cure].

99. Another recipe: According to the side of the body that is suffering, apply
moxibustion on the crease of the shoulder joint83 (fourteen cones).

100. Another recipe: Burn scales of a carp to ash, mix with vinegar, and apply.

101. Another: [This is] for traveling fire, i.e., red swellings. [Take] rhubarb and
garden stonecrop. Pound them together and apply. [This is a] proven [cure].

recipes to treat m as s i v e s w e l l i n g ov e r
th e w h o l e t h e body

102. Twigs and leafy branches of white and mottled paper mulberry84 in a two-
handed bundle; one dou of soybeans, one dan of water. Boil down to 1 dou. Remove
the lees and saut separately. Take three sheng and take it over three doses at dawn,
noon, and midnight. Always take warm and on an empty stomach. [This is a]
proven [cure].

103. Another recipe: Two handfuls of Great burdock fruit,85 [...] divided. Take
again. Do not break them while chewing. [This] works well.

104. Another recipe: If swelling rises up [in the leg] from the foot and gradu-
ally ascends into the abdomen, then it will cause death. Get one dan of adzuki -1
beans, cook them in water until they are thoroughly broken up, and get four or 0
+1

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 468 h y b r id it y in b u d d h is t h e ali ng

five dou86 of liquid. Warm and cleanse [the legs] from the knees down. Do it daily.
If the [swelling] has already entered the abdomen, then only eat adzuki beans,
and strictly avoid all other miscellaneous food. This works well.

105. Another recipe: [...] Flesh of one bitter gourd,87 one dan of water, and
simmer for as long as it takes to get completely cooked. Discard the lees and saut
the liquid until it can be packed into pills the size of broad beans.88 Take two pills
at a time; this will cause urination. After this, make a gruel with adzuki beans.
Strictly avoid drinking water. [This] works divinely.

106. Another recipe: Urine from a black cow, one ge per dose.

107. Another recipe: Get liaocai89 [...] ferment wine. Ingest. Works well.

recipes to tre at c on s t i p at i on

108. Get a strip of glue,90 two inches wide and four inches long; one handful
of scallion whites; cook them up in three sheng of water. Completely clear and
remove all the lees, then drink immediately.

109. Another recipe: Get pigs liver. Insert a reed tube into the gall bladder, then
tie it on. Insert the other end into the lower region [i.e., the rectum], and irrigate
it. Diarrhea will immediately come. Goats bladder is also good.

110. Another recipe: Dry-fry some Chinese mallow seeds,91 half a sheng. Grind
them into a powder. Take them at once with one sheng of water.

111. Another recipe: [Take] seven Han-melon92 stalks. Smash them to pieces.
Insert into the lower region. If it is not the right season, then pickling melons93
will also do. [This is] also a proven [cure].

recipe to treat obs t ru c t e d u ri n at i on

112. Take a small sprig of scallion. Cut the tip off and insert into the hole of the
small passage [urethra]. Blow with the mouth to cause it to open up; then [the ure-
thra] will be cleared. This will cause immediate urination.

113. Another recipe: A piece of realgar94 the size of a bean. Wrap it up in thread,
insert into the urethra.

114. Another recipe: [Take some] rock salt and musk,95 one portion each. Grind
-1 them [together], and insert this into the navel. Add three or four drops of water.
0 [This] will cure [it].
+1

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 d ung, hai r, and mungbeans 469

recipes to treat t h e fi v e ki n ds of
difficu lt u ri n at i on 9 6

115. For the heat type, drink three sheng of cold water. This provides a cure.

116. Another recipe: One pinch of hair from a cows ear. Burn it, grind it, and
take with water. [This] works well.

117. Another recipe: Four jin of imperata root.97 Cut it. Using one and a half dou
of water, decoct five sheng of liquid. Remove the lees. Divide this into three doses
for one day.

118. Another recipe: Moxibustion on the central surface of the outside of the
heels. [Use a number of] cones according to the patients age. The [kidney] stones
will then descend.

recipe for cu ring su dde n di s ru p t i on 9 8 di s orde r

119. Warm three sheng of alcohol. Some wax the size of a pellet. Melt it into the
wine and mix it in. Drink it. [This] works well. If you have no wax, then a spoonful
of salt will also do.

120. Another recipe: [For] acute onset of sudden disruption disorder with pain
in the core of the body, pound scallion whites and add one square-inch spoon of
salt. Take with wine.

121. Another recipe: [Take] three liang of fresh ginger and pound it into
pieces. Take one sheng of wine, decoct it, bringing it to a boil three times. Take
at once.

122. Another recipe: For vexatious nausea and fever, get bamboo leaves and
shoots. Pound them. Take with water, until cured.

recipes for cramps e x t e n di n g from t h e fe e t

u p to th e abdome n 9 9

123. Get the whites from chicken dung, one square-inch spoonful.. Mix in six
ge of water, and bring to a boil three times. Take at once. Dont let the patient know
[what it is].

124. Another recipe: When the tendon [injury] has entered the abdomen, let -1
the patient lie prostrate on the ground, tie up his two feet above the instep and 0
+1

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 470 h y b r id it y in b u d d h is t h e ali ng

below the ankle. From between the feet, let out a rope tied tightly to a pole, slightly
above the ground, and take the pole about five feet from the patient. Then use
the pole to wind up the rope. This will cure the patient.

125. Another recipe: Place the patients big toe in the crook of the hand. Apply
moxibustion on the sole of the foot, where the tendons are cramped. [Use] seven
cones.

126. Another recipe: Papaya seeds, roots, and branches. Decoct them. Drink it
down.

127. Another recipe: A three-finger pinch of ashes from burned straw rope. Take
in wine. [This] also works well.

recipes to treat re d an d w h i t e
(i.e., blood and p u s ) i n di arrh e a

128. [Take] flowers from Japa nese woodland sage100 and sun-dry them. Grind
them to a powder. [Take] one square-inch spoon. [This is a] proven cure.

129. Another recipe: Decoct [some] chives. Take one bowl at once on an empty
stomach.

130. Another recipe: [Get some] Coptis root powder, and take it with water. [This]
also works well.

131. Another, for diarrhea with pus: Juice from sesame seeds, cooked mung
beans. Take on an empty stomach until full.

132. Another recipe: Halloysite clay,101 five liang; dried ginger, two liang. Grind
to powder. Take three square spoons with a drink. Repeat daily.

133. Another recipe, for bloody diarrhea: Pound plantago leaf102 to get juice. Mix
with one spoon of honey. Take at once.

134. Another recipe: [...] take three liang.

135. Another recipe: Coptis root, amur cork-tree bark (three liang) ; gardenia
seeds103 (three liang). Cut them, and decoct in nine sheng of water, to get three sheng.
Divide into three doses. This [also] works well.

-1 136. Another for chronic diarrhea from infantile malnutrition: a two-handed

0 bundle of Chinese chives,104 fi nely chopped; one sheng of fermented soybeans;
+1

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 d ung, hai r, and mungbeans 471

three sheng of wine. Decoct down to one sheng, remove the lees, and drink imme-
diately. [This] also works well.

137. Another for infantile diarrhea: Adzuki beans, one sheng; wax, thee liang.
Decoct, take immediately.

138. Another recipe: [Get some] palm fibre,105 and burn it to ash; take with water.
Three square-inch spoons.

recipes to treat fish b on e s s t u c k i n t h e t h roat

139. Suck on an otter bone; it will come out immediately.

140. Another: Cover the head with a fishing net. It will come out immediately.

141. Another: Get one cup of water and hold it in front [of the patients
mouth]. [Have the patient] open his or her mouth toward the water. Then it will
come out.

recipes to treat v omi t i n g an d h e av i n g

142. Reed rhizome106 (five liang). Cut into five sheng of water. Decoct to get three
sheng. Take immediately. At the same time, take one ge of a boys urine. Then it
will be cured.

143. Another recipe: [Get] one sheng of milk from a white goat and drink it.

144. Another, for sudden vomiting: [Perform] moxibustion one inch below the
nipples. Seven cones.

recipes to treat fall i n g fi t s [ i . e . , e p i l e p s y ? ]

145. [Perform] moxibustion on the acupuncture point Meeting of the Hundred

Yin,107 in front of the anus, on top of the perineum. [Use a number of] cones ac-
cording to the patients age. The same for women.

146. Another recipe: [Perform] moxibustion on the head of the penis.108[Do]

seven applications.

147. Another recipe: [Perform moxibustion] on the stalk of the penis, on the -1
[acupuncture] point near the base. Three applications will cure it.109 0
+1

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 472 h y b r id it y in b u d d h is t h e ali ng

148. Another recipe: Moxibustion on the palm of the hand, and on the knuckle
of the middle finger. [This is] immediately effective.

recipe for cu ri n g c h oki n g

149. [Get] honey, milk curds, and fresh ginger juice; one sheng each. Combine
and saut over a small flame, causing it to boil five or six times. Every time you
take a spoonful, drip it in [to the throat]. Take warm.

150. Another recipe: Carefully grind wheat bran with the head of a pestle, wrap
in a hand towel, and use it to wipe the teeth. It will go down immediately.

151. [...]

152. Another recipe: Fresh ginger and orange peel, taken in a soup.

153. Another: Chicken or pheasant tail feathers. Insert deeply into the throat;
then it will be cleared.

recipe for cu ring th roat obs t ru c t i on 1 1 0

154. Use a thread to wind around the thumb causing it to go black. Use a needle
to pierce the wrinkle on the joint.

155. Another recipe: Swifts nests. Grind them. Mix with water. [This is a] proven
[cure].

n otes

1. On donor culture at Longmen, see McNair 2007.

2. On merit making through devotional inscriptions, see Tsiang 2005.
3. On merit making and the medical inscriptions, see Zhang Ruixian, Wang Jiakui, and
Stanley-Baker, forthcoming. On Buddhist motivations to disseminate medicine at court,
both at Luoyang and with earlier precedence, see Liu Shufen 2008.
4. Zhang Ruixian, Wang Jiakui, and Stanley-Baker, forthcoming.
5. These include Emergency Preparedness Recipes Worth a Thousand in Gold (Beiji qianjin yaofang;
published in 652), Secret Essentials from the Imperial Library (Waitai miyao; published 752), the
Essentials of Medical Treatment (Ishinp; published 984), and Ge Hongs Recipes to Keep Close at
Hand (Zhouhou fang), among others. For further information, see Zhang Ruixians excellent
-1 critical edition (Zhang 1999).
0 6. We compared Shao 1993 to Zhang Ruixian 1999 and Liu and Li 1998. Shao interpolates cor-
+1 rupted characters from Jia and Ren 1989 and Mizuno, Nagahiro, and Tsukamoto 1941. Zhang

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 d ung, hai r, and mungbeans 473

Ruixians edition compares the Dunhuang manuscripts and multiple early medical works,
and thoroughly analyzes terminology in individual passages.
7. Qiu Guangming 2002, as summarized in Wilkinson 2012: 54647 and 55456.
8. Letters and numbers are not original to the recipes but are included here for ease of
reference. This translation follows Zhang Ruixian 1999, which is the same as Shao
Dianwen 1993, until the point that Zhang reconstructs obscured portions of the in-
scription from received medical literature. Zhang has a total of 155 recipes, whereas
Shao has 140.
9. This is a standard unit of measure, usually described as a square-inch (fangcun) spoon,
i.e., approximately 1 g.
10. That is, the cyclical recurrence of fever and other symptoms.
11. Ch. shuqi. Modern herbals identify this plant as Dichroa febrifgua Lour, although it has also
been identified as Orixana japonica Th. (M.). See Read, Liu, and Li 1936: 106, entry 353. Shuqi
was recognized in the ca. 200 a.d. Divine Husbandmans Pharmacopoeia (Shennong bencao jing)
as having properties against malaria-like diseases.
12. Coptis chinensis, deltoidia, omeiensis, and/or teetoides (Ch. huanglian). See Bensky and Gamble
1986: 77.
13. A pinch (cuo) was a standard unit of measure, equivalent to four knife-points (daogui). Here
we see evidence of it being used as a rough measure, as in the common phrase a three-
finger pinch up to the first joint. See Wilkinson 2012: 54647.
14. These disease terms appear to refer both to deranged speech and glossolalia, that is, trance-
induced speech unintelligible to human ears.
15. This refers to a strap used to tie a steamer basket to its water supply. Later these became
used in decoctions as materia medica in their own right. See Compendium of Materia Medica
(Bencao gangmu) in Li Shizhen 1975: 2209.
16. Controlling demons by learning their names occurs in many cultures, such as Jesuss ex-
orcism of the demon Legion. Early medieval Daoist visualizations give strict instructions
for identifying spirit-apparitions, so that one can know whether they are beneficial, and
if so, the proper etiquette to address them.
17. This treatment appears early in Chinese medical literature, in Ge Hongs Recipes to Keep
Close at Hand (Zhouhou fang). See Strickmann 2002: 141.
18. This location corresponds to the acupuncture point Sea [Point] of the Lesser [Yin Channel]
(Ch. shaohai), or Heart 3. Classical medicine does not typically use this point for breathing
difficulty, however.
19. Here the same term for moxibustion, jiu, is used. However, it is clear in this instance that
the cord is being used directly on the skin, not artemisia; hence, we have opted for the
term cautery here.
20. This refers to the lunar calendar, and usually falls in early June, presumably a specific point
in the growth cycle of cocklebur. It marks an impor tant day in the Chinese ritual calen-
dar, now celebrated as the Duanwu festival, but in the past was marked by various hygiene
and illness-dispelling rituals. These continue to be observed today in some parts of China.
21. Zanthium (Ch. canger). Zhao, Dai, and Chen 2006: 1486, no. 2212.
22. Shao Dianwen (1993: 246) interpolates this phrase based on his reading of the inscription. -1
23. Lacquer sap is a power ful irritant that can cause rashes and burns on the skin. 0
24. Zizania (Ch. gucao). Zhao, Dai, and Chen 2006: 2907, no. 4356. +1

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 474 h y b r id it y in b u d d h is t h e ali ng

25. The placement of the amount seven in front of the plant name is strange, as the recipes
generally place enumerators behind the materia medica. We can find no evidence of qigu-
cao as a distinct plant name, however.
26. Zhao, Dai, and Chen 2006: 1155, no. 1714.
27. The term jiu is ambiguous, and can also apply to leeks and scallions.
28. Catalpa bungei (Ch. qiu).
29. Mori alba (Ch. sanggen baipi). Bensky and Gamble 1986: 203. According to the authors, the
first record of this herb in the received tradition is Materia Medica of Medicinal Properties
(Yaoxing bencao), by Zhen Quan, and is dated to roughly 600 c.e.
30. Evodia rutecarpae (Ch. wuzhuyu). Ibid., 303.
31. Pruni armeniacae (Ch. xingren).
32. Ch. chi.
33. Dazhui is the classical name for the acupunc ture point, Governing Vessel 14, located above
T1, the topmost thoracic vertebra.
34. Zhang Ruixian (1999: 15) suspects this refers to oil from white sesame seeds.
35. Angelica sinensis (Ch. danggui).
36. Chinese medical practitioners distinguished between different pathogenic factors of many
kinds, including different temperatures, such as hot, warm, cool cold, and frigid. Thus,
cool pain is not as severe as cold pain.
37. Fermiana platanifolia (Ch. wuzi). Roughly 0.5 cm across.
38. Flos caryophylli (Ch. dingxiang).
39. Ch. hui, which is commonly translated as roundworm, more properly refers to all kinds
of bugs living in the body (see Nappi 2010b: 192n42).
40. This corresponds to the acupoint Lingtai, Governing Vessel 10.
41. This refers to the ulnar protuberance at the wrist. The source text has yangu, and does
not describe the location clearly, referring only to the outside or back of the hand.
However, Emergency Preparedness Recipes Worth a Thousand in Gold 10: 190a, published at
roughly the same time, refers to a moxibustion point as yanzigu, describing a boney point
at both wrists. This term is not part of the classical repertoire.
42. The qian measurement was introduced with the production of the new coin, the Kaiyuan
tongbao qian in 621, but only circulated gradually. It was not made official until the Song
dynasty. That it is used here instead of the older measurement, the zhu, may be related to
the caves proximity to Luoyang, the theneastern capital of the Tang dynasty.
43. Ch. mangxiao.
44. Typhae flos (Ch. puhuang). Bensky and Gamble 1986: 249.
45. Coprinus sterquilinus Fr. (Ch. guisan). Online sources point to the Quan Zhongguo caoyao huib-
ian for this identification.
46. Ch. jiang. A general term for food sauces, usually fermented, which can be derived from
vinegar, salt, wheat, flour, and beans.
47. Inverted flower sore is a skin sore that resembles an open flower. See Treatise on the
Origins and Symptoms of Diseases (Zhubing yuanhou lun 35: 34.1009). This should not be con-
fused with inverted flower, which refers to a prolapsed uterus.
-1 48. Portulacae oleraceae (Ch. machi cao; literally, horse teeth grass). This herb is also called
0 machi xian. See Bensky and Gamble 1986: 9899.
+1

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 d ung, hai r, and mungbeans 475

49. Ch. lihuang; literally, chestnut yellow.

50. Ch. disong. This term for the plant enters the pharmacological tradition in the Tang dy-
nasty Newly Compiled Materia Medica (Xinxiu bencao), dated to 659. It is more commonly
known in earlier pharmacopoeias as tianmingjing. See Zhao, Dai, and Chen 2006: 441, no. 657.
51. Ch. huangbo. The Longmen inscription has ganhuang ye, which is unintelligible. Zhang Ruix-
ian finds that a similar recipe in the Tang dynasty Pharmacopoeia for Dietary Cures (Shiliao
bencao) has ganjiang huangbo, which gives the above translation. See Zhang Ruixian 1999:
21, no. 51. On huangbo, see Bensky and Gamble 1986: 80.
52. Croton tiglium (Ch. badou). Bensky and Gamble 1986: 125.
53. Artemisia argyi (Ch. ai). Ibid., 259.
54. Sophorae japonicae immaturus (Ch. huai baipi).
55. This instance is ambiguous as to whether it refers to the anus or the vagina. Later instances
of the term refer to the anus.
56. It is unclear what the original inscription on the wall refers to. We have translated Zhang
Ruixians best estimate, as found in Zhang Ruixian 1999: 22, no. 58.
57. Ch. naosha.
58. Zhang Ruixian interpolates vessel (ping) based on a similar entry in the Sagacious and
Benevolent Recipes for the Era of Great Peace (Taiping shenghui fang), a Song dynasty work. Ibid.,
2, no. 59.
59. Solanum nigrum L. (Ch. longkui gen).
60. This refers to the twelfth month of the lunar calendar, which usually falls in December
and early January.
61. Literally, bow-tips spreading the opposite way. This refers to opisthotonus.
62. Glycine soja (Ch. wudou).
63. Literally, foot yang-brightness. This refers to the yang-brightness acupunc ture channel
that travels down the leg to the foot.
64. Zhang Ruixian suspects that this refers to Stomach 43 (Ch. xiangu), which is also used for
coughing in classical medicine. See Zhang Ruixian 1999: 24, no. 64.
65. Ch. dahuang.
66. A similar treatment for thoracic masses using two hundred moxa can be found in the
Secret Essentials from the Imperial Library, dated roughly one hundred years later in 752.
This point also corresponds to Liver 13 (Ch. zhangmen). Ibid., 25, no. 67.
67. Ch. dacong.
68. Ch. maiqu. A base for fermentation, prepared by introducing select bacteria to grains,
allowing them to incubate, and then drying them out to store for later use.
69. This refers to the first you day. This signified the first complete cycle of the twelve earthly
branches (dizhi) of the calendar.
70. Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Ch. qi).
71. Literally, for every repetition of the time (yi fushi). Times of day in premodern China were
calculated on a cycle of twelve double hours (see chapter 48).
72. Ch. Zipi duke suan.
73. In Zhang Ruixian 1999: 29, no. 82, the title of this recipe is inserted on the basis of a cita-
tion of Ge Hongs Recipes to Keep Close at Hand, in fascicle 28 of the Secret Essentials from the -1
Imperial Library. 0
+1

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 476 h y b r id it y in b u d d h is t h e ali ng

74. A similar diagnosticone that is more clearly describedcan be found in Transcendent

Master Ges Emergency Preparedness Recipes to Keep Close at Hand (Ge xianweng zhouhou beiji
fang), DZ no. 1306, juan 7: 19a.
75. Ch. hucai. Zhao, Dai, and Chen 2006: 2172, no. 3238.
76. Gleditsia sinensis (Ch. zaojia). Bensky and Gamble 1986: 197.
77. Asarum (Ch. xixin). Ibid., 3536.
78. Cynanchi stauntonii (Ch. xu changqing). Wu 2005: 24142.
79. Zhang Ruixian interpolates this from another copy of the recipe in P. no. 3596.
80. Leonurus artemisia (Ch. weichou cao). As noted in Zhang Ruixian 1999: 33, no. 95, this is a
variant name for the herb more commonly known as chongwei or yimucao; also see Bensky
and Gamble 1986: 273. Another interpretation would be to read this as flowering rue (Ruta
graveolens, Ch. weicao). See Zhao, Dai, and Chen 2006: 2645, no. 3953.
81. Ch. huaizi.
82. Hylotelephium erhythrosticum [Miq.] H. Ohba (Ch. shenhuo cao). More usually known as jing-
tian. See Zhao, Dai, and Chen 2006: 3314, no. 5048.
83. This point corresponds to the classical point, Large Intestine 15 (Ch. jianyu).
84. Ch. gu, chu. Zhang Ruixian 1999: 33, no. 102 finds that gu and chu are distinguished as two
different varietals, the former with white bark and the latter with mottled bark, in Master
Sunbeams Materia Medica from Multiple Schools (Rihuazi zhujia bencao). Here both variants are
deemed suitable for the recipe.
85. Fructus arctii lappae (Ch. nianshuzi). See Bensky and Gamble 1986: 41.
86. Here, we follow Shao Dianwen 1993: 120, no. 28.98, who has dou where Zhang Ruixian 1999:
7, no. 36.104 has sheng. Shaos proportions of 4 to 5 dou from one dan parallels the propor-
tions of the recipes in multiple texts from the same period, which are also cited by Shao
Dianwen.
87. Lagenaria siceraria (Ch. kuhu). Zhao, Dai, and Chen 2006: 178687.
88. Ch. hudou.
89. Polygoni tinctorii.
90. This sticky substance could be made from donkey or mule hide, or tiger bone.
91. Malva verticillata L. (Ch. kuizi). See Read, Liu Ju-chiang, and Li Shizhen 1936: 80.
92. Ch. Hangua. Zhang Ruxian 1999: 38, no. 111 argues that this refers to sweet melons (Ch. tian-
gua) from the western region of the old state of Han.
93. Cucumis melo L (Ch. jianggua).
94. Ch. xunhuang.
95. Bensky and Gamble 1986: 412.
96. The five types of painful urination were identified as being caused by stones, qi, chyle,
fatigue, and heat. See Secret Essentials from the Imperial Library (27: 729b).
97. Imperata cyclindricae (Ch. baimao gen). Bensky and Gamble 1986: 264.
98. Ch. huoluan. This was a known disease term, characterized by intense nausea, vomiting,
and diarrhea.
99. Classical medicine interprets hernia as cold in the Liver or Spleen channels, which run up
the leg and through the lower abdomen on each side. It is possible this syndrome is
-1 related.
0 100. Salvia japonica (Ch. shuwei cao).
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 d ung, hai r, and mungbeans 477

101. Ch. chishizhi. Liu Daoqing 1994: 573.

102. Plantago asiatica L. (Ch. cheqian cao). Bensky and Gamble 1986: 141.
103. Gardenia jasminoides (Ch. zhizi ren). Ibid., 57.
104. Allium chinensis bakerii (Ch. jiu). Ibid., 240.
105. Trachycarpus wagnerianus-Becc (Ch. zonglpi). Ibid., 254.
106. Phragmitis communis (Ch. lugen). Ibid., 61.
107. Conception Vessel 1 (Ch. huiyin). This acupunc ture point lies between the genitals and the
anus at the base of the spine. The hui character is not on the inscription but is interpo-
lated by Zhang Ruixian 1999: 47, no. 145.
108. Ch. yintou.
109. This remedy appears in Ge Hongs Recipes to Keep Close at Hand. See Strickmann 2002: 240.
110. The fi nal two entries were not found in rubbings from the cave, but are cited in the
Essentials of Medical Treatment as Longmen Recipes. On this basis, they are included by Shao
Dianwen 1993 and Zhang Ruixian 1999.

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