Quark Dynamics

no high energi particle collision has as yet (1987) produced a free quark. With the advent of Fermilabs
1000-GeV collider, this failure to liberate a single free quark leaves us with the philosophically
somewhat difficult possiblillty that the quark are permantely confined in hadrons and that no amount
of energy can liberate a quark from its hadronic environment.

On the other hand, the results of deep inelastic scattering experiments reveal a paradoxically
very different property of the quarks if we exaxmine the quarks at very short distances (through
scattering of a nonhadronic probe such as an electron or a neutrino), we find the quarks to move
almost freely, as if they are not bound at all.

In the languange of quarkologist, these two prperties are called infrared slavery (confinement
of quarks to regions the size of hadrons with large. Pehaps infiite enginies required to liberate them
to larger distance) and asymptotic freedom (free movement at short distances). Any succesful theory
of quark interaction must be able to explain these apparently contradictory properties.

In analogy with quantum electrodinamic (QED), the quantum theory of the electromagnetic
field. We have quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The quantum theory of the color theory, but will
point out its distingushing feature by comparison with QED.

In QED, electric charges interact throughe electromagnetic fields propagated through the
exchange of real or virtual photons. In QCD, quark interact by exchanging gluons. The photons are the
carriers of the electromagnetic field exactly as the gluons are the carriers of the strong color field.
What makes the two theories so different is that the photons themselves carry on electric charge and
so are unaffected by electric fileds; gluons in contrast carry a net color, and therefore interact directly
with the quark. That is a quark can emit a gluon and then interct with it and create additional gluons;
a phonon cannot itself exchange photons with nearby charges. This property of gluons forcce QCD
into a considerable level of mathematical complexity.

The emmision of colored gluons provides a clue for the operation of asymtotic freedom. An
electron emmiting virtual photons still remains an electron with a charge of -e, but a quark emitting a
virtual gluon must chage its color charge. The colour charge of a quark is therefore spread out over a
sphere of radius of the order of the size of a hadron (0.5-1 fm). if another quark were to penetrate
that sphere, this smeared-out color field would cause a considerably reduced quark-quark
interaction. If we sample the quarks interactions over radius
Figure 18.36 As the distance between two point charges increases, the electric field (corresponding to
the density of elctric field lines crossing a unit surface are) decreases. The color field remains constant
as the distance result in the production of a new qq pair.

Small compared with 1 fm, we observe only a small fraction of its color charge, and it appears only
very weakly bound or nearly free.

The behaviour of quark interaction as the separation is increased can also be justefied through
comparison with QED. Figure 18.36 illustrates one difference between the electric field lines through
any surface is proportional to the electric fileld at that location; thus as the charges are separated, the
density of the field lines and the elctric field between the charges decrease. Regarding the electric
field lines as respresentative of virtual photon exchange between the charges, it is immedietly
apparent why the QCD field line behave differently the exchanged photons do not interact, while
the exchanged gluons do. thus the gluon-gluon interaction force the color field lines into a narrow
tube. The force (again represented as the density of field lines crossing a surface) remains roughly
constant as the separation is increased. As we try to separate to large distance, the work will
eventually exceed the production threshold for creation of a qq pair, resulting in formation of a meson.
Thus putting energi into a nucleus in an attempt to liberate a quark is expected to crete new mesons,
exactly as is observed.

This simple model does permit some rough calculations of the excitation spectrum of quark-
antiquark pair, such as is found in the Pi or T particles. If the force is rough constant, then the potential
varies linearly with the separation distance as V(r) = kr V0. We can write the radial part of the
schrodinger equation for this potential (assuming s states) as
 The solution to the differential equation is the Airy function and enegies are found from
mathematical tables of the zeros of the Airy function. The value of which are an ......

And the expected spectrum of s states is shown in figure 18.37 and compared with the corresponding
level of TETA. The agreement is sufficiently good to lead us to accept the plausibility of the theory.

The masses of the quarks themselves do not appear in any QCD calculation: in fact. If the
quarks are permanently confined it makes little sense to discuss the rest mass of a free quark. Instead,
we can find the effective mass of a quark when it is found in a hadron: this is usually known as the
consistituent quark mass. The simplest cases are Teta from which we can estimate

For the u and d quarks. No. pure uu or dd states exist. Although by analogy with the above values we
could take xxxxx, since both x and w are combinations of uu and dd. This would give about 380 MeV
for the u and d quarks. Assuming their masses to be equal. The proton and neutron differ in mass
energi by only 1 MeV and differ in quark content by replacement of d with u: there is thus good
evidence that mu=md. in fact, an alternative estimate for the u and d quarks would be X 310 MeV. It
therefore seems reasonable to estimate

As a check on this estimate, we expect the A (=uds) to exceed the nucleon mass by about X 150 MeV.
The observed difference is 170 MeV, in better agreement with this crude astimate than we should
expect. The lowest states of the charmed mesons are also quite consistent with these estimates, with
D( =cu)
Figure 18.37 calculated energies of qq states in simple potential models. The predicted energies are
calculated with X . the first potential is somewhat simpler to solve, but the second does a better job
of giving the measured X energies. Values in parentheses are input for the models and are used to
evaluate the parameters (k, V0, b). Details of calculation (b) can be found in E.Eichten et al

At 1870 MeV (estimated value 1850 MeV) and F (=cs) at 1971 Mev (estimated value 2000 MeV).

Confirming evidence for these effetive masses comes from the magnetic moments of baryons.
If we regard the quarks as spin -1/2 Dirac particles, then the quark magnetic moments are

Where we assume the dirac g factor gs = 2. The vector coupling of the various quarks magnetic
moments to the baryon moments gives

Solving these equations simultaneously and using the observed magnetic moments X. Because x is
calculated using the proton mass, we get, for example
That is, muc2 = 340 Mev, consistent with the previous extimate. Similarly, from the magnetic moments
mdc2 = 340 MeV and msc2 = 510 MeV, also consistent with previous estimates. Accepting these value
of the three quark magnetic moments, we can then calculate the magnetic moments of the heavier
spin -1/2 baryons X, and excellent agreement is obtained between the measured and calculated
values. If we assume mu = md, then equation 18. 33 a and b combine to give X = -1.50. the measured
ratio is -1.46. Thus the quark model has excellent succes with the baryon magnetic moments. Without
resorting to meson clouds or any other artificial structures in the baryons.

Much effort has been put into searches for free quarks, from the debris of extreamly high-
energi collisions of cosmic rays (which might be energetic enough to free a tightly bound quark) to
ocean sediments and other terrestrial matter, in order to search either for cosmic-ray quarks that