Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Dissertation
On
WHEEL-CHAIR CUM STRETCHER
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
Submitted by
Mane Vaibhav Digambar.
Patale Sanket Sunil.
Kalshetti Gangadhar Ganpati.
(Prof. KULKARNI.P.P.)
CERTIFICATE
Date: - / /
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is our pleasures to get this opportunity to thank our beloved and respected guide
Prof. Kulkarni P.P who imparted valuable knowledge of Design and Fabrication. He is also kind
enough to spare his valuable time to guide us in making our project. We sincerely thank him for his
consistent guidance, inspiration and sympathetic to work, which we sure, will go a long way in our
life. We owe sincere thanks, more than what we can express, towards our Head, Mechanical
Engineering Department, Prof. R.T Vyavahare for his constant inspiration, and assistance
throughout the course.
We are grateful to Principal Dr. K. J. Karande for his encouragement and guidance
throughout the course.
We express our sincere thanks to all the staff, faculties and colleagues of Mechanical Engineering
Department of SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, who have helped us directly or
indirectly in completing this project.
We are also grateful to our parents for wishes and moral support during the preparation and all
concerned for helping and encouraging us. We are grateful for the many useful comments and
suggestions provided by reviewers, which have resulted significant improvements in the project.
ABSTRACT
Wheel chair and Stretchers are very commonly used in the hospitals, airports,
railway stations, shopping malls, etc. We have designed and fabricated a new modified
wheel chair cum stretcher. The developed wheel chair can very easily be converted into
stretcher as well as operation table depending upon need. In this, we used the Simple
Four Bar Chain Mechanism has been synthesized for lifting. The mechanism is
driven manually.
The wheel chair gets converted into stretcher while lifting automatically. Four
legged support provides required stability to the stretcher. The system can be made manual
self-driven or motorized. Wheel chair, Stretchers, Beds, Operation tables, etc. are major
furniture items used in hospitals. Engineers are continuously applying their ideas to make
product more and more sophisticated to facilitate doctor, patients, staff.
It is comfortable for us that mean it is used for both function. A digital read out
(DRO) is a small computer usually with an integrated keyboard and some means of
numeric representation. It reads the signals generated by the linear encoder installed to
several machine axes, using them to keep track of work piece position or tool position.
CONTENT
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1
INTRODUCTION
DISABILITY is the term which is in use from many decades now. As per Oxford
Etymology, DISABILITY is used in many contexts viz, it was a sport in 1650s with the
name CAP IN HAND, it was used in horse races in 1750s, in 1870s it is Any race or
competition in which the chances of the competitors are sought to be equalized by giving an
advantage to the less efficient or imposing a disadvantage upon the more efficient. Finally,
the first use of handicap to designate mental or physical impairment is recorded in a 1915
photo caption: The Handicapped Child. From 1915 the word DISABILITY/HANDICAP
has become the brand name for the people who are physically or mentally challenged.
Types of Disability:
Disability is caused by impairments to various subsystems of the body - these can be broadly
sorted into the following categories.
1. Physical Disability
2. Sensory Disability
a. Visual Impairment
b. Hearing Impairment
c. Olfactory and gustatory Impairment
d. Somatosensory Impairment
e. Balance Disorder
3. Intellectual Disability
Physical Disability
Sensory Disability
MOBILITY AID:
There are various walking aids which can help with impaired ability to walk and wheelchairs
or mobility scooters for more severe disability or longer journeys which would otherwise be
undertaken on foot. For people who are blind or visually impaired the white cane and guide
dog have a long history of use. Other aids can help with mobility or transfer within a building
or where there are changes of level.
Traditionally the phrase "mobility aid" has applied mainly to low technology
mechanical devices. The term also appears in government documents, for example dealing
with tax concessions of various kinds. It refers to those devices whose use enables a freedom
of movement similar to that of unassisted walking or standing up from a chair.
1. Walking aids
a. Cane
b. Crutches
c. Canes, crutches, and forearm crutch combinations
d. Walkers
e. Walker Cane Hybrid
f. Gait Trainers
3. Others
a. Sling lifts
b. Lift chairs
c. Knee scooters
PROBLEM DEFINITION
The percentage of patients in India is increasing day by day. In hospitals patients need
to be shifted from wheelchair to stretcher, stretcher to beds, bed to wheelchair, or vice versa;
which creates unsafe conditions for patients. Transferring patients in hospitals is a common
problem for the caretakers
PROJECT SCOPE
Propose a design which will reduce the effort of the caretaker and provide a safer
transfer for the patients in hospitals and it is comfortable for us That means it is used for both
function.
Step: 1
Step: 2
Step: 3
LITRATURE STUDY
The problem of transfer patients exists from ancient times. People who got seriously
injured or ill, were carried by others by means of wooden stretcher with cloth or leather tied
to it. Later they were carried on wheels which reduced the effort of the people carrying them.
Today the problem still exists. Though we have evolved in the field of healthcare and
technology we are not yet able to address the problem efficiently.
WHEELCHAIR
Wheelchairs have been around for hundreds of years, but early wheelchairs were intended
only to help a disabled individual move from point A to point B. As society progressed and
disabled individuals became more integrated, the role of the wheelchair began to change as
well. Wheelchairs are now considered not only a means of transportation but also as a way to
allow users to express their individuality.
The earliest records of wheeled furniture was an inscription found on a stone slate in
China and a childs bed depicted in a frieze on a Greek vase, both dating back to the 6th
century B.C.E. The first records of wheeled seats being used for transporting the disabled
date to three centuries later in China; the Chinese used their invented wheelbarrow to move
people as well as heavy objects. A distinction between the two functions was not made for
another several hundred years until when images of wheeled chairs made specifically to carry
people begin to occur in Chinese art. There were many attempts to connect furniture to
wheels dating back to the time of Christ. But perhaps the first wheelchair was invented for
King Phillip II of Spain. A drawing of the King dated 1595 shows him in a chair with wheels,
armrests and footrests. However, he needed assistance to propel it. In 1665 one of the first
self-propelled vehicles was invented by Stephan Farfel. Harry Jennings and his disabled
friend Herbert Everest, both mechanical engineers, invented the first lightweight, steel,
collapsible wheelchair in 1933. Mr. Everest had broken his back in a mining accident. The
two saw the business potential of the invention and went on to become the first mass-
manufacturers of wheelchairs: Everest and Jennings. Their "x-brace" design is still in
common use, albeit with updated materials and other improvements. In the 1950s the first
powered wheelchair was developed. It used a motor to power the wheelchair. It was around
the same time that wheelchair sports were first started. In the year 1964 the first Paralympics
games were held in Tokyo, Japan.
Modern day wheel chairs contain light materials, microprocessor controlled and many
more sophisticated systems. There is a revolution of wheelchairs available today driven by
needs and desire or man today. The future expects a better range of wheelchairs that could
suit the imagination of the human mind and serve the needy.
The basic structure of the wheelchair contains various parts. In simple words its
nothing but a set of wheels attached to a chair. There are some important things a wheelchair
must contain. A seat must be comfortable, so that the person does not get tired sitting on it for
a long time. It must contain a backrest that provides a good lumbar support. It must have an
arm rest at an optimum height and a also a foot rest. The most important think is it must have
brakes for the wheels.
Since the birth of the wheelchair there have been many modifications in its design. Today
there exists a huge variety of wheelchairs- manually, electric, or self propelled, foldable or
rigid. Apart from these they are classified based on their usage, standing wheelchair, sports
wheelchair, mobility scooters, bathroom wheelchair, steps climbing wheelchair etc. The range
of wheelchairs reflects the demand to meet individual needs.
Caster angle is the angular displacement from the vertical axis of the suspension of a steered
wheel in a vehicle measured in the longitudinal direction. It is the angle between the pivot
line (in a car - an imaginary line that runs through the centre of the upper ball joint to the
centre of the lower ball joint) and vertical. Car racers sometimes adjust caster angle to
optimize their cars handling characteristics in particular driving situations. It is applied to
ensure stability of direction by means of a special arrangement. is the caster angle, red line
is the pivot line, grey area is the tire. A positive caster angle is shown with the front of the
vehicle being to the
Left.
Toggle clamp mechanism is fixed on rear wheel for braking in manual wheelchairs. Lever
type mechanism is used in hand brake system. Hand braking system is used in most of the
manual wheelchair and will be helpful for the users convenience.
Fig.Braking mechanisms
Wheelchair Cushions
Cushions are the integral part of wheelchair where the patients are laid. A stretcher or
wheelchairs without cushions are never recommended for the hospital purpose. So study has
conducted in order to get a better understanding with the types of cushions used in these
products. The use of quality material raises the entire cost of the product and a comparison
study has done in order to understand the various types of cushions used in wheelchair and
stretcher.
TYPES OF WHEELCHAIRS
Some of the types of wheelchairs are discussed below:
Manual wheelchairs
Manual wheelchairs are those moved by the user or an attendant. By controlling the push
rims, users can travel forward and backward at speeds dictated by the amount of force they
are able to apply, they can also turn left or right and negotiate small dips and rises that lie
ahead.
chairs are navigated by controls systems. Individuals too weak to maneuver a manually
powered or standard wheelchair benefit from power chairs, as do individuals with heart
and/or breathing conditions.
Wheelbase
A wheelbase chair, otherwise known as a scooter, has four small wheels extending from a low
platform. The type of chair mounted on this platform varies according to the disability and
needs of the user; some are even molded from a cast taken of the users most appropriate
sitting position. The controls of the wheelbase chair are mounted on a frame that curves
upward from the front of the platform to a height and position convenient for the user. A
horizontal steering bar is attached across the top of the frame.
Sports chairs
Since the 1970s, disabled athletes have had an increasing array of specialized wheelchairs to
help them achieve the most from their chosen sport. These chairs can look very different from
each other, but what they usually have in common is lightweight frames made from
composite material; solidity (which means that they do not fold); and enhanced stability for
sudden turns (this is achieved by using angled wheels).Sports wheelchairs or recreation
wheelchairs are specially designed for athletes with disabilities who are competing in sports
that require agility and speed such as basketball, tennis, rugby or racing.
Stand-up
Stand-up wheelchairs are fitted with a hydraulic pump that lifts and tilts the seat, thereby
enabling the user to "stand up" and yet be fully supported. This is an invaluable feature if the
user needs to reach an item on a shelf either at home or while out shopping
Stair-climbing wheelchairs
Climbing stairs is the ultimate test for a wheelchair, and there are a number of solutions
available. Battery-operated supports at the back that act as stabilisers as the chair climbs.
A series of flexible wheels turning within rubber tracks that grip the steps.
STRETCHER
A stretcher is a medical device to carry patients for a short duration of time. A stretcher
contains a surface which support for carrying patients, and has handles on either side along its
length to help carry it.
Stretchers have been used since antiquity, on battlefields and in emergency situations,
where wheeled vehicles are hindered by rough terrain. In their simplest form, they generally
consisted of a canvas sling with long edges sewn to themselves to form pockets through with
wooden poles could be slid. Today there are a wide variety of stretchers available, involving
light weight materials, attachments so that it can be fitted to other contraptions.
TYPES OF STRETCHERS
Some of the types of stretchers are explained below :
Basket stretcher
A basket stretcher is used in situation when an injured person needs transportation by foot to
medical attention. The stretcher disassembles in two halves, and if needed for rescue
assembles in seconds.
Ambulance stretcher
An ambulance stretcher, also known as a little or gurney, consists of a solid frame and a
heavy-duty cloth that stretches across it. The ambulance often gives a rough ride. This type of
stretcher absorbs part of the impact to prevent further injury. Ambulance stretchers often
adjust in position, aiding the paramedic in tending to the injured persons needs.
Folding stretchers
A folding stretcher is used to transport the injured from the inside of a building to an
ambulance stretcher. It is portable and folds in half for convent storage. This stretcher is also
light weight when carried, and made of high strength materials. They are available in several
sizes to fit people of various sizes.
Pole Stretcher
The military often used pole stretchers to transport the wounded to a medical facility. The
stretcher have heavy-duty poles that extend on each side so two men can carry it. Pole
stretchers also are lightweight, and have no-slip handgrips for firm control while handling.
THEME BOARD
CONCEPTS
CONCEPT SELECTION
CONCEPT 1:-
Above Fig depicts the folding mechanism of product. Link 1 is the back rest, link 2 is
seating area, link 3 is leg support. Link a is perpendicular to link 1 and link e is
perpendicular to link 3. Link c is a ball screw which moves linearly to and fro on the lead
screw which is shown in dotted line. Link e and link a is connected to link c by other
links d and b respectively. Red arrow shows the ball screw moving to the right of the reader
upon which the product will become stretcher or bed and this conversion is done when the
desired entire platform is raised to desired position. When the ball screw is moved to left of
reader product becomes a wheelchair and this conversion is done when the desired entire
platform is raised to desired position.
Height adjustment is done with the help of pneumatic cylinder mechanism. There will be
totally 4 pneumatic cylinders which are at the 4 corners of the seating area which are actuated
to change the height.
ERGONOMIC DETAILS
We know that Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned
with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the
profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize
human well-being and overall system performance.
As our study is focused on handling of elderly people & patients in hospitals during
shifting from one mobility aid (wheelchair, stretcher)to another, we considered Ergonomics
involved &Indian Public Health Standards for design of proposed concept.
As per Indian Public Standards every Hospital should have Barrier free access
environment for easy access to non-ambulant (Wheelchair, stretcher), semi ambulant visually
disabled & elderly persons as per Govt. of India guidelines.
Below fig. shows Anthropometric data of wheelchair user related to uses within easy reach.
ANTHROPOMETRY DATA
Human dimensions are considered for both male and female and 95 percentile for stature,
maximum body breadth relaxed,
DETAIL DESIGN
Uniqueness of this design is when the product is in stretcher or bed mode height will match
the conventional stretcher or bed. Height is adjustable to bed or stretcher or wheelchair or to
any height desired. Conversion from wheelchair to bed or stretcher or vice versa can be done
by both the patient and handler. Below are the three different platforms of product
g. Backrest
h. Seating Portion
i. Leg support
Ratchets are provided at the joint where these meet so that it will lock at each step of
conversion assuring the safety while converting. Ratchets are also provided to the Upper legs
so that those will be in locked position when the product is in wheelchair mode. Detailed
images are as below
CHAPTER
METHODOLOGY
9. Testing
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
A digital read out (DRO) is a small computer (display unit) usually with an integrated
keyboard and some means of numeric representation. It reads the signals generated by the
linear encoder (or less frequently by rotary encoders) installed to several machine axes, using
them to keep track of workpiece position (milling and the like) or tool position (lathes and
grinders)
2. Lathe machine:-
A lathe is a machine tool which rotates the workpiece on its axis to perform various
operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation, facing, turning, with
tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object which has symmetry about an axis
of rotation.
3. Drilling machine:-
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of circular
cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool, often multipoint. The bit
is pressed against the work piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of
revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge against the work piece, cutting off chips
(sward) from the hole as it is drilled.
4. Welding machine:-
CHAPTER
MATERIAL USED:
Introduction:
ASTM A36 is the most commonly used mild and hot-rolled steel. It has excellent welding
properties and is suitable for grinding, punching, tapping, drilling and machining processes.
Yield strength of ASTM A36 is less than that of cold roll C1018, thus enabling ASTM A36 to
bend more readily than C1018. Normally, larger diameters in ASTM A36 are not produced
since C1018 hot roll rounds are used.
Rectangle bar
Square bar
Circular rod
Chemical Composition
Element Content
Copper, Cu 0.20 %
Iron, Fe 98.0 %
Manganese, Mn 1.03 %
Phosphorous, P 0.040 %
Silicon, Si 0.280 %
Sulfur, S 0.050 %
Physical Properties
Physical
Metric Imperial
Properties
Mechanical Properties
Mechanical Properties Metric Imperial
Machining
The machinability rate of ASTM A36 is estimated to be 72%, and the average surface cutting
feed of ASTM A36 is 120 ft/min. Machining of ASTM A36 steel is not as easy as that of AISI
1018 steel.
Welding
ASTM A36 steel is easy to weld using any type of welding methods, and the welds and joints
so formed are of excellent quality.
Heat Treatment
Any standard carburizing and hardening methods of AISI 1018 steel is suitable for ASTM
A36.
APPLICATIONS
It is used in bolted, riveted or welded construction of bridges, buildings and oil rigs.
It is used in forming tanks, bins, bearing plates, fixtures, rings, templates, jigs,
sprockets, cams, gears, base plates, forgings, ornamental works, stakes, brackets,
automotive and agricultural equipment, frames, machinery parts.
It is used for various parts obtained by flame cutting such as in parking garages,
walkways, boat landing ramps and trenches.
The material selected must posses the necessary properties for the proposed
application. The various requirements to be satisfied can be weight, surface finish, rigidity,
ability to withstand environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.
The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively affect their selection
1 a. Physical
b. Mechanical
c. From manufacturing point of view
d. Chemical
The various physical properties concerned are melting point, Thermal Conductivity,
Specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity, electrical Conductivity,
Magnetic purposes etc.
The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile, compressive
shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue resistance, impact resistance, elastic limit,
endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding properties.
The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of view are.
Castability,
Weldability,
Brazability,
forge ability,
merchantability,
surface properties,
shrinkage,
Deep drawing etc.
1 2. Manufacturing Case:
Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface qualities obtainable
by the application of suitable coating substances may demand the use of special materials.
1 3. Quality Required:
This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material. For example, it
would never be desirable to go for casting of a less number of components which can be
fabricated much more economically by welding or hand forging the steel.
1 4. Availability of Material:
Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then becomes obligatory for the designer
to use some other material which though may not be a perfect substitute for the material
designed.
The delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should also be kept in mind.
1
5. Space Consideration:
Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces involved are high
and the space limitations are there.
1 6. Cost:
As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material plays an important part
and should not be ignored.
Sometimes factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-maintenance of the designed
part are involved in the selection of proper materials.
MATERIAL USED :
200mm
4 Wheels 4 Dia.360degree SS
RTO
5 Hinged Pins 4 MS
CHAPTER
LITERATURE SURVEY
CHAPTER
DESIGN
System design
Mechanical Design.
System design mainly concerns the various physical constraints and ergonomics,
space requirements, arrangement of various components on main frame at system, man +
machine interactions, No. of controls, position of controls, working environment of machine,
chances of failure, safety measures to be provided, servicing aids, ease of maintenance, scope
of improvement, weight of machine from ground level, total weight of machine and a lot
more. In mechanical design the components are listed down and stored on the basis of their
procurement, design in two categories namely,
Designed Parts
Parts to be purchased
For designed parts detached design is done & distinctions thus obtained are compared
to next highest dimensions which are readily available in market. This amplifies the
assembly as well as postproduction servicing work. The various tolerances on the works are
specified. The process charts are prepared and passed on to the manufacturing stage.
The parts which are to be purchased directly are selected from various catalogues &
specified so that anybody can purchase the same from the retail shop with given
specifications.
SYSTEM DESIGN:
Keeping into view the space restrictions the components should be laid such that their
easy removal or servicing is possible. More over every component should be easily seen
none should be hidden. Every possible space is utilized in component arrangements.
3. Components of System:
4. Chances of Failure:
The losses incurred by owner in case of any failure are important criteria of design.
Factor safety while doing mechanical design is kept high so that there are less chances of
failure. Moreover periodic maintenance is required to keep unit healthy.
2D DRAWING
CONSTRUCTION
2. After that manufacture the back attachment and leg attachment by using pipe.
4. Connect the lead screw to the back attachment and at the base nut is connected.
WORKING
1. Uniqueness of this design is when the product is in stretcher or bed mode height will
match the conventional stretcher or bed.
CHAPTER
CONCLUSION
This project work has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience, to use our
limited knowledge. We gained a lot of practical knowledge regarding, planning, purchasing,
assembling and machining while doing this project work. We feel that the project work is a
good solution to bridge the gates between institution and industries.
The main objective of this project is to make the helper life easy and to make sure the
patient is not hurt during the process of treatment. This product eliminates the step of shifting
patient from bed or stretcher to wheelchair and vice versa as handling of old age people is
very difficult.
REFERENCES
3. R.S. Khurmi, Strength of Materials, S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.
4. R.S. Khurmi, Theory of Machines, S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.
6. 10. Ergonomic guide lines for manual material handling. Published 2007 by the
California Department of Industrial Relations
7. An Integrated Decision Making Model for Evaluation of Concept
Design:http://ctn.cvut.cz/ap/, ActaPolytechnica Vol. 44 No. 3/2004, Czech Technical
University Publishing House
8. Bariatric Bed: http://www.camtecproducts.com/3954b.html, Camtec Dr. S. Ray,
Disabled Persons in India",
9. Indian anthropometric dimensions for ergonomic design practice, by NID
ADVANTAGES
2. Easy To Handle.
3. Compact Size.
5. Light weight
6. It is portable
DISADVANTAGES
REFERENCES: