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Electr Eng

DOI 10.1007/s00202-016-0501-3

ORIGINAL PAPER

Analyses of the insulating characteristics of mineral oil at


operating conditions
Eyup Taslak1 Oktay Arikan1 Celal Fadil Kumru1
Ozcan Kalenderli2

Received: 17 July 2016 / Accepted: 28 November 2016


Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017

Abstract Experimental data on the electrical insulation in conditions was realized. These results contribute to explore
mineral oil are important for the optimal design of high volt- insulating characteristic of mineral oil in service.
age equipment in industrial power systems. In this paper,
dielectric properties of mineral oil including breakdown volt- Keywords Insulating liquids Breakdown voltage
age, dielectric dissipation factor, dielectric losses, relative Dielectric dissipation factor Dielectric losses Relative
permittivity and resistivity were analyzed. Effects of elec- permittivity Resistivity
trode system, distance between electrodes and the rate of
voltage rise on dielectric properties of insulating oil were
evaluated in accordance with ASTM D877 and ASTM D1816 1 Introduction
standards. Breakdown voltages of insulating oil measured
using both VDE (Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker) elec- In accordance with the rising demand for electrical energy in
trodes and disk electrodes were compared in conformity with the modern world, the need for reliable power equipment
measurement standards. Measurements of dissipation fac- such as transformers, load tap-changers, breakers, capacitors
tor, dielectric losses and relative permittivity were performed and bushingsalso increases. Large amounts of insulating
with IEC 60247 standard considering environmental temper- liquids are used in these equipments for phasephase, phase
ature, applied voltage, power and higher frequency values ground insulation, and impregnation of paper compositions
that satisfy operating conditions. Resistivity of mineral oil as well as cooling liquid. However, it is known that some
also was calculated by using the results of the measurements. of electrical faults occurring in power equipment arise from
In the study, a detailed analysis of mineral oil at real operating weak performance of insulating liquids. Failure free and reg-
ular operations of these components are very important in
terms of steady, reliable and economic operation of the power
system. For instance, a power interruption that results from
failure in a transformer, which is one of the costly and impor-
B Eyup Taslak tant parts of an electric power system, might cause halt of
etaslak@yildiz.edu.tr
production and economic losses in most places such as busi-
Oktay Arikan ness centre, housing, transportation system and industrial
oarikan@yildiz.edu.tr
enterprise. Therefore, it is important to ensure safe opera-
Celal Fadil Kumru tion of transformers in terms of reliability, energy efficiency
cfkumru@yildiz.edu.tr
and workforce.
Ozcan Kalenderli In electrical facilities, various insulating liquids with
kalenderli@itu.edu.tr
different chemical, physical and dielectric properties are
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Yildiz Technical used to provide continuous operation. These insulating liq-
University, Istanbul, Turkey uids are mostly categorized according to their chemical
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Istanbul Technical structures. The main types of the liquids are generally clas-
University, Istanbul, Turkey sified as mineral oils, high molecular weight hydrocarbons

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Electr Eng

(HMWH), silicones and ester-based fluids (vegetable liquids) at power frequency (50 Hz) or higher frequencies [20]. Under
[1]. Although vegetable liquids have good dielectric parame- these conditions, partial discharge and polarization phenom-
ters and are environmental friendly, they are not able to satisfy ena, which cause additional losses, occur in the insulating
industrial users in terms of their costs. The main reasons why liquid. These additional losses are polarization and ioniza-
mineral oil is still preferred especially in power transformers, tion losses. In this paper, in addition to the previous studies,
where tons of insulating oil is used, are its low viscosity, good DDF, relative permittivity, dielectric losses and resistivity
aging stability, wide availability and affordable cost. For this were measured to diagnose the condition of mineral oil for
reason, the factors affect insulating properties of mineral oil following real operating intervals:
were examined at operating conditions.
One of the most known diagnosis methods to determine i. Voltage (112 kV for 1 kV steps)
the quality of insulating liquids is to measure breakdown volt- ii. Frequency (50400 Hz for 25 Hz steps)
age (BDV). BDV of insulating oil varies depending on several iii. Temperature (3060 C for 10 C steps)
factors such as temperature, frequency and polarity of applied
voltage, rate of voltage rise, electrode geometry, moisture and This paper is organized as follows. Theoretical back-
impurity of oil. In [2,3], effect of foreign particles on BDV ground includes theoretical background of study. After-
was examined. It is concluded in the studies that the number wards, Methodlogy specifies the methodology utilized
and size of the particles have significance effect on the BDV in this paper. The results and discussion for various mea-
of the oil. When the particles in the oil exposed to electrical surement studies are presented in Results and discussion.
field, they become polarized and thereafter move between Finally, the conclusions of the study are given in Conclu-
electrodes which facilitate the start of breakdown. Besides, sions.
the effect of positive and negative polarity impulse voltages
on BDV of insulating liquids was investigated in [4]. Mea-
surements were performed by using a point-plane electrode 2 Theoretical background
with both positive and negative polarity. Results of the study
showed that BDV on mineral oil/pressboard interface was In this part of paper, theoretical background of inspected
higher than those on natural and synthetic ester/pressboard parameters are presented including water solubility and rel-
interface. In [58], effects of electrode geometry and dis- ative water content, breakdown voltage, resistivity, DDF,
tance between electrodes on AC and impulse BDV were dielectric losses and relative permittivity.
investigated. In addition to the studies in literature, one of
the important parameters that affect the BDV is the rate of 2.1 Water solubility and relative water content
voltage rise. Therefore, as different from the literature, the
effect of rate of voltage rise (0.5, 2, and 3 kV/s) on BDV As is known from the literature, water content in the oil
was examined with respect to distinct electrode geometries adversely affects several parameters such as BDV, DDF,
of ASTM 1816 and ASTM D 877 standards in this paper. As dielectric loss, relative permittivity and resistivity. Increased
a result, effect of distinct rate of voltage rise on BDV under water content in an insulating liquid causes decrease in BDV
AC voltage was introduced. and DDF. For this reason, absolute water content (Wabs )
Furthermore, many studies have been performed about (ppm) of the mineral oil was measured and its water solu-
aging characteristics of insulating liquids [913]. In the aging bility (Ws ) was calculated using Eq. (1) before the tests.
experiments, lifetime of insulating liquid decreases since it
is exposed to high temperature. Such analyses are used to  
H
determine the condition of aged oils. However, it is little Ws = W0 exp (1)
T
known that how an insulating liquid will behave at power and
higher frequencies, different temperatures and voltages for In Eq. (1), T is the temperature in Kelvin and W0 (ppm) and
real operating conditions. In [1419], in order to diagnose H are specific oil constants experimentally determined for
the condition of insulating liquids or oil papers, frequency each oil type. The W0 and H constant values for mineral oil
spectrum measurements of dielectric parameters as dielectric are 19.2 106 ppm and 3805, respectively [21].
dissipation factor (DDF) and relative permittivity were car-
ried out at low voltages (e.g., V) and wide frequency ranges Wabs
(e.g., mHz, kHz). Although this frequency domain spec- %Wrel = 100 (2)
Ws
troscopy method is practice and easy for testing, measuring
ranges do not mean the real operating conditions of insulat- Water solubility (Ws ) of insulating oils depends on their type
ing liquids. For instance, insulating liquid used in a power (mineral, ester, silicon etc.). The water solubility means max-
transformer exposed to high electrical stress (e.g., 1 kV/mm) imum amount of water which can be dissolved in insulation

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Electr Eng

liquid at a specific temperature. As stated in Eq. (2), relative occur in low-intensity area of the liquid. Once the volt-
water content (Wrel ) of the oil is defined as the ratio of Wabs age rises to a sufficient magnitude, the density of streamers
to Ws. . increases and eventually lead to the breakdown of insulating
liquid by reaching the other electrode [22,23].
2.2 Breakdown voltage
2.3 Resistivity
In general, the breakdown state of insulating liquids is
explained by three different theories. Firstly, pollutant and It is desired that insulating oils have a resistivity as high
especially humid particles at the micro level in the insulating as possible. It is also known that resistivity is the inverse
oil move towards electric field. Thus, these micro particles of electric conductivity. Thus, resistivity of the oil can be
creates a large dipole and a conductive bridge between elec- calculated by considering the following equations.
trodes is occurred. If the particle radius is r (mm) and applied
electric field is E (kV/mm), the force (F) which moves the
tan = (6)
particles towards the maximum of electric field, is defined as
follows: = (tan )1 (7)
1 3 (2 1 )
F= r grad(E 2 ) (3) In Eqs. (6) and (7), tan is the DDF, is the electric con-
2 2 1 + 2
ductivity, is permittivity, is angular frequency and is
where 1 and 2 are dielectric permittivity of the insulating resistivity ( m).
liquid and particle, respectively. On the assumption that there
is a fiber particle in oil having r radius. The charges at both end 2.4 Dielectric dissipation factor
of this fiber particle is described in Eq. (4). If the moving fiber
or solid particle reaches to the electrode, they form a chain The DDF of an insulating material is expressed as the sum of
ring between the electrodes and the local electric field starts DDF of conduction (tan C ), hysteresis (tan H ), polarization
to increase. These chain rings create a conductive bridge and (tan P ) and ionization (tan I ) as stated in Eq. (8).
so they cause breakdown in insulating oil.
tan = tan T + tan H + tan P + tan I (8)
q = r 2 (2 1 ) 0 grad(E 2 ) (4)
When a sinusoidal voltage is applied to ideal capacitor, the
Secondly, air or gas bubbles in the insulating oil are some of phase angle between its current and voltage is 90 . However,
the causes of the breakdown. The electric field strength in a there is not a dielectric material that acts as an ideal capacitor
spherical gas bubble in the uniform field can be calculated as in power system equipment. So, the angle between voltage
follows: and current in an actual capacitor is less than 90 . Tangent
of the deviation angle (tan ) is called as DDF and can be
1
Eb = calculated with Eq. (9).
(2 1 )
    1/2
2 (2 2 +1 ) Vb tan (, T, U ) = [ (, T, U ) (, T )]1 (9)
1 (5)
r 4 2 r E0
The DDF gives significant information to diagnose the qual-
where 1 and 2
are relative permittivity of the gas inside the ity of insulating liquids [1719]. On the other hand, DDF
bubble and the insulating liquid, respectively. is the surface value in Eq. (9) is only valid for a fixed voltage, frequency
tension of the insulating liquid, r and Vb are the radius and and temperature. When these parameters changed, whole
voltage drop of the gas bubble, respectively. E 0 is described component of the equation should be measured again. If an
the electric field intensity in the absence of gas bubble in the insulating liquid has low DDF, there are low dielectric losses
insulating liquid. in it.
Thirdly, electrons in the insulation liquids have an aver-
age energy and show a Gaussian distribution due to electric 2.5 Dielectric losses
field occurring between electrodes. These electrons share
their energy by colliding with atoms of liquid molecules. Total dielectric losses in an insulating material were found
The effect of the collisions causes local heating in this area. considering Eq. (10).
If enough energy during these collisions is released, the elec-
trons can cause the impact ionization and thereafter streamers P = PC + PH + PP + PI (10)

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Electr Eng

where PC is conduction losses, PH is hysteresis losses, PP is Table 1 Comparison of the insulating liquids according to typical prop-
polarization losses and PI is ionization losses. Dielectric loss erties
in unit volume is found by dividing dielectric loss to volume Properties Unit Insulating Liquids
of dielectric material. In Eq. (11), V (cm3 ), p(W/cm3 ), E Mineral HMWH Silicone Natural Synthetic
(kV/cm) and are unit volume, dielectric loss in unit volume, oil liquid ester ester
electric field and relative constant terms, respectively. BDV kV 4585 4052 3560 4997 4370
Dielectric 104 0.55 15 0.01 0.10.3 0.060.1
p = P V 1 = E 2 tan (11) dissipa-
tion factor
at 25 C
When the insulating oil is subjected to electrical stress, the
Relative 2.12.5 2.2 2.62.9 2.93.3 3.03.5
active power loss is observed in heat form. The increase of permittiv-
this power loss causes mineral oil to be more heated. ity at
20 C
Flash point C 147 276 300 328 270
2.6 Relative permittivity
Kinematic cSt 9.2 121 37 33 29
In practice, a current which flows through a capacitor viscosity
at 40 C
is the vectorial sum of the capacitive and resistive cur- C
Pour point 50 21 55 21 50
rent components. Thus, the dielectric parameters should be
Density kg/ dm3 0.87 0.87 0.96 0.92 0.97
demonstrated as complex equations. The complex permittiv-
ity (*) is defined as in Eq. (12).


(, T ) =  (, T ) j (, T ) =  j (12)
0 Table 2 Classification of mineral oils
Paraffin bond carbon (CP %) Oil types
In Eq. (12),  and  parameters are real and imaginary
terms of relative permittivity and they can calculated using 4250 Naphthenic
Eqs. (13) and (14), respectively. 5056 Aromatic
5665 Paraffinic
C
 = r = (13)
C0
 (, T ) =  (, T ) tan (, T, U )
= r (, T ) tan (, T, U ) (14) oils increases with higher aromatic content. However, in insu-
lating oils with raised aromatic content over about 510%,
C and C0 are capacitance of the electrode system in cases oxidation products inside the oil such as sludge and acids
of oil-filled test cell and empty test cell, respectively. Higher increase [26]. Aromatic oils are banned in most countries
relative permittivity value for an insulating liquid indicates due to health and safety reasons. Besides, the wax content
that it is less exposed to electric field stresses and this con- of paraffinic oil must be reduced when it is used in cold
dition is an advantage for insulation quality. Moreover, the environmental conditions. Since this insulating oil has more
higher permittivity of mineral oil is better for constituting a wax content, it has less fluidity at low temperatures. In addi-
more uniform electric field. tion, pour point of naphthenic oil is lower than paraffinic oil.
Thus, naphthenic oil has better thermal cooling capacity in
transformers. Naphthenic oil also has better solubility than
3 Methodology paraffinic oil. This indicates the easy solubility of additives
in oil.
The main properties of insulating liquids used in power In this paper, examined insulating liquid was highly hydro-
equipment are shown in Table 1 [1,24]. Mineral oils have genated light naphthenic petroleum oil which is a kind
paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic structures, which are of inhibited oil, commonly used in the power transform-
formed by mainly bonding of carbon and hydrogen molecules ers. This insulating liquid is referred as mineral oil that
in different ratios. Classification of mineral oils according to is petroleum-based oil. The following measurement meth-
percentage of carbon in paraffinic structure is given in Table 2 ods were taken in consideration for determination of BDV,
[25]. Molecular chain structure of the mineral oil is also DDF, dielectric losses and relative permittivity of mineral
demonstrated in Fig. 1 [23]. Water solubility in insulating oil.

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Fig. 1 Hydrocarbon structure H H H H


of mineral oil

C C C C

H H H H
Paran

H2 H2 H H
C C C C
H
H2C C C H2 HC C CH

H2C C C H2 HC C CH
H
C C C C
H2 H2 H H

Naphthene Aromac
3.1 Breakdown voltage tests surement temperature. The oil temperature was monitored by
using a thermometer placed in the oil. Measurements were
BDV measurements were performed using Hipotronics- completed within 1 C of the test temperatures. Test ves-
OC90D oil tester at 0.5, 2 and 3 kV/s rates of voltage rise and sel used for measurements is shown in Fig. 2b. Schematic
for 1, 2 and 2.5 mm electrode gaps, respectively. Electrodes representation of the experimental system used for these mea-
used in the BDV tests are shown in Fig. 2a. BDV tests were surements is also illustrated in Fig. 2c.
carried out using two different electrodes. A polished brass
disk electrode with 25.4 mm diameter and 6.4 mm thickness,
and a polished brass VDE electrode with 36 mm diameter and
4 Results and discussion
13 mm thickness were used where ASTM D877 and ASTM
D1816 standards were utilized, respectively [27,28]. To pre-
The measurement results and interpretations including water
pare test specimen, the oil container was slowly shaken for
solubility and water content, breakdown voltage, resistivity,
a few times and driblet oil was used to clean the test cell.
DDF, dielectric losses and relative permittivity analyses in
Then, the cleaning oil was drained and test cell was filled
mineral oil based on various parameters are given in this
with clean oil without air bubbles. For purging the oil from
section, respectively.
air, test cell was closed and waited for three minutes until test
voltage was applied. Five BDV values were measured with
one-minute intervals. The mean value of these measurements 4.1 Water solubility and relative water content analyses
was considered as BDV of the oil.
The correlation between water solubility/relative water con-
tent of mineral oil and the temperature is illustrated in Fig. 3.
3.2 Dielectric dissipation factor, dielectric losses and Before the test, Wabs of mineral oil is measured as 1.48 ppm
relative permittivity tests at 20 C temperature using a coulometric Karl Fischer Instru-
ment. This value is quite good and acceptable for a mineral
DDF, dielectric losses and relative permittivity measure- oil considering the related studies in literature [12,13]. Then,
ments were performed using Omicron-CPC100 instrument, Wrel values for all temperatures from 20 to 70 C with 10 C
which was used to make measurements at variable voltages steps are calculated by using Ws in Eq. (1). The experiment
and frequencies. The measurements were carried out accord- results show that the water solubility of mineral oil increases
ing to the IEC 60247 standard [20]. The test cell, which is while relative water content decreases with rising tempera-
made of stainless steel to obtain accurate and reliable results, ture. Generally, water content exist in an insulation liquid in
was initially placed in an electrical oven. Afterwards, the two forms: solved and unsolved (droplet) particles. Droplets
oil in the test cell was heated for sixty minutes at each mea- in the oil lead to be formed conductive bridges resulting in

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Electr Eng

Fig. 2 a Disk (below) and VDE electrodes (above), b test vessel used for measurements, c schematic representation of the measuring system

350 4 60
VDE electrode 3kV/s Temperature 22C , Frequency 50 Hz
Relative Water Content (%)

55 Disk electrode 3kV/s


Water Solubility (ppm)

300 3.5
VDE electrode 2kV/s
Breakdown Voltage (kV)

50
3 Disk electrode 2kV/s
250 45 VDE electrode 0.5kV/s
2.5 40 Disk electrode 0.5kV/s
200
35
2
150 30
1.5
25
100
1 20
50 0.5 15
10
0 0
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 5
Temperature 0
0 1 2 2.5
Electrode Gap (mm)
Fig. 3 Water solubility and relative water content of mineral oil
depending on temperature Fig. 4 Histogram of BDV depending on rate of voltage rise and elec-
trode gap for disk and VDE electrode systems
decreased magnitude of BDV. On the other side, solved water
content has lesser effect than droplets on BDV. In regard, the Fig. 3 that increase in oil temperature significantly reduces
solving ability of insulation oil increase with the rising tem- the relative water content and this situation is quite important
perature and so the droplets are solved in the oil. Considering for BDV, DDF and resistivity measurements. The presence
the results, while Wrel is 3.342% at 20 C, it exponentially of water in an insulation liquid causes additional losses and
decreases up to 0.504% at 70 C. It is clearly seen from the so DDF increases. Similarly, BDV and resistivity values of

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Electr Eng

the insulation also decrease because of occurring conductive charges to move compared to the 0, 5 or 2 kV/s. These results
bridges inside the oil due to the high water content [2,11]. For evidence that rate of voltage rise or duration of voltage has
this reason, accurate measurement of relative water content a crucial impact on BDV of the oil. Similar results in [5,6]
of mineral oil has crucial effect on the measured parameters are obtained for the various rise time of the applied impulse
(BDV, DDF, resistivity, etc.) to provide reliable results. voltage.

4.2 Breakdown voltage analyses 4.3 Resistivity analyses

Aging and contamination conditions of insulating liquids can Resistivity of the mineral oil was calculated between 112 kV
be measured using physical, chemical and electrical tests, and 50400 Hz range. Figure 5a illustrates the alteration
which help taking preventive measures before failures of of resistivity with respect to voltage at 50 Hz. The results
transformers or other electrical equipment. In this section, showed that rise of temperature and voltage adversely affects
three parameters are analysed to observe their effects on BDV resistivity of the oil.
measurement as: (i) electrode gap (1, 2 and 2.5 mm), (ii) elec- According to the obtained results, resistivity is affected
trode geometry (VDE and disk electrodes) and (iii) rate of by the change of three parameters as voltage, frequency and
voltage rise (0.5, 2 and 3 kV/s). temperature. Resistivity represents the dielectric losses of
Figure 4 shows the correlation between BDV and above oil and it is known that resistivity or conductivity of the
parameters under 50 Hz AC voltage at 22 C temperature. oil is mostly dependent on the conductive particles inside
Considering the results in Fig. 4, the mineral oil is getting it. When the test voltage is increased, these particles are
harder to breakdown for larger gap distances. For instance, as exposed to higher electrical stress and swiftly creates a con-
VDE electrode with 3 kV/s rate of voltage rise is considered, ductive bridge between the electrodes. In this case, resistivity
the BDV is increased approximately 57.03% from 1 to 2 mm of the oil decreases due to high conductivity of the particles
gap and 21.8% from 2 to 2.5 mm. Similarly, for all particular [29]. For instance, resistivity for all temperatures is decreased
electrode geometries and rate of voltage rises, BDV changes approximately 15% from 1 kV up to 12 kV.
nonlinearly with electrode gap [7,8]. Figure 5b shows variation of the resistivity with frequency.
Another parameter should be considered in Fig. 4 is It is seen that resistivity of the oil generally is in a decreasing
electrode geometries. According to the results, BDV mea- trend with increasing frequency at all measured tempera-
surement values of disk electrode are lower than VDE tures. As it is seen from Eq. (7) that resistivity depends on
electrode. At same measurement conditions (2.5 mm gap and frequency, dissipation factor and relative permittivity. For
3 kV/s rate of voltage rise), BDV of VDE electrodes are mea- 50400 Hz measurement ranges, as the frequency increases,
sured about 6.8% higher than disk electrode. The reason is relative permittivity remains constant [16,31] and the dissi-
that disk electrode has sharp edges which lead to occur high pation factor slightly decreases [17,30]. Thus, it is concluded
electric field while VDE electrode has more curved edges. that dominant parameter on resistivity is the frequency of test
Since electric field intensity is higher at sharp edges of elec- voltage.
trodes, the breakdown starts primarily at these edges [7,22]. Additionally, thermal ageing of mineral oil increases as
As a result, it is recommend that electrodes which have no temperature increases and it is closely related with the
edge effect in the design of power equipment are used. chemical degradation. The relation between resistivity and
As shown in Fig. 4, BDV of mineral oil rises with increas- temperature is illustrated in Fig. 5a, b. According to the well-
ing rate of voltage rise. According to the ASTM D1816 known Arrhenius equation, the resistivity of oil exponentially
standard, BDV of mineral oil was measured as 28.9 kV for changes with temperature (T ) as stated in Eqs. (15) [19].
2 mm electrode gap with 0.5 kV/s rate of voltage rise. Con-
 
1
sidering the 2 and 3 kV/s rate of voltage rises, BDV increased 1 E ac
(T ) = = A exp (15)
approximately 26.09 and 46.92%, respectively. As might be (T ) kT
expected, the higher the voltage application time, the lower
the BDV. As stated in Sect. 2.2, BDV of insulating liquids In Eq. (15), A is the constant related to the ion mobility, k
are highly dependent on foreign particles, moisture and space is the Boltzmann constant and E ac is the activation energy.
charges. When the voltage is applied to the electrodes, these Similar behaviour of resistivity or conductivity of insulating
particles and space charges start to move towards high electric oil with temperature is stated in [29,31].
field area. This movement lead to initiate streamer formation
which causes insulating liquid to be breakdown. As rate of 4.4 Dielectric dissipation factor analyses
voltage rise increases, however, the duration of voltage expo-
sure decreases. For instance, at 3 kV/s rate of voltage rise, The dielectric response curves in frequency domain of oil
the duration of voltage is too short for the particles and space paper samples [14,15] and insulating liquids [17,18] can be

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Electr Eng

(a) (b)
110 90
f=50 Hz 30C 40C 50C 60C U=10 kV 30C 40C 50C 60C
100 80
Resistivity (10 ohm.cm)

Resistvity (10 ohm.cm)


90 70
60
80
12

12
50
70
40
60
30
50
20
40 10
30 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400
Voltage (kV) Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 5 Variation of resistivity vs. voltage (a) and frequency (b)

(a) (b)
0.06 0.045 U=10 kV 30C 40C 50C 60C
f=50 Hz 30C 40C 50C 60C
0.04

Dissipation factor (%)


Dissipation factor (%)

0.05
0.035

0.04 0.03
0.025
0.03
0.02

0.02 0.015
0.01
0.01 0 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Voltage (kV) Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 6 Variation of dielectric dissipation factor vs. voltage (a) and frequency (b)

(a) (b)
f=50 Hz 30C 40C 50C 60C 6
3 U=10 kV 30C 40C 50C 60C
Dielectric losses (10 W)

Dielectric losses (10 -3 W)


-3

2.5 5

2 4

1.5 3

1 2

0.5 1

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400
Voltage (kV) Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 7 Variation of dielectric losses vs. voltage (a) and frequency (b)

2.18
(a) (b)
2.18
f=50 Hz 30C 40C 50C 60C U=10 kV 30C 40C 50C 60C
Relative permittivity

2.17
Relative permittivity

2.17

2.16
2.16

2.15
2.15

2.14
2.14

2.13
2.13
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400
Voltage (kV) Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 8 Variation of relative permittivity vs. voltage (a) and frequency (b)

measured over a wide frequency range with a low voltage insulating liquids can be examined at 50 Hz by the help of
(V ) by means of frequency domain spectroscopy method. temperature dielectric spectrum spectrometer [32]. However,
In addition, relative permittivity and DDF characteristics of to simulate real operating conditions of mineral oils, high

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Electr Eng

test voltages at network frequency and nominal temperature In Eq. (17), C0 and 0 are constant values and indepen-
should be considered. In this section, the DDF of mineral oil dent from voltage. Therefore, it is clearly seen that dielectric
was measured at high voltage levels, various operational tem- losses are proportional to the square of voltage and inversely
peratures, 50 Hz power and higher frequencies. To explore proportional to the resistivity.
the relation between DDF and voltagetemperature, mineral Moreover, this paper aimed to investigate the effect of fre-
oil was exposed to distinct voltages between 1 and 12 kV at quency on dielectric losses at distinct temperatures. As seen
30, 40, 50 and 60 C (1 C) temperatures. in Fig. 7b, it is found that dielectric losses have a tendency
The changes of DDF at 50 Hz power frequency with to increase with increasing both frequency and temperature.
respect to different voltage levels are presented in Fig. 6a, For instance, when dielectric loss measurement results at 50
where it is seen that DDF increased along with increasing and 400 Hz are compared for 60 C, approximately 177.14%
voltage and temperature. As it is seen from the Eq. (9) that increase is observed. Besides, according to the measurements
angular frequency () and permittivity () is independent performed at 50 Hz frequency, dielectric losses increased
from voltage variation for fixed frequency and temperature. about 114.39% as the temperature increases from 30 to 60 C.
Therefore, DDF value only depends on the resistivity in case The reason of these increments as the frequency and temper-
of voltage variation. ature increases can be associated with decrease in resistivity
As the DDF measured at 12 kV and 30 C was compared [29] or with increase in conductivity [31,33] of oil. Increase
with that of 40, 50 and 60 C, there is an increase about 18.72, in dielectric losses in a dielectric insulation accelerate the
70.44 and 119.7%, respectively. DDF value of mineral oil ageing of insulation over long time.
depends on resistivity, angular frequency and permittivity
as seen from Eq. (9). For fixed frequency and test voltage, 4.6 Relative permittivity analyses
both relative permittivity and resistivity decrease as the tem-
perature rises [29,32,33]. However, due to the temperature In this study, C0 of measurement setup is calculated as
variation, the change in resistivity is higher than that of rela- 62.295 1012 Farad and the relative permittivity of oil was
tive permittivity. For this reason, DDF of mineral oil at 50 Hz measured at voltages from 1 to 12 kV ranges at 30, 40, 50 and
power frequency is mostly influenced by its resistivity which 60 C temperatures at 50 Hz frequency. It is seen that relative
decreases with the rise of temperature. permittivity remains constant as the voltage varies from 1 to
The frequency changes have an important effect on the 12 kV in Fig. 8a. Similarly, the change in frequency does
DDF of the oil. The variation of DDF at various frequencies not affect the relative permittivity as shown in Fig. 8b. It
from 50 to 400 Hz is presented in Fig. 6b. It is seen from is known that relative permittivity represent capacitance of
the Figs. 5b and 6b that the curve shapes of DDF and resis- dielectric material and it is related to electronic, ionic and ori-
tivity of oil have similar behavior with frequency variation. entational (dipole) polarization. The frequency of test voltage
This means that DDF of oil is highly dependent on its resis- and electric field causes to change magnitude of polarization.
tivity when the frequency varies. Consequently, the higher However, this change is quite a little and can be observed in
the resistivity of an insulating oil, the lower the DDF which a wide frequency range (e.g., mHz to kHz) [16,30].
indicate the condition of the insulation. It can be concluded from Fig. 8 that relative permittivity
of oil slightly decreases as the temperature increases. Rela-
4.5 Dielectric loss analyses tive permittivity is calculated as 2.17 at 30 C and it decreases
slightly to 2.14 at 60 C. This change is related to the density
Dielectric losses in mineral oil were experimentally inves- of dipoles in mineral oil. When the temperature increases, the
tigated with respect to temperature, frequency and voltage. random motion of molecules becomes greater. Thus, dipole
Measurements were performed at 50 Hz between 1 and 12 kV orientation of molecules decreases which results in low rel-
voltages to explore the effect of voltage. In addition, these ative dielectric permittivity [30].
measurements were repeated at 30, 40, 50 and 60 C, respec-
tively and results are shown in Fig. 7a. The magnitude of
total dielectric losses in mineral oil depend on DDF of oil, 5 Conclusions
capacitance, voltage and its frequency as stated in Eq. (16).
In this paper, dielectric features of mineral oil were exper-
P = C U 2 tan (16)
imentally investigated considering various operating condi-
tions and the obtained results were discussed. For the optimal
When Eq. (16) is rearranged by using Eq. (9), the equation design of high voltage equipment, it is necessary to know how
for dielectric losses is obtained as follows, the oil parameters change with respect to electrode geome-
C0 U 2 try, different voltage levels, frequency and temperature. Thus,
P= (17) effects of electrode geometry and rate of voltage rise on BDV
0

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were examined in accordance with ASTM D1816 and ASTM 4. Liu Q, Wang ZD (2011) Streamer characteristic and breakdown
D877 standards. In addition, the DDF, dielectric loss, relative in synthetic and natural ester transformer liquids with pressboard
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