Newspaper

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Jump to: navigation, search

Journalism portal

A newspaper is a publication containing news,
information, and advertising. General-interest
newspapers often feature articles on political events,
crime, business, art/entertainment, society and sports.
Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page
containing columns that express the personal opinions
of writers. Supplementary sections may contain
advertising, comics, and coupons.
Features in a newspaper may include:
Editorial opinions, criticism, persuation,
entertainment and op-eds
Obituaries
Topics in journalism
Professional issues
News Writing Ethics Objectivity
Values Attribution Defamation
Editorial independence Education
Other topics
Fields
Arts Business Entertainment
Environment Fashion Medicine
Politics Science Sports Tech
Trade Traffic Weather
Genres
Advocacy Churnalism Citizen
Civic Collaborative Community
Conspiracy Database Gonzo
Investigative Literary Muckraker
Narrative New Opinion Peace
Visual Watchdog
Social impact
Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Freedom
of the press Infotainment Media
bias Public relations Yellow
journalism
News media
Newspapers Magazines News
agencies Broadcast Online
Photojournalism Alternative media
Roles
Journalist Marketer Reporter
Editor Columnist Commentator
Photographer Presenter
Meteorologist Production Manager
Intern

This box: view talk edit

 Comic strips and other entertainment, such as crosswords, sudoku and horoscopes
Weather news and forecasts
Advice, gossip, food, and other columns
Critical reviews of movies, plays, restaurants, etc.
Classified ads
Display ads

Contents
[hide]
1 History
o 1.1 Before movable type

o 1.2 Modern era

1.2.1 Asia
1.2.2 Europe
1.2.3 North America
o 1.3 Industrial Revolution

2 Impact of television and Internet

3 Categories
o 3.1 Daily

o 3.2 Weekly

o 3.3 National

o 3.4 International

o 3.5 Online

4 Employment
5 Zoned and other editions
6 Format
7 Circulation and readership
 8 Advertising
9 Journalism
10 Future
11 See also
12 Notes
13 External links
o 13.1 General

o 13.2 Front pages from around the world

[edit] History
[edit] Before movable type

A modern remake of Kai Yuan Za Bao

In Ancient Rome, Acta Diurna, or government announcement bulletins, were made public by
Julius Caesar. They were carved on metal or stone and posted in public places.

In China, early government-produced news sheets, called tipao, circulated among court officials
during the late Han dynasty (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the Kaiyuan
Za Bao ("Bulletin of the Court") of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it
was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582 there was the first reference to
privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late Ming Dynasty;[1]

In 1556, the government of Venice first published the monthly Notizie scritte, which cost one
gazetta.[2] These avvisi were handwritten newsletters and used to convey political, military, and
economic news quickly and efficiently throughout Europe, more specifically Italy, during the
early modern era (1500-1700CE) sharing some characteristics of newspapers though usually
not considered true newspapers.[3]

[edit] Modern era

Newspapers printed with movable type date to the beginning of the 17th century.

[edit] Asia

By 1638 the Peking Gazette had switched from woodblock print to movable type.[1]

[edit] Europe

Johann Carolus' Relation aller Frnemmen und gedenckwrdigen Historien, published in 1605 in
Strasbourg, is often recognized as the first newspaper. Strasbourg was a free imperial city in the
Holy Roman Empire; the first newspaper of modern Germany was the Avisa, published in 1609
in Augsburg.

The Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c. of 1618 was the first to appear in folio- rather
than quarto-size. Amsterdam, a center of world trade, quickly became home to newspapers in
many languages, often before they were published in their own country.[4]

The first English-language newspaper, Corrant out of Italy, Germany, etc., was published in
Amsterdam in 1620. A year and a half later, Corante, or weekely newes from Italy, Germany,
Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France and the Low Countreys. was published in England by an
"N.B." (generally thought to be either Nathaniel Butter or Nicholas Bourne) and Thomas Archer.
[5]

The first newspaper in France was published in 1631, La Gazette (originally published as
Gazette de France).[2]

Post- och Inrikes Tidningar (founded as Ordinari Post Tijdender) was first published in Sweden
in 1645, and is the oldest newspaper still in existence, though it now publishes solely online.[6]

Opregte Haarlemsche Courant from Haarlem, first published in 1656, is the oldest paper still
printed. It was forced to merge with the newspaper Haarlems Dagblad in 1942 when Germany
occupied the Netherlands. Since then the Haarlems Dagblad appears with the subtitle Oprechte
Haerlemse Courant 1656 and considers itself to be the oldest newspaper still publishing.

The first successful English daily, The Daily Courant, was published from 1702 to 1735.[4][7]

[edit] North America

Untitled watercolor of a man reading a newspaper, about 1863, by Henry Louis Stephens. The
paper's headline reports the Emancipation Proclamation.

Front page of The New York Times on Armistice Day, November 11, 1918.

In Boston in 1690, Benjamin Harris published Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and
Domestick [sic]. This is considered the first newspaper in the American colonies even though
only one edition was published before the paper was suppressed by the government. In 1704, the
governor allowed The Boston News-Letter to be published and it became the first continuously
published newspaper in the colonies. Soon after, weekly papers began publishing in New York
and Philadelphia. These early newspapers followed the British format and were usually four
pages long. They mostly carried news from Britain and content depended on the editors
interests. In 1783, the Pennsylvania Evening Post became the first American daily.

In 1751, John Bushell published the Halifax Gazette, the first Canadian newspaper.

[edit] Industrial Revolution

By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published
newspaper-type publications though not all of them developed in the same way; content was
vastly shaped by regional and cultural preferences.[8] Advances in printing technology related to
the Industrial Revolution enabled newspapers to become an even more widely circulated means
of communication. In 1814, The Times (London) acquired a printing press capable of making
1,100 impressions per minute.[9]

Soon, it was adapted to print on both sides of a page at once. This innovation made newspapers
cheaper and thus available to a larger part of the population. In 1830, the first penny press
newspaper came to the market: Lynde M. Walter's Boston Transcript.[10] Penny press papers cost
about one sixth the price of other newspapers and appealed to a wider audience.[11]

[edit] Impact of television and Internet

By the late 1990s the availability of news via 24-hour television channels and then the Internet
posed an ongoing challenge to the business model of most newspapers in developed countries.
Paid circulation has declined, while advertising revenue which makes up the bulk of most
newspapers income has been shifting from print to the new media, resulting in a general
decline in profits. Many newspapers around the world launched online editions in an attempt to
follow or stay ahead of their audience.

However, in the rest of the world, cheaper printing and distribution, increased literacy, the
growing middle class and other factors have more than compensated for the emergence of
electronic media and newspapers continue to grow.[12]

[edit] Categories
While most newspapers are aimed at a broad spectrum of readers, usually geographically
defined, some focus on groups of readers defined more by their interests than their location: for
example, there are daily and weekly business newspapers and sports newspapers. More specialist
still are some weekly newspapers, usually free and distributed within limited areas; these may
serve communities as specific as certain immigrant populations, or the local gay community.

[edit] Daily
Israeli daily newspaper Haaretz, seen in its Hebrew and English editions

A daily newspaper is issued every day, sometimes with the exception of Sundays and some
national holidays. Saturday and, where they exist, Sunday editions of daily newspapers tend to
be larger, include more specialized sections and advertising inserts, and cost more. Typically, the
majority of these newspapers staff work Monday to Friday, so the Sunday and Monday editions
largely depend on content done in advance or content that is syndicated. Most daily newspapers
are published in the morning. Afternoon or evening papers are aimed more at commuters and
office workers.

[edit] Weekly

Weekly newspapers are common and tend to be smaller than daily papers. In some cases, there
also are newspapers that are published twice or three times a week. In the United States, such
newspapers are generally still classified as weeklies.

[edit] National

Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole country: a
national newspaper, as contrasted with a local newspaper serving a city or region. In the
United Kingdom, there are numerous national newspapers, including The Independent, The
Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Observer, The Daily Mail, The Sun, The Daily
Express and The Daily Mirror. In the United States and Canada, there are few national
newspapers. Almost every market has one or two newspapers that dominate the area. Certain
newspapers, notably The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and USA Today in the US, and
The Globe and Mail and The National Post in Canada are available throughout the country. In
India, were Internet penetration is too low as comparable to other developed countries therefore
newspaper like Times of India, The Hindu, Hindustan Times etc are the only source of
information for rural and urban people. Large metropolitan newspapers with also have expanded
distribution networks and, with effort, can be found outside their normal area.

Reading the newspaper: Brookgreen Gardens in Pawleys Island, South Carolina, United States.

[edit] International
There is also a small group of newspapers which may be characterised as international
newspapers. Some, such as The International Herald Tribune, have always had that focus, while
others are repackaged national newspapers or international editions of national-scale or large
metropolitan newspapers. Often these international editions are scaled down to remove articles
that might not interest the wider range of readers.

As English has become the international language of business and technology, many newspapers
formerly published only in non-English languages have also developed English-language
editions. In places as varied as Jerusalem and Bombay (Mumbai), newspapers are printed to a
local and international English-speaking public. The advent of the Internet has also allowed the
non-English newspapers to put out a scaled-down English version to give their newspaper a
global outreach.

[edit] Online

This section may require copy-editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone or spelling.
You can assist by editing it now. (April 2009)
Main article: Online newspaper

Diario de Pernambuco, founded in 1825 is the first newspaper in all South America.

With the introduction of the Internet, web-based newspapers have also started to be produced
as online-only publications, like the Southport Reporter.[13] To be a Web-Only newspaper they
must be web-published only and must not be part of or have any connection to hard-copy
formats. To be classed as an Online Only Newspaper, the paper must also be regularly updated at
a regular time and keep to a fixed news format[citation needed], like a hardcopy newspaper. They must
also be only published by professional media companies and regarded under the
national/international press rules and regulations[14] unlike blog[15] sites and other news websites,
it is run as a newspaper and is recognized by media groups in the UK, like the NUJ and/or the
IFJ. Also they fall under the UKs PCC rules.

[edit] Employment
Job titles within the newspaper industry vary greatly. In the United States, the overall manager of
the newspaper sometimes also the owner may be termed the publisher. This usage is less
common outside the U.S., but throughout the English-speaking world the person responsible for
content is usually referred to as the editor. Variations on this title such as editor-in-chief,
executive editor, and so on, are common.

[edit] Zoned and other editions

Newspapers often refine distribution of ads and news through zoning and editioning. Zoning
occurs when advertising and editorial content change to reflect the location to which the product
is delivered. The editorial content often may change merely to reflect changes in advertising
the quantity and layout of which affects the space available for editorial or may contain
region-specific news. In rare instances, the advertising may not change from one zone to another,
but there will be different region-specific editorial content. As the content can vary widely, zoned
editions are often produced in parallel.

Editioning occurs in the main sections as news is updated throughout the night. The advertising
is usually the same in each edition (with the exception of zoned regionals, in which it is often the
B section of local news that undergoes advertising changes). As each edition represents the
latest news available for the next press run, these editions are produced linearly, with one
completed edition being copied and updated for the next edition. The previous edition is always
copied to maintain a Newspaper of Record and to fall back on if a quick correction is needed for
the press. For example, both the New York Times and Wall Street Journal offer a regional edition,
printed through a local contractor, and featuring locale specific content. The Journals global
advertising rate card provides a good example of editioning.[16]

[edit] Format

The Times of India press on the outskirts of Delhi

Most modern newspapers are in one of three sizes:

Broadsheets: 600 mm by 380 mm (23 by 15 inches), generally associated with more

intellectual newspapers, although a trend towards compact newspapers is changing this.
Tabloids: half the size of broadsheets at 380 mm by 300 mm (15 by 11 inches), and
often perceived as sensationalist in contrast to broadsheets. Examples: The Sun, The
 National Enquirer, The National Ledger, The Star Magazine, New York Post, the
Chicago Sun-Times, The Globe.
Berliner or Midi: 470 mm by 315 mm (18 by 12 inches) used by European papers
such as Le Monde in France, La Stampa in Italy, El Pais in Spain and, since 12
September 2005, The Guardian in the United Kingdom.

Newspapers are usually printed on inexpensive, off-white paper known as newsprint. Since the
1980s, the newspaper industry has largely moved away from lower-quality letterpress printing to
higher-quality, four-color process, offset printing. In addition, desktop computers, word
processing software, graphics software, digital cameras and digital prepress and typesetting
technologies have revolutionized the newspaper production process. These technologies have
enabled newspapers to publish color photographs and graphics, as well as innovative layouts and
better design.

To help their titles stand out on newsstands, some newspapers are printed on coloured newsprint.
For example, the Financial Times is printed on a distinctive salmon pink paper, and Sheffields
weekly sports publication derives its name, the Green Un, from the traditional colour of its
paper. The Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport is also printed on pink paper while
L'quipe (formerly LAuto) is printed on yellow paper. Both the latter promoted major cycling
races and their newsprint colours were reflected in the colours of the jerseys used to denote the
race leader; for example the leader in the Giro d'Italia wears a pink jersey.

[edit] Circulation and readership

Main articles: List of newspapers in the World by circulation and Newspaper circulation

A newspaper car in Germany in 1925. Operated by the Ullstein publishing house, it distributed
newspapers by road.

The number of copies distributed, either on an average day or on particular days (typically
Sunday), is called the newspapers circulation and is one of the principal factors used to set
advertising rates. Circulation is not necessarily the same as copies sold, since some copies or
newspapers are distributed without cost. Readership figures may be higher than circulation
figures because many copies are read by more than one person, although this is offset by the
number of copies distributed but not read (especially for those distributed free).
Newspaper vendor, Paddington, London, February 2005

According to the Guinness Book of Records, the daily circulation of the Soviet newspaper Trud
exceeded 21,500,000 in 1990, while the Soviet weekly Argumenty i Fakty boasted the circulation
of 33,500,000 in 1991.

According to United Nations data from 1995 Japan has three daily papers the Yomiuri
Shimbun, Asahi Shimbun, and Mainichi Shimbun with circulations well above 5.5 million.
Germanys Bild, with a circulation of 3.8 million, was the only other paper in that category.

In the United Kingdom, The Sun is the top seller, with around 2.98 million copies distributed
daily (late 2008).

In India, The Times of India is the largest-circulation English newspaper, with 3.14 million
copies daily. According to the 2009 Indian Readership Survey, the Dainik Jagran is the most-
read, local-language (Hindi) newspaper, with 55.7 million readers.[17]

In the U.S., the Wall Street Journal has a daily circulation of approximately 2.01 million, making
it the most widely distributed paper in the country.[18]

American newspaper vending machine featuring news of the 1984 Summer Olympics.

A common measure of a newspapers health is market penetration, expressed as a percentage of

households that receive a copy of the newspaper against the total number of households in the
papers market area. In the 1920s, on a national basis in the U.S., daily newspapers achieved
market penetration of 130 percent (meaning the average U.S. household received 1.3
newspapers). As other media began to compete with newspapers, and as printing became easier
and less expensive giving rise to a greater diversity of publications, market penetration began to
decline. It wasnt until the early 1970s, however, that market penetration dipped below 100
percent. By 2000, it was 53 percent.[19]

Many paid-for newspapers offer a variety of subscription plans. For example, someone might
want only a Sunday paper, or perhaps only Sunday and Saturday, or maybe only a workweek
subscription, or perhaps a daily subscription.

Most newspapers provide some or all of their content on the Internet, either at no cost or for a
fee. In some cases, free access is available only for a matter of days or weeks, after which
readers must register and provide personal data. In other cases, free archives are provided.

[edit] Advertising

A typical 1950s layout of daily newspaper comic strips is seen in this page from the Los Angeles
Times (April 22, 1959)

The bulk of newspapers' revenue comes from advertising - the contribution from sales is small
by comparison. On average, a newspaper generates 80% of its revenue from advertising and 20%
from sales. The portion of the newspaper that is not advertising is called editorial content,
editorial matter, or simply editorial, although the last term is also used to refer specifically to
those articles in which the newspaper and its guest writers express their opinions.

Newspapers have been hurt by the decline of many traditional advertisers. Department stores and
supermarkets could be relied upon in the past to buy pages of newspaper advertisements, but due
to industry consolidation are much less likely to do so now. [20] Additionally, newspapers are
seeing traditional advertisers shift to new media platforms. The classified category is shifting to
sites including craigslist, employment websites, and auto sites. National advertisers are shifting
to many types of digital content including websites, rich media platforms, and mobile.

In recent years, the advertorial emerged. Advertorials are most commonly recognized as an
opposite-editorial which third-parties pay a fee to have included in the paper. Advertorials
commonly advertise new products or techniques, such as a new design for golf equipment, a new
form of laser surgery, or weight-loss drugs. The tone is usually closer to that of a press release
than of an objective news story.

[edit] Journalism
Main article: Journalism

Since newspapers began as a journal (record of current events), the profession involved in the
making of newspapers began to be called journalism.

In the yellow journalism era of the 19th century, many newspapers in the United States relied on
sensational stories that were meant to anger or excite the public, rather than to inform. The
restrained style of reporting that relies on fact checking and accuracy regained popularity around
World War II.

Criticism of journalism is varied and sometimes vehement. Credibility is questioned because of

anonymous sources; errors in facts, spelling, and grammar; real or perceived bias; and scandals
involving plagiarism and fabrication.

In the past, newspapers have often been owned by so-called press barons, and were used either as
a rich mans toy, or a political tool. More recently in the United States, a number of newspapers
are being run by large media corporations such as Gannett, The McClatchy Company, Hearst
Corporation, Cox Enterprises, Landmark Media Enterprises LLC, Morris Corporation, The
Tribune Company, Hollinger International, News Corporation.

Newspapers have, in the modern world, played an important role in the exercise of freedom of
expression. Whistle-blowers, and those who leak stories of corruption in political circles often
choose to inform newspapers before other mediums of communication, relying on the perceived
willingness of newspaper editors to expose the secrets and lies of those who would rather cover
them. However, there have been many circumstances of the political autonomy of newspapers
being curtailed.
Opinions of other writers and readers are expressed in the op-ed (opposite the editorial page)
and letters to the editors sections of the paper.

Some ways newspapers have tried to improve their credibility are: appointing ombudsmen,
developing ethics policies and training, using more stringent corrections policies, communicating
their processes and rationale with readers, and asking sources to review articles after publication.

[edit] Future
Main article: Future of newspapers
Further information: Online Newspapers

The future of newspapers has been widely debated as the industry has faced down soaring
newsprint prices, slumping ad sales, the loss of much classified advertising and precipitous drops
in circulation. In recent years the number of newspapers slated for closure, bankruptcy or severe
cutbacks has risen -- especially in the United States, where the industry has shed a fifth of its
journalists since 2001.[21] Revenue has plunged while competition from internet media has
squeezed older print publishers.[21]

The debate has become more urgent lately, as a deepening recession has shaved profits,[22] and as
once-explosive growth in newspaper web revenues has leveled off, forestalling what the industry
hoped would become an important source of revenue.[23] At issue is whether the newspaper
industry faces a cyclical trough, or whether new technology has rendered obsolete newspapers in
their traditional format.

[edit] See also

List of newspapers (by
country)
List of online
newspaper archives
History of British Newspaper circulation
newspapers
Newspaper wrappers
History of Chinese
newspapers Newspaper of record

List of newspapers in History of newspapers Newspapers in the

the world by circulation and magazines United States

Above the fold International Freedom of Newspapers on demand

Expression Exchange
African American Photojournalism
newspapers Journalism
Printing
Alternative weekly List of journalism
Propaganda model
articles
List of fictional
Student newspaper
newspapers Magazine
Telephone newspaper
Freedom of the press Mass media
 Free daily newspaper Muckraker Underground press
Graphic design News design Weekly newspaper
Gazette Newspaper National World Association of
Network LP Newspapers
Gazetteer
Newspaper Association Yellow journalism
History of American of America
newspapers
Newseum

Koran
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Dari Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas

Jump to: navigation , search Langsung ke: navigasi, cari

Journalism portal Portal jurnalisme

A newspaper is a publication containing news ,
information, and advertising . Sebuah surat kabar
adalah suatu penerbitan yang berisi berita, informasi,
dan iklan. General-interest newspapers often feature
articles on political events , crime , business , art /
entertainment , society and sports . Kepentingan
umum-surat kabar sering menampilkan artikel tentang
peristiwa politik, kriminalitas, bisnis, seni / hiburan,
masyarakat dan olahraga. Most traditional papers also
feature an editorial page containing columns that
express the personal opinions of writers. Kebanyakan
kertas tradisional juga fitur sebuah editorial halaman
yang berisi kolom yang menyatakan pendapat pribadi
penulis. Supplementary sections may contain
advertising , comics , and coupons . Tambahan bagian
mungkin berisi iklan, komik, dan kupon.
Features in a newspaper may include: Fitur di sebuah
surat kabar meliputi:
Editorial opinions, criticism, persuation,
entertainment and op-eds Editorial pendapat,
kritik, persuation, hiburan dan op-eds
Obituaries Obituari
Comic strips and other entertainment, such as
crosswords , sudoku and horoscopes Komik
strip, dan hiburan lainnya, seperti teka-teki
silang, sudoku dan horoskop
Weather news and forecasts Cuaca berita dan
prakiraan
Advice , gossip , food , and other columns
Saran, gosip, makanan, dan kolom
Critical reviews of movies, plays, restaurants,
etc. Kritis tinjauan film, drama, restoran, dll
Classified ads Iklanbaris
Display ads Menampilkan iklan
Contents Isi
[hide]
Topics in journalism Topik di
jurnalisme
Professional issues Profesional isu
News Writing Ethics Objectivity
Values Attribution Defamation
Editorial independence Education
Other topics Berita Menulis Etika
Obyektifitas Nilai Attribution
Fitnah Editorial kemerdekaan
Pendidikan Topik lain
Fields Fields
Arts Business Entertainment
Environment Fashion Medicine
Politics Science Sports Tech
Trade Traffic Weather Arts Bisnis
Hiburan Lingkungan Hidup
Fashion Kedokteran Politik Sains
Olahraga Tech Perdagangan Lalu
Lintas Cuaca
Genres Genre
Advocacy Churnalism Citizen
Civic Collaborative Community
Conspiracy Database Gonzo
Investigative Literary Muckraker
Narrative New Opinion Peace
Visual Watchdog Advokasi
Churnalism Warga Negara Civic
Kerja Sama Masyarakat Conspiracy
Database Gonzo Investigasi
Sastra wartawan yg membuka
korupsi Narasi Baru Opini
Damai Visual Watchdog
Social impact Dampak sosial
Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Freedom
of the press Infotainment Media
bias Public relations Yellow
journalism Fourth Estate Fifth Estate
Kebebasan pers Infotainment
Media bias Public relations Kuning
jurnalisme
News media Media
Newspapers Magazines News
agencies Broadcast Online
Photojournalism Alternative media
Surat kabar Majalah Berita
lembaga Broadcast Online
Photojournalism media Alternatif
Roles Peran
Journalist Marketer Reporter
Editor Columnist Commentator
Photographer Presenter
Meteorologist Production Manager
Intern Jurnalis Marketer Reporter
Editor Kolumnis Komentator
Photographer Presenter meteorologi
Manajer Produksi Intern
 1 History 1 Sejarah
o 1.1 Before movable type Sebelum bergerak 1,1 jenis

o 1.2 Modern era 1,2 era modern

1.2.1 Asia 1.2.1 Asia

1.2.2 Europe 1.2.2 Eropa
1.2.3 North America 1.2.3 Amerika Utara
o 1.3 Industrial Revolution 1,3 Revolusi Industri

2 Impact of television and Internet 2 Impact televisi dan Internet

3 Categories 3 Kategori
o 3.1 Daily 3,1 Harian

o 3.2 Weekly 3,2 Mingguan

o 3.3 National 3,3 Nasional

o 3.4 International 3,4 Internasional

o 3.5 Online 3,5 Online

4 Employment 4 Pekerjaan
5 Zoned and other editions 5 dikategorikan dan edisi lain
6 Format 6 Format
7 Circulation and readership 7 Sirkulasi dan pembaca
8 Advertising 8 Periklanan
9 Journalism 9 Jurnalisme
10 Future 10 Future
11 See also 11 Lihat juga
12 Notes 12 Lihat pula
13 External links 13 Pranala luar
o 13.1 General 13,1 Jenderal

o 13.2 Front pages from around the world Front 13,2 halaman dari seluruh dunia

[ edit ] History [Sunting] Sejarah

[ edit ] Before movable type [Sunting] Sebelum movable type

A modern remake of Kai Yuan Za Bao Modern remake of Kai Yuan Za Bao

In Ancient Rome , Acta Diurna , or government announcement bulletins, were made public by
Julius Caesar . Di Romawi Kuno, Acta Diurna, atau buletin pengumuman pemerintah, publik
dibuat oleh Julius Caesar. They were carved on metal or stone and posted in public places.
Mereka diukir pada batu dan logam atau diposting di tempat-tempat umum.

In China , early government-produced news sheets, called tipao , circulated among court officials
during the late Han dynasty (second and third centuries AD). Di Cina, pemerintah awal-berita
yang dihasilkan lembaran, yang disebut tipao, beredar di kalangan pejabat pengadilan selama
akhir dinasti Han (abad kedua dan ketiga Masehi). Between 713 and 734, the Kaiyuan Za Bao
("Bulletin of the Court") of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it was
handwritten on silk and read by government officials. Antara 713 dan 734, yang Kaiyuan Za Bao
( "Buletin Pengadilan") dari Cina Dinasti Tang pemerintah menerbitkan berita itu ditulis tangan
di sutra dan dibacakan oleh pejabat pemerintah. In 1582 there was the first reference to privately
published newssheets in Beijing , during the late Ming Dynasty ; [ 1 ] Pada tahun 1582 ada
referensi pertama diterbitkan newssheets pribadi di Beijing, pada akhir Dinasti Ming; [1]

In 1556, the government of Venice first published the monthly Notizie scritte , which cost one
gazetta . [ 2 ] These avvisi were handwritten newsletters and used to convey political, military, and
economic news quickly and efficiently throughout Europe , more specifically Italy , during the
early modern era (1500-1700CE) sharing some characteristics of newspapers though usually
not considered true newspapers. [ 3 ] Pada tahun 1556, pemerintah Venesia pertama kali
diterbitkan bulanan Notizie scritte, dengan biaya satu gazetta. [2] Ini avvisi adalah buletin ditulis
tangan dan digunakan untuk menyampaikan politik, militer, dan ekonomi berita dengan cepat
dan efisien di seluruh Eropa, khususnya Italia, selama era modern awal (1500-1700CE) - berbagi
beberapa karakteristik dari surat kabar meskipun biasanya tidak dianggap benar koran. [3]

[ edit ] Modern era [Sunting] Modern Era

Newspapers printed with movable type date to the beginning of the 17th century. Surat kabar
dicetak dengan jenis bergerak tanggal ke awal abad ke-17.

[ edit ] Asia [Sunting] Asia

By 1638 the Peking Gazette had switched from woodblock print to movable type. [ 1 ] Oleh 1638
di Peking Lembaran telah beralih dari woodblock mencetak ke movable type. [1]

[ edit ] Europe [Sunting] Eropa

Johann Carolus ' Relation aller Frnemmen und gedenckwrdigen Historien , published in 1605
in Strasbourg , is often recognized as the first newspaper. Johann Carolus 'Hubungan
Frnemmen und aller gedenckwrdigen Historien, yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1605 di
Strasbourg, sering dikenal sebagai surat kabar pertama. Strasbourg was a free imperial city in the
Holy Roman Empire ; the first newspaper of modern Germany was the Avisa , published in 1609
in Augsburg . Strasbourg adalah kota kekaisaran gratis di Kekaisaran Romawi Suci; koran
pertama dari Jerman modern adalah Avisa, diterbitkan pada 1609 di Augsburg.

The Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c. of 1618 was the first to appear in folio- rather
than quarto-size . Amsterdam , a center of world trade, quickly became home to newspapers in
many languages, often before they were published in their own country. [ 4 ] Di Belanda Courante
uyt Italien, Duytslandt, & c. dari 1618 adalah yang pertama muncul di folio-daripada ukuran
kuarto. Amsterdam, pusat perdagangan dunia, cepat menjadi rumah untuk surat kabar dalam
berbagai bahasa, sering kali sebelum mereka diterbitkan dalam sendiri. [4]

The first English-language newspaper, Corrant out of Italy, Germany, etc. , was published in
Amsterdam in 1620. Pertama koran berbahasa Inggris, Corrant keluar dari Italia, Jerman, dll,
diterbitkan di Amsterdam pada 1620. A year and a half later, Corante, or weekely newes from
Italy, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France and the Low Countreys. was published in
England by an "NB" (generally thought to be either Nathaniel Butter or Nicholas Bourne ) and
Thomas Archer . [ 5 ] Setahun setengah kemudian, Corante, atau weekely newes dari Italia,
Jerman, Hungaria, Polandia, Bohemia, Perancis, dan Countreys rendah. Diterbitkan di Inggris
oleh sebuah "NB" (umumnya dianggap baik Nathaniel Butter atau Nicholas Bourne) dan Thomas
Archer. [5]

The first newspaper in France was published in 1631, La Gazette (originally published as
Gazette de France ). [ 2 ] Koran pertama di Perancis diterbitkan pada 1631, La Gazette (awalnya
diterbitkan sebagai Lembaran de France). [2]

Post- och Inrikes Tidningar (founded as Ordinari Post Tijdender ) was first published in Sweden
in 1645, and is the oldest newspaper still in existence, though it now publishes solely online. [ 6 ]
Post-och Inrikes Tidningar (didirikan sebagai Ordinari Post Tijdender) ini pertama kali
diterbitkan di Swedia pada tahun 1645, dan merupakan koran tertua yang masih ada, meskipun
sekarang hanya menerbitkan secara online. [6]

Opregte Haarlemsche Courant from Haarlem , first published in 1656, is the oldest paper still
printed. Opregte Haarlemsche Courant dari Haarlem, pertama kali diterbitkan pada 1656, adalah
kertas tertua masih dicetak. It was forced to merge with the newspaper Haarlems Dagblad in
1942 when Germany occupied the Netherlands. Itu dipaksa untuk bergabung dengan koran
Haarlems Dagblad pada tahun 1942 ketika Jerman menduduki Belanda. Since then the Haarlems
Dagblad appears with the subtitle Oprechte Haerlemse Courant 1656 and considers itself to be
the oldest newspaper still publishing. Sejak itu Haarlems Dagblad muncul dengan subjudul
Oprechte Haerlemse Courant 1656 dan menganggap dirinya sebagai koran tertua yang masih
penerbitan.

The first successful English daily, The Daily Courant , was published from 1702 to 1735. [ 4 ] [ 7 ]
Pertama yang berhasil harian Inggris, The Daily Courant, diterbitkan 1702-1735. [4] [7]

[ edit ] North America [Sunting] Amerika Utara

Untitled watercolor of a man reading a newspaper, about 1863, by Henry Louis Stephens .
Untitled cat air dari seorang laki-laki membaca surat kabar, sekitar 1863, oleh Henry Louis
Stephens. The paper's headline reports the Emancipation Proclamation . Headline koran
melaporkan Proklamasi Emansipasi.

Front page of The New York Times on Armistice Day , November 11, 1918. Halaman depan The
New York Times pada Hari Gencatan Senjata, 11 November 1918.
In Boston in 1690, Benjamin Harris published Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and
Domestick [ sic ]. Dalam Boston pada tahun 1690, Benjamin Harris menerbitkan Publick
Kemunculan Baik Forreign dan Domestick [sic]. This is considered the first newspaper in the
American colonies even though only one edition was published before the paper was suppressed
by the government. Ini dianggap sebagai koran pertama di koloni-koloni Amerika walaupun
hanya satu edisi yang diterbitkan sebelum kertas ditekan oleh pemerintah. In 1704, the governor
allowed The Boston News-Letter to be published and it became the first continuously published
newspaper in the colonies. Pada 1704, gubernur diizinkan The Boston News-Surat yang akan
diterbitkan dan ini menjadi yang pertama surat kabar diterbitkan terus-menerus di tanah jajahan.
Soon after, weekly papers began publishing in New York and Philadelphia. Segera setelah itu,
mulai menerbitkan surat kabar mingguan di New York dan Philadelphia. These early newspapers
followed the British format and were usually four pages long. Koran awal ini mengikuti format
yang Inggris dan biasanya empat halaman. They mostly carried news from Britain and content
depended on the editor's interests. Mereka kebanyakan membawa berita dari Britania dan isi
tergantung pada kepentingan editor. In 1783, the Pennsylvania Evening Post became the first
American daily. Pada tahun 1783, Pennsylvania Evening Post menjadi orang Amerika pertama
setiap hari.

In 1751, John Bushell published the Halifax Gazette , the first Canadian newspaper. Pada tahun
1751, John Bushell menerbitkan Lembaran Halifax, Kanada pertama koran.

[ edit ] Industrial Revolution [Sunting] Revolusi Industri

By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published
newspaper-type publications though not all of them developed in the same way; content was
vastly shaped by regional and cultural preferences. [ 8 ] Advances in printing technology related to
the Industrial Revolution enabled newspapers to become an even more widely circulated means
of communication. Pada awal abad ke-19, banyak kota di Eropa, serta Amerika Utara dan
Amerika Selatan, menerbitkan publikasi koran-jenis walaupun tidak semua dari mereka
berkembang dengan cara yang sama; isinya sangat dibentuk oleh preferensi regional dan budaya.
[8]
Advances in teknologi cetak yang berhubungan dengan Revolusi Industri surat kabar
memungkinkan untuk menjadi yang lebih luas beredar alat komunikasi. In 1814, The Times (
London ) acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per minute. [ 9 ] Pada
tahun 1814, The Times (London) diperoleh sebuah percetakan mampu membuat 1.100 tayangan
per menit. [9]

Soon, it was adapted to print on both sides of a page at once. Tak lama, itu disesuaikan dengan
mencetak pada kedua sisi halaman sekaligus. This innovation made newspapers cheaper and thus
available to a larger part of the population. Inovasi ini membuat koran-koran lebih murah dan
dengan demikian tersedia untuk bagian yang lebih besar dari populasi. In 1830, the first penny
press newspaper came to the market: Lynde M. Walter's Boston Transcript . [ 10 ] Penny press
papers cost about one sixth the price of other newspapers and appealed to a wider audience. [ 11 ]
Pada tahun 1830, penny pertama tekan koran datang ke pasar: Lynde Walter M. 's Boston
Transcript. [10] Penny kertas tekan biaya sekitar seperenam harga surat kabar dan menarik
khalayak yang lebih luas. [11]
[ edit ] Impact of television and Internet [Sunting] Dampak
televisi dan Internet
By the late 1990s the availability of news via 24-hour television channels and then the Internet
posed an ongoing challenge to the business model of most newspapers in developed countries.
Pada akhir 1990-an ketersediaan berita melalui 24-jam saluran televisi dan kemudian internet
diajukan tantangan yang berkelanjutan ke model bisnis dari sebagian besar surat kabar di negara
maju. Paid circulation has declined, while advertising revenue which makes up the bulk of
most newspapers' income has been shifting from print to the new media, resulting in a general
decline in profits. Dibayar sirkulasi telah menurun, sedangkan pendapatan dari iklan - yang
membentuk sebagian besar dari sebagian besar surat kabar pendapatan - telah bergeser dari
mencetak ke media baru, yang mengakibatkan penurunan umum keuntungan. Many newspapers
around the world launched online editions in an attempt to follow or stay ahead of their audience.
Banyak surat kabar di seluruh dunia diluncurkan edisi online dalam usaha untuk mengikuti atau
tetap di depan audiens mereka.

However, in the rest of the world, cheaper printing and distribution, increased literacy, the
growing middle class and other factors have more than compensated for the emergence of
electronic media and newspapers continue to grow. [ 12 ] Namun, di seluruh dunia, lebih murah
pencetakan dan distribusi, peningkatan melek huruf, pertumbuhan kelas menengah dan faktor-
faktor lain yang memiliki lebih dari kompensasi bagi munculnya media elektronik dan surat
kabar terus berkembang. [12]

[ edit ] Categories [Sunting] Kategori

While most newspapers are aimed at a broad spectrum of readers, usually geographically
defined, some focus on groups of readers defined more by their interests than their location: for
example, there are daily and weekly business newspapers and sports newspapers. Sementara
sebagian besar surat kabar ditujukan pada spektrum yang luas dari pembaca, biasanya secara
geografis didefinisikan, beberapa kelompok fokus pada pembaca didefinisikan lebih oleh
kepentingan mereka dari lokasi mereka: misalnya, ada bisnis harian dan mingguan surat kabar
koran dan olahraga. More specialist still are some weekly newspapers, usually free and
distributed within limited areas; these may serve communities as specific as certain immigrant
populations, or the local gay community. Lebih spesialis masih ada beberapa surat kabar
mingguan, biasanya gratis dan didistribusikan di dalam area terbatas; ini dapat melayani
masyarakat sebagai imigran tertentu spesifik populasi, atau komunitas gay setempat.

[ edit ] Daily [Sunting] Harian

Israeli daily newspaper Haaretz , seen in its Hebrew and English editions Surat kabar harian
Israel Haaretz, terlihat dalam Ibrani dan bahasa Inggris edisi

A daily newspaper is issued every day, sometimes with the exception of Sundays and some
national holidays . Sebuah surat kabar harian yang diterbitkan setiap hari, kadang-kadang
dengan perkecualian hari Minggu dan beberapa hari libur nasional. Saturday and, where they
exist, Sunday editions of daily newspapers tend to be larger, include more specialized sections
and advertising inserts, and cost more. Sabtu dan, di mana mereka ada, edisi Minggu surat kabar
harian cenderung lebih besar, lebih khusus termasuk bagian dan sisipan iklan, dan biaya lebih.
Typically, the majority of these newspapers' staff work Monday to Friday, so the Sunday and
Monday editions largely depend on content done in advance or content that is syndicated.
Biasanya, mayoritas surat kabar ini 'staf bekerja hari Senin sampai Jumat, sehingga hari Minggu
dan Senin edisi sangat tergantung pada konten yang dilakukan di muka atau konten yang
sindikasi. Most daily newspapers are published in the morning. Sebagian besar surat kabar harian
terbit di pagi hari. Afternoon or evening papers are aimed more at commuters and office workers.
Sore atau malam makalah ini ditujukan lebih pada penumpang dan pekerja kantor.

[ edit ] Weekly [Sunting] Mingguan

Weekly newspapers are common and tend to be smaller than daily papers. Surat kabar
mingguan yang umum dan cenderung lebih kecil dari kertas harian. In some cases, there also are
newspapers that are published twice or three times a week. Dalam beberapa kasus, ada juga surat
kabar yang diterbitkan dua kali atau tiga kali seminggu. In the United States, such newspapers
are generally still classified as weeklies. Di Amerika Serikat, seperti koran pada umumnya masih
diklasifikasikan sebagai mingguan.

[ edit ] National [Sunting] Nasional

Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole country: a
national newspaper , as contrasted with a local newspaper serving a city or region.
Kebanyakan negara mempunyai setidaknya satu surat kabar yang beredar di seluruh negeri: surat
kabar nasional, sebagai kontras dengan surat kabar lokal melayani kota atau kawasan. In the
United Kingdom , there are numerous national newspapers, including The Independent , The
Times , The Daily Telegraph , The Guardian , The Observer , The Daily Mail , The Sun , The
Daily Express and The Daily Mirror . Di Inggris Raya, ada sejumlah surat kabar nasional,
termasuk The Independent, The Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Observer, The
Daily Mail, The Sun, The Daily Express dan The Daily Mirror. In the United States and Canada ,
there are few national newspapers. Di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada, ada beberapa surat kabar
nasional. Almost every market has one or two newspapers that dominate the area. Hampir setiap
pasar memiliki satu atau dua surat kabar yang mendominasi daerah. Certain newspapers, notably
The New York Times , The Wall Street Journal and USA Today in the US, and The Globe and
Mail and The National Post in Canada are available throughout the country. Beberapa surat
kabar, terutama The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal dan USA Today di Amerika
Serikat, dan The Globe and Mail dan The National Post di Kanada yang tersedia di seluruh
negeri. In India , were Internet penetration is too low as comparable to other developed countries
therefore newspaper like Times of India , The Hindu , Hindustan Times etc are the only source of
information for rural and urban people. Di India, adalah penetrasi internet sebagai terlalu rendah
dibandingkan dengan negara-negara maju lain karena koran seperti Times of India, The Hindu,
Hindustan Times dll adalah satu-satunya sumber informasi bagi orang-orang pedesaan dan
perkotaan. Large metropolitan newspapers with also have expanded distribution networks and,
with effort, can be found outside their normal area. Surat kabar dengan metropolitan besar juga
telah memperluas jaringan distribusi dan, dengan usaha, dapat ditemukan di luar wilayah normal
mereka.

Reading the newspaper: Brookgreen Gardens in Pawleys Island, South Carolina , United States .
Membaca koran: Brookgreen Gardens di Pawleys Island, South Carolina, Amerika Serikat.

[ edit ] International [Sunting] Internasional

There is also a small group of newspapers which may be characterised as international

newspapers . Ada juga sekelompok kecil surat kabar yang dapat dicirikan sebagai koran
internasional. Some, such as The International Herald Tribune , have always had that focus,
while others are repackaged national newspapers or international editions of national-scale or
large metropolitan newspapers. Beberapa, seperti The International Herald Tribune, selalu punya
fokus, sementara yang lain dikemas ulang surat kabar nasional atau "edisi internasional" skala
nasional atau surat kabar metropolitan besar. Often these international editions are scaled down
to remove articles that might not interest the wider range of readers. Sering kali ini edisi
internasional diperkecil untuk menghapus artikel yang mungkin tidak menarik perhatian
pembaca lebih luas.

As English has become the international language of business and technology, many newspapers
formerly published only in non-English languages have also developed English-language
editions. Seperti Inggris telah menjadi bahasa internasional bisnis dan teknologi, banyak surat
kabar diterbitkan sebelumnya hanya dalam bahasa non-Inggris juga telah mengembangkan edisi
bahasa Inggris. In places as varied as Jerusalem and Bombay ( Mumbai ), newspapers are printed
to a local and international English-speaking public. Di tempat-tempat beragam seperti
Yerusalem dan Bombay (Mumbai), surat kabar dicetak ke lokal dan internasional berbahasa
Inggris publik. The advent of the Internet has also allowed the non-English newspapers to put out
a scaled-down English version to give their newspaper a global outreach. Datangnya dari internet
juga memungkinkan non-Inggris koran untuk mengeluarkan skala-down versi Inggris untuk
memberikan koran mereka penjangkauan global.

[ edit ] Online [Sunting] Online

This section may require copy-editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone or spelling .
Bagian ini mungkin memerlukan copy-editing untuk tata bahasa, gaya, kohesi, nada,
atau ejaan. You can assist by editing it now. (April 2009) Anda dapat membantu dengan
mengedit itu sekarang. (April 2009)
Main article: Online newspaper Artikel utama: Online koran

Diario de Pernambuco , founded in 1825 is the first newspaper in all South America . Diario de
Pernambuco, didirikan pada tahun 1825 adalah surat kabar pertama di seluruh Amerika Selatan.

With the introduction of the Internet, web-based newspapers have also started to be produced
as online-only publications, like the Southport Reporter . [ 13 ] To be a Web-Only newspaper they
must be web-published only and must not be part of or have any connection to hard-copy
formats. Dengan diperkenalkannya Internet, berbasis web "koran" juga mulai diproduksi sebagai
online-hanya publikasi, seperti Reporter Southport. [13] Untuk menjadi seorang Web-Hanya koran
mereka harus web hanya dipublikasikan dan harus tidak menjadi bagian dari atau memiliki
koneksi ke hard-copy format. To be classed as an Online Only Newspaper, the paper must also
be regularly updated at a regular time and keep to a fixed news format [ citation needed ] , like a
hardcopy newspaper. Untuk dapat digolongkan sebagai sebuah Online Hanya koran, kertas juga
harus secara teratur diupdate pada waktu yang teratur dan menjaga untuk tetap format berita
[rujukan?],
Seperti koran hardcopy. They must also be only published by professional media
companies and regarded under the national/international press rules and regulations [ 14 ] unlike
blog [ 15 ] sites and other news websites, it is run as a newspaper and is recognized by media
groups in the UK, like the NUJ and/or the IFJ . Mereka juga harus hanya diterbitkan oleh
perusahaan media profesional dan dianggap di bawah nasional / peraturan pers internasional dan
peraturan [14] tidak seperti blog [15] situs dan situs-situs berita lain, itu dijalankan sebagai koran
dan diakui oleh kelompok media di Inggris , seperti NUJ dan / atau IFJ. Also they fall under the
UK's PCC rules. Juga mereka jatuh di bawah aturan PCC Inggris.

[ edit ] Employment [Sunting] Ketenagakerjaan

Job titles within the newspaper industry vary greatly. Ayub judul dalam industri surat kabar
sangat bervariasi. In the United States, the overall manager of the newspaper sometimes also
the owner may be termed the publisher . Di Amerika Serikat, manajer keseluruhan surat kabar
- kadang-kadang juga pemilik - mungkin disebut sebagai penerbit. This usage is less common
outside the US, but throughout the English-speaking world the person responsible for content is
usually referred to as the editor . Penggunaan ini kurang umum di luar AS, tetapi di seluruh dunia
berbahasa Inggris orang yang bertanggung jawab untuk konten biasanya disebut sebagai editor.
Variations on this title such as editor-in-chief, executive editor, and so on, are common. Variasi
pada halaman ini seperti editor-in-chief, executive editor, dan sebagainya, adalah biasa.

[ edit ] Zoned and other editions [Sunting] dikategorikan

dan edisi lain
Newspapers often refine distribution of ads and news through zoning and editioning. Surat kabar
sering memperbaiki distribusi iklan dan berita melalui zonasi dan editioning. Zoning occurs
when advertising and editorial content change to reflect the location to which the product is
delivered. Zonasi terjadi ketika iklan dan isi editorial berubah untuk mencerminkan lokasi
produk yang disampaikan. The editorial content often may change merely to reflect changes in
advertising the quantity and layout of which affects the space available for editorial or may
contain region-specific news. Konten editorial sering dapat berubah hanya untuk mencerminkan
perubahan dalam periklanan - kuantitas dan tata letak yang berdampak pada ruang yang tersedia
untuk editorial - atau mungkin berisi berita spesifik daerah. In rare instances, the advertising may
not change from one zone to another, but there will be different region-specific editorial content.
Dalam kasus-kasus langka, iklan mungkin tidak berubah dari satu zona ke yang lain, tetapi akan
ada daerah yang berbeda isi editorial khusus. As the content can vary widely, zoned editions are
often produced in parallel. Seperti konten dapat berbeda-beda, edisi dikategorikan sering
diproduksi secara paralel.

Editioning occurs in the main sections as news is updated throughout the night. Editioning terjadi
pada bagian utama sebagai berita yang diperbarui sepanjang malam. The advertising is usually
the same in each edition (with the exception of zoned regionals, in which it is often the 'B'
section of local news that undergoes advertising changes). Iklan biasanya sama di setiap edisi
(dengan pengecualian dikategorikan regionals, di mana seringkali adalah 'B' bagian berita lokal
yang mengalami perubahan iklan). As each edition represents the latest news available for the
next press run, these editions are produced linearly, with one completed edition being copied and
updated for the next edition. Seperti mewakili masing-masing edisi berita terbaru yang tersedia
untuk menjalankan pers berikutnya, edisi ini diproduksi secara linear, dengan satu edisi lengkap
tidak dapat disalin dan diperbarui untuk edisi berikutnya. The previous edition is always copied
to maintain a Newspaper of Record and to fall back on if a quick correction is needed for the
press. Edisi sebelumnya selalu disalin untuk mempertahankan Koran Rekam dan jatuh kembali
jika koreksi yang cepat diperlukan bagi pers. For example, both the New York Times and Wall
Street Journal offer a regional edition, printed through a local contractor, and featuring locale
specific content. Sebagai contoh, baik di New York Times dan Wall Street Journal menawarkan
edisi regional, dicetak melalui kontraktor lokal, dan menampilkan konten yang spesifik lokal.
The Journal's global advertising rate card provides a good example of editioning. [ 16 ] Journal
periklanan global rate card memberikan contoh yang baik editioning. [16]

[ edit ] Format [Sunting] Format

The Times of India press on the outskirts of Delhi The Times of India tekan di pinggiran Delhi

Most modern newspapers are in one of three sizes: Sebagian besar surat kabar modern di salah
satu dari tiga ukuran:

Broadsheets : 600 mm by 380 mm (23 by 15 inches ), generally associated with more

intellectual newspapers, although a trend towards compact newspapers is changing this.
Broadsheets: 600 mm by 380 mm (23 sebesar 15 inci), biasanya dikaitkan dengan lebih
intelektual koran, meskipun kecenderungan terhadap "kompak" koran berubah ini.
Tabloids : half the size of broadsheets at 380 mm by 300 mm (15 by 11 inches), and
often perceived as sensationalist in contrast to broadsheets. Tabloid: setengah ukuran
broadsheets di 380 mm by 300 mm (15 oleh 11 inci), dan sering dianggap sebagai
sensasional berbeda dengan broadsheets. Examples: The Sun , The National Enquirer ,
The National Ledger , The Star Magazine , New York Post , the Chicago Sun-Times , The
Globe . Contoh: The Sun, The National Enquirer, The National Ledger, The Star
Magazine, New York Post, di Chicago Sun-Times, The Globe.
Berliner or Midi : 470 mm by 315 mm (18 by 12 inches) used by European papers
such as Le Monde in France , La Stampa in Italy , El Pais in Spain and, since 12
September 2005, The Guardian in the United Kingdom . Berliner atau Midi: 470 mm by
315 mm (18 12 inci) digunakan oleh Eropa kertas seperti Le Monde di Prancis, La
 Stampa di Italia, El Pais di Spanyol dan, sejak 12 September 2005, The Guardian di
Inggris Raya.

Newspapers are usually printed on inexpensive, off-white paper known as newsprint. Surat kabar
biasanya dicetak pada murah, off-kertas putih yang dikenal sebagai kertas koran. Since the
1980s, the newspaper industry has largely moved away from lower-quality letterpress printing to
higher-quality, four-color process , offset printing . Sejak 1980-an, industri koran sebagian besar
pindah dari kualitas rendah huruf cetak berkualitas lebih tinggi, empat warna proses, pencetakan
offset. In addition, desktop computers , word processing software , graphics software , digital
cameras and digital prepress and typesetting technologies have revolutionized the newspaper
production process. Selain itu, komputer desktop, perangkat lunak pengolah kata, perangkat
lunak grafis, kamera digital dan digital prepress dan typesetting teknologi telah merevolusi
proses produksi koran. These technologies have enabled newspapers to publish color
photographs and graphics, as well as innovative layouts and better design. Teknologi ini telah
memungkinkan surat kabar untuk mempublikasikan foto-foto berwarna dan grafis, serta inovatif
layout dan desain yang lebih baik.

To help their titles stand out on newsstands, some newspapers are printed on coloured newsprint.
Untuk membantu mereka berdiri di judul newsstands, beberapa surat kabar yang tercetak pada
kertas berwarna. For example, the Financial Times is printed on a distinctive salmon pink paper,
and Sheffield 's weekly sports publication derives its name, the Green 'Un , from the traditional
colour of its paper. Sebagai contoh, Financial Times yang dicetak di atas kertas merah muda
salmon khas, dan Sheffield 's publikasi olahraga mingguan mendapatkan namanya, yang Hijau'
Un, dari warna tradisional dari kertas. The Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport is
also printed on pink paper while L'quipe (formerly L'Auto ) is printed on yellow paper. Koran
olahraga Italia La Gazzetta dello Sport juga dicetak di atas kertas merah muda sementara
L'Equipe (sebelumnya L'Auto) yang dicetak di atas kertas kuning. Both the latter promoted major
cycling races and their newsprint colours were reflected in the colours of the jerseys used to
denote the race leader; for example the leader in the Giro d'Italia wears a pink jersey. Kedua
dipromosikan besar yang terakhir bersepeda ras dan warna kertas mereka tercermin dalam kaus
warna-warna yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan pemimpin perlombaan, misalnya pemimpin
dalam Giro d'Italia mengenakan jersey merah muda.

[ edit ] Circulation and readership [Sunting] Sirkulasi dan

pembaca
Main articles: List of newspapers in the World by circulation and Newspaper circulation Artikel
utama: Daftar surat kabar di Dunia oleh sirkulasi dan sirkulasi koran
A newspaper car in Germany in 1925 . Sebuah mobil surat kabar di Jerman pada 1925. Operated
by the Ullstein publishing house, it distributed newspapers by road. Dioperasikan oleh Ullstein
rumah penerbitan, surat kabar itu didistribusikan oleh jalan.

The number of copies distributed, either on an average day or on particular days (typically
Sunday), is called the newspaper's circulation and is one of the principal factors used to set
advertising rates. Jumlah salinan yang didistribusikan, baik di hari rata-rata atau pada hari-hari
tertentu (biasanya Minggu), disebut sirkulasi surat kabar dan merupakan salah satu faktor utama
yang digunakan untuk mengatur harga periklanan. Circulation is not necessarily the same as
copies sold, since some copies or newspapers are distributed without cost. Sirkulasi belum tentu
sama dengan kopi yang dijual, karena beberapa salinan atau surat kabar didistribusikan tanpa
biaya. Readership figures may be higher than circulation figures because many copies are read
by more than one person, although this is offset by the number of copies distributed but not read
(especially for those distributed free). Tokoh pembaca mungkin lebih tinggi dari angka sirkulasi
karena banyak eksemplar dibaca oleh lebih dari satu orang, meskipun hal ini diimbangi dengan
jumlah salinan yang didistribusikan tetapi tidak dibaca (terutama bagi mereka yang
didistribusikan gratis).

Newspaper vendor, Paddington , London , February 2005 Penjaja koran, Paddington, London,
February 2005

According to the Guinness Book of Records , the daily circulation of the Soviet newspaper Trud
exceeded 21,500,000 in 1990, while the Soviet weekly Argumenty i Fakty boasted the circulation
of 33,500,000 in 1991. Menurut Guinness Book of Records, sirkulasi harian koran Soviet Trud
melebihi 21.500.000 pada tahun 1990, sementara Soviet mingguan Argumenty i Fakty membual
peredaran 33.500.000 pada tahun 1991.

According to United Nations data from 1995 Japan has three daily papers the Yomiuri
Shimbun , Asahi Shimbun , and Mainichi Shimbun with circulations well above 5.5 million.
Germany 's Bild , with a circulation of 3.8 million, was the only other paper in that category.
Menurut Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa data dari tahun 1995 Jepang telah tiga koran-koran harian
yang Yomiuri Shimbun, Asahi Shimbun, dan Mainichi Shimbun - dengan sirkulasi jauh di atas 5,5
juta. Jerman 's Bild, dengan sirkulasi 3,8 juta, adalah satu-satunya kertas yang lain kategori.
In the United Kingdom , The Sun is the top seller, with around 2.98 million copies distributed
daily (late 2008). Di Kerajaan Inggris, The Sun adalah top seller, dengan sekitar 2.98 juta
eksemplar didistribusikan setiap hari (akhir 2008).

In India , The Times of India is the largest-circulation English newspaper, with 3.14 million
copies daily. Di India, The Times of India adalah terbesar-sirkulasi surat kabar Inggris, dengan
3.14 juta kopi setiap hari. According to the 2009 Indian Readership Survey, the Dainik Jagran is
the most-read, local-language (Hindi) newspaper, with 55.7 million readers. [ 17 ] Menurut India
2009 Readership Survey, yang Dainik Jagran adalah yang paling banyak dibaca, bahasa lokal
(Hindi) surat kabar, dengan 55.7 juta pembaca. [17]

In the US, the Wall Street Journal has a daily circulation of approximately 2.01 million, making
it the most widely distributed paper in the country. [ 18 ] Di Amerika Serikat, Wall Street Journal
memiliki sirkulasi harian sekitar 2.01 juta, sehingga yang paling banyak didistribusikan kertas di
negara itu. [18]

American newspaper vending machine featuring news of the 1984 Summer Olympics . American
mesin penjual koran yang menampilkan berita tentang Olimpiade Musim Panas 1984.

A common measure of a newspaper's health is market penetration, expressed as a percentage of

households that receive a copy of the newspaper against the total number of households in the
paper's market area. Ukuran yang umum kesehatan surat kabar penetrasi pasar, yang dinyatakan
sebagai persentase rumah tangga yang menerima salinan surat kabar terhadap jumlah total rumah
tangga di pasar koran daerah. In the 1920s, on a national basis in the US, daily newspapers
achieved market penetration of 130 percent (meaning the average US household received 1.3
newspapers). Tahun 1920-an, di secara nasional di AS, surat kabar harian penetrasi pasar
mencapai 130 persen (artinya rata-rata rumah tangga AS 1,3 menerima surat kabar). As other
media began to compete with newspapers, and as printing became easier and less expensive
giving rise to a greater diversity of publications, market penetration began to decline. Sebagai
media lain mulai bersaing dengan surat kabar, dan ketika mencetak menjadi lebih mudah dan
lebih murah menimbulkan keragaman yang lebih besar publikasi, penetrasi pasar mulai menurun.
It wasn't until the early 1970s, however, that market penetration dipped below 100 percent. Tidak
sampai awal 1970-an, bagaimanapun, bahwa mencelupkan penetrasi pasar di bawah 100 persen.
By 2000, it was 53 percent. [ 19 ] Pada tahun 2000, itu 53 persen. [19]

Many paid-for newspapers offer a variety of subscription plans. Banyak dibayar-untuk surat
kabar menawarkan berbagai rencana berlangganan. For example, someone might want only a
Sunday paper, or perhaps only Sunday and Saturday, or maybe only a workweek subscription, or
perhaps a daily subscription. Sebagai contoh, seseorang mungkin ingin hanya sebuah koran
Minggu, atau mungkin hanya hari Minggu dan Sabtu, atau mungkin hanya sebuah pekan kerja
berlangganan, atau mungkin berlangganan harian.

Most newspapers provide some or all of their content on the Internet, either at no cost or for a
fee. Sebagian besar surat kabar menyediakan beberapa atau semua isi mereka di Internet, baik
tanpa biaya atau pun dengan biaya. In some cases, free access is available only for a matter of
days or weeks, after which readers must register and provide personal data. Dalam beberapa
kasus, akses bebas tersedia hanya untuk beberapa hari atau minggu, setelah itu pembaca harus
mendaftarkan diri dan memberikan data pribadi. In other cases, free archives are provided.
Dalam kasus lain, arsip gratis disediakan.

[ edit ] Advertising [Sunting] Periklanan

A typical 1950s layout of daily newspaper comic strips is seen in this page from the Los Angeles
Times (April 22, 1959) 1950-an tipikal tata letak surat kabar harian komik dilihat di halaman ini
dari Los Angeles Times (22 April, 1959)
The bulk of newspapers' revenue comes from advertising - the contribution from sales is small
by comparison. Sebagian besar surat kabar 'pendapatan berasal dari iklan - kontribusi dari
penjualan kecil dibandingkan. On average, a newspaper generates 80% of its revenue from
advertising and 20% from sales. Rata-rata, sebuah koran menghasilkan 80% dari pendapatan dari
iklan dan 20% dari penjualan. The portion of the newspaper that is not advertising is called
editorial content , editorial matter , or simply editorial , although the last term is also used to
refer specifically to those articles in which the newspaper and its guest writers express their
opinions. Bagian dari koran yang tidak disebut editorial iklan konten, masalah editorial, atau
sekadar editorial, meskipun istilah yang terakhir ini juga digunakan untuk merujuk pada artikel-
artikel di mana koran dan penulis tamu mengungkapkan pendapat mereka.

Newspapers have been hurt by the decline of many traditional advertisers. Surat kabar telah
disakiti oleh penurunan banyak pengiklan tradisional. Department stores and supermarkets could
be relied upon in the past to buy pages of newspaper advertisements, but due to industry
consolidation are much less likely to do so now. [ 20 ] Additionally, newspapers are seeing
traditional advertisers shift to new media platforms. Department store dan supermarket bisa
diandalkan di masa lalu untuk membeli koran halaman iklan, namun karena konsolidasi industri
sangat kecil kemungkinannya untuk melakukannya sekarang. [20] Selain itu, surat kabar melihat
pengiklan tradisional bergeser ke platform media baru. The classified category is shifting to sites
including craigslist, employment websites, and auto sites. Kategori yang diklasifikasikan beralih
ke situs-situs termasuk craigslist, pekerjaan situs web, dan situs-situs otomatis. National
advertisers are shifting to many types of digital content including websites, rich media platforms,
and mobile. Pengiklan nasional beralih ke berbagai jenis konten digital, termasuk situs Web,
media kaya platform, dan mobile.

In recent years, the advertorial emerged. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, advertorial muncul.
Advertorials are most commonly recognized as an opposite-editorial which third-parties pay a
fee to have included in the paper. Advertorials commonly advertise new products or techniques,
such as a new design for golf equipment, a new form of laser surgery, or weight-loss drugs.
Advertorial paling sering diakui sebagai lawan-editorial yang pihak-pihak ketiga membayar
biaya untuk termasuk di koran. Advertorial sering mengiklankan produk atau teknik-teknik baru,
seperti desain baru untuk peralatan golf, bentuk baru operasi laser, atau berat badan -kehilangan
obat-obatan. The tone is usually closer to that of a press release than of an objective news story .
Nada biasanya lebih dekat dengan seorang siaran pers daripada objektif berita.

[ edit ] Journalism [Sunting] Jurnalisme

Main article: Journalism Artikel utama: Jurnalisme

Since newspapers began as a journal (record of current events), the profession involved in the
making of newspapers began to be called journalism . Sejak koran mulai sebagai sebuah jurnal
(catatan kejadian terkini), profesi yang terlibat dalam pembuatan koran mulai disebut jurnalisme.

In the yellow journalism era of the 19th century, many newspapers in the United States relied on
sensational stories that were meant to anger or excite the public, rather than to inform. Dalam
jurnalisme kuning era abad ke-19, banyak surat kabar di Amerika Serikat mengandalkan cerita-
cerita sensasional yang dimaksudkan untuk membangkitkan kemarahan atau publik, bukan untuk
memberitahu. The restrained style of reporting that relies on fact checking and accuracy regained
popularity around World War II. Gaya yang menahan pelaporan yang mengandalkan fakta dan
keakuratan memeriksa kembali popularitas di sekitar Perang Dunia II.

Criticism of journalism is varied and sometimes vehement. Kritik terhadap jurnalisme adalah
bervariasi dan kadang-kadang keras. Credibility is questioned because of anonymous sources;
errors in facts, spelling, and grammar ; real or perceived bias ; and scandals involving plagiarism
and fabrication. Kredibilitas dipertanyakan karena sumber-sumber anonim; kesalahan dalam
fakta, ejaan, dan tata bahasa; nyata atau bias; dan skandal yang melibatkan plagiat dan fabrikasi.

In the past, newspapers have often been owned by so-called press barons , and were used either
as a rich man's toy , or a political tool. Di masa lalu, surat kabar sering dimiliki oleh apa yang
disebut pers baron, dan digunakan baik sebagai orang kaya mainan, atau politik alat. More
recently in the United States, a number of newspapers are being run by large media corporations
such as Gannett , The McClatchy Company , Hearst Corporation , Cox Enterprises , Landmark
Media Enterprises LLC , Morris Corporation , The Tribune Company , Hollinger International ,
News Corporation . Lebih baru-baru ini di Amerika Serikat, sejumlah surat kabar yang
dijalankan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan media besar seperti Gannett, The McClatchy Company,
Hearst Corporation, Cox Enterprises, Landmark Media Enterprises LLC, Morris Corporation,
The Tribune Company, Hollinger Internasional, News Corporation.

Newspapers have, in the modern world, played an important role in the exercise of freedom of
expression. Surat kabar, di dunia modern, memainkan peran penting dalam pelaksanaan
kebebasan berekspresi. Whistle-blowers, and those who leak stories of corruption in political
circles often choose to inform newspapers before other mediums of communication, relying on
the perceived willingness of newspaper editors to expose the secrets and lies of those who would
rather cover them. Whistle-blower, dan mereka yang "bocor" cerita tentang korupsi di kalangan
politik sering memilih untuk menginformasikan surat kabar sebelum media komunikasi lainnya,
bergantung pada kesediaan dirasakan editor koran untuk menyingkap rahasia dan kebohongan
orang-orang yang lebih suka menutupi mereka. However, there have been many circumstances of
the political autonomy of newspapers being curtailed. Namun, ada banyak situasi otonomi politik
koran yang dibatasi.

Opinions of other writers and readers are expressed in the op-ed (opposite the editorial page)
and letters to the editors sections of the paper. Pendapat penulis dan pembaca lainnya dinyatakan
dalam op-ed ( "yang berlawanan dengan halaman editorial") dan surat-surat kepada editor
bagian dari kertas.

Some ways newspapers have tried to improve their credibility are: appointing ombudsmen ,
developing ethics policies and training, using more stringent corrections policies, communicating
their processes and rationale with readers, and asking sources to review articles after publication.
Beberapa surat kabar telah mencoba cara-cara untuk meningkatkan kredibilitas mereka adalah:
menunjuk ombudsman, mengembangkan kebijakan etika dan pelatihan, menggunakan kebijakan
koreksi yang lebih ketat, mengkomunikasikan proses dan dasar pemikiran mereka dengan
pembaca, dan meminta untuk meninjau sumber artikel setelah penerbitan.
[ edit ] Future [Sunting] Masa Depan
Main article: Future of newspapers Artikel utama: Masa depan koran
Further information: Online Newspapers Informasi lebih lanjut: Online Newspapers

The future of newspapers has been widely debated as the industry has faced down soaring
newsprint prices, slumping ad sales, the loss of much classified advertising and precipitous drops
in circulation. Masa depan surat kabar telah banyak diperdebatkan sebagai industri telah
menghadapi turun naiknya harga kertas koran, iklan merosot penjualan, kehilangan banyak iklan
dan terjal diklasifikasikan tetes yang beredar. In recent years the number of newspapers slated for
closure, bankruptcy or severe cutbacks has risen -- especially in the United States , where the
industry has shed a fifth of its journalists since 2001. [ 21 ] Revenue has plunged while competition
from internet media has squeezed older print publishers. [ 21 ] Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir
jumlah surat kabar dijadwalkan untuk penutupan, kepailitan atau pengurangan berat meningkat -
terutama di Amerika Serikat, di mana industri gudang seperlima dari jurnalis sejak tahun 2001.
[21]
Pendapatan telah mengalami penurunan sementara persaingan dari media internet meremas
penerbit mencetak lebih tua. [21]

The debate has become more urgent lately, as a deepening recession has shaved profits, [ 22 ] and
as once-explosive growth in newspaper web revenues has leveled off, forestalling what the
industry hoped would become an important source of revenue. [ 23 ] At issue is whether the
newspaper industry faces a cyclical trough, or whether new technology has rendered obsolete
newspapers in their traditional format. Perdebatan telah menjadi lebih mendesak akhir-akhir ini,
sebagai memperdalam resesi telah bercukur keuntungan, [22] dan sekali-ledakan pertumbuhan
surat kabar Web pendapatan telah menurun, industri forestalling apa yang diharapkan akan
menjadi sumber pendapatan yang penting. [23] Pada masalah adalah apakah industri surat kabar
menghadapi siklus palung, atau apakah teknologi baru telah memberikan koran usang dalam
format tradisional mereka.

[ edit ] See also [Sunting] Lihat pula

List of newspapers (by
country) Daftar surat
kabar (menurut negara)
List of online
newspaper archives
Daftar koran online
arsip
List of newspapers in
the world by
circulation Daftar surat
kabar di dunia dengan
sirkulasi
History of British
newspapers Sejarah
koran Inggris
History of Chinese
newspapers Sejarah surat
kabar Cina
History of newspapers
and magazines Sejarah
surat kabar dan majalah
International Freedom of
Expression Exchange
International Freedom of
Newspaper circulation
Sirkulasi surat kabar
Newspaper wrappers
Koran pembungkus
Newspaper of record
Kabar rekor
Newspapers in the United
States Surat kabar di
Amerika Serikat
Newspapers on demand
Koran on demand
 Above the fold Atas Expression Exchange Photojournalism
flip Photojournalism
Journalism Jurnalisme
African American Printing Percetakan
newspapers African List of journalism
American koran articles Daftar artikel Propaganda model
jurnalisme Propaganda model
Alternative weekly
Alternatif mingguan Magazine Majalah Student newspaper Surat
kabar mahasiswa
List of fictional Mass media Media
newspapers Daftar massa Telephone newspaper
surat kabar fiktif Telepon koran
Muckraker Wartawan yg
Freedom of the press membuka korupsi Underground press
Kebebasan pers Underground tekan
News design Berita
Free daily newspaper desain Weekly newspaper Surat
Surat kabar harian kabar mingguan
Newspaper National
gratis
Network LP Koran LP World Association of
Graphic design Desain Jaringan Nasional Newspapers World
grafis Association of
Newspaper Association Newspapers
Gazette Lembaran of America Newspaper
Association of America Yellow journalism
Gazetteer Gazetteer Jurnalisme kuning
Newseum Newseum
History of American
newspapers Sejarah
surat kabar Amerika