Michael Wright

19/11/2017
Biology
Mrs Beverly Eatwell

Organelle Structure Main functions

Cell Phospholipid bilayer Provides a protective exoskeleton. Physically
membrane lipid/protein/carbohydrate complex; seperating the intracellular compononets from the
provides a barrier and contains extracellular environment. Controls the movement of
transport and signalling systems. substances into and out of cell and organelles through
passive transport(using nocellular energy. Selective
permeability to ions and organic molecules, aided by
proteins in the membrane, as long as they are going
down a concentration gradient.
Attatches cell to extracellular matrix enabling cells
to group together to form tissues.Also, plays a role in
achoring the cytoskeleton to provide shape to the cell.
Nucleus Enclosed by a nuclear envelope; a Controls the activity of the cell by regulating protein
(5m) double membrane surrounding synthesis within the cell. Site of synthesis of RNA
chromosomic DNA and the nucleolus. making up the ribosome.
Nuclear pores allow specific DNA in chromosomes contains genes that control the
communication with cytoplasm. sythesis of proteins.
Tiny strands inside the nucleus, DNA maintenance.
chromatin, contain the instructions for RNA transcription.
directing the cell's functions
Mitochondrion Contains its own DNA, bound by an Energy production through metabolism. The
external membrane that serves as a mitochondrion converts products of the cells initial
barrier; blocking the passage of metabolism of amino acids, fats and sugars into the
cytoplasmic proteins into the compound acetyl coenzyme A, through a series of
organelle. An inner membrane; which reactions in the matrix.
is folded into cristae; dramatically Crucial to the function of the organelle is the
increasing the surface area of the chemistry of the oxidation-reduction reaction.
membrane. Provides an additional Free energy, harnessed by the organelle, is coupled to
barrier that is impermeable. Lipid the synthesis of ATP from ADP (di-phosphate) and
bilayer inorganic phosphate.
Contain enzyme systems needed to synthesise ATP by
oxidative phosphorylation.
Golgi Series of stacked membranes. Vesicles Vesicles carry materials from the RER to the golgi
apparatus (small membrane surrounded bags) complex and carry new formed membrane and
structurally polarized, consisting of a secreted proteins to their final destinations including
cis face near the transitional region secretion and membrane localisation.
of the RER, a medial segment, and a Processes proteins after they leave the endoplasmic
trans face near the cell membrane. reticulum.
These faces are biochemically distinct, Transports the proteins produced in the endoplasmic
and the enzymatic content of each reticulum.
segment is markedly different. The cis Modifies biomolecules before storing them in
face membranes are thinner. vescicles ready for transportation.
Formation of lysosomes.
Rough Flatter and rougher appearance when Site of protein synthesis, taking place in the ribosomes
endoplasmic compared to the SER which often joins attatched to its organelles membrane. Modifies
reticulum the RER. The double membranes proteins by the addition of carbohydrates, removal of
(RER) signal sequences. Ribosomes cover the surface, which,
Michael Wright
19/11/2017
Biology
Mrs Beverly Eatwell
of smooth and rough ER form sacs
called cisternae.
Network of interconnected
membranous sacs and tubules
forming channels withing the cell.
Ribosomes attached to the cytosolic
side of the rough endoplasmic
reticulums membrane. Found in
animal and plant cells.
Smooth A meshwork of fine tubular
endoplasmic interconnected membranous
reticulum vescicles. Found in animal and plant
(SER) cells.
The double membranes
of smooth and rough ER form sacs
called cisternae.
The interior of the smooth
endoplasmic reticulum is called the
cisternal lumen, which is enclosed by
a phospholipid memrane.
Ribosome Made of RNA and protein.Usually
(20-30nm) made up of three or four rRNA
molecules and anywhere from about
40 to 80 different ribosomal proteins.
Each ribosome is composed of two
subunits, a larger one and a smaller
one.
are in the process of storing and synthesising proteins
for secretion or localisation in membranes (enzymes,
hormones, antibodies, structural proteins).
Phospholipid synthesis and assembly of polypeptides.
Synthesis of steroids, phospholipids and cholesterol,
which are major components of the plasma and
internal membranes. Phopholipids are formed from
fatty acids, glycerol phosphate, and other small water-
soluble molecules, by enzymes bound to the ER
membrane with their active sites facing the cytosol.
Phospholipids which remain in the ER membrane are
catalysed by specific enzymes within the membranes,
they flip from the cytoplasmic side of the bilayer, to
the exoplasmic, or inner, side. Thereby ensuring the
symmetrical growth of the membrane. Other
phospholipids are transferred through the cytoplasm
to other structures and organelles, such as the cell
membrane and the mitochondrion, by special
phospholipid transfer proteins.
In liver cells, the SER is specialized for the
detoxification of a wide variety of compounds
produced by metabolic processes. Liver SER contains
the enzyme - cytochrome P450, which catalyses the
breakdown of carcinogens and other organic
molecules. In cells of the adrenal glands and gonads,
cholesterol is modified in the SER, in its conversion
to steroid hormones. The SER in muscle cells, known
as the sarcoplasmic reticulum, sequesters calcium ions
from the cytoplasm. When the muscle is triggered by
nerve stimuli, the calcium ions are released, causing
muscle contraction.
Site of translation and protein synthesis.
Often attatched to the endoplasmic reticulum but also
found in the cytoplasm. Free ribosomes make proteins
which are utilized within the cytoplasm forming
important cytoplasmic structural elements.
Whereas, the proteins synthesised by the bound
(rough ER) ribosomes are transported outside the cell.
Ribosomes catalyze the formation of proteins from
individual amino acide using mRNA as a template
(glycoproteins, lysosomal proteins, membrane and
organelle proteins).
rRNA is made in the nucleus of the cell. Ribosomal
molecule of mRNA determine the order of tRNA
Michael Wright
19/11/2017
Biology
Mrs Beverly Eatwell
Lysosome Spherical sacs containing digestive
enzymes and bound by a [single or
double] ? membrane compartment
that maintains an acidic environment
within the interior via a proton pump.
Lysosomes orinate via budding off
from the membrane of the trans-Golgi
network. An acrosome is a specialised
lysosome.
Chloroplast Chloroplast contains its own DNA,
bound by an external membrane that
serves as a barrier; blocking the
passage of cytoplasmic proteins into
the organelle. An inner membrane
provides an additional barrier that is
impermeable.
Nucleolus Dense area located within the nucleus
which contain the genes that encode
for rRNA.
Centrioles Hollow cylinders made up of a ring of
nine protein microtubules (polymers
of globular proteins arranged in a helix
to form a holllow tube). Only found in
animal cells in pairs, arranged
perpindicularlu to oneanother.
molecules that are bound to nucleotide triplets. The
order of tRNA molecules determines the amino acid
sequence of a protein.
Cells cannot function without ribosomes.
Digestion/recycling of macromolecules, unwanted/old
structures and microorganisms within the cell. And in
distruction of whole cells when old cells are to be
replaced or during development. Lysosomes contain a
wide variety of hydrolytic enzymes that break down
macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and
polysaccharides.
Photosythetic, trap light enegy and convert it partly
into ATP but mainly into chemically reduced moleculet
that, with ATP, are used in the first steps of
carbohydrate production in plants and some fungi.
Site of synthesis of tRNA, rRNA, ribosomes and
ribosomal subunits. Ribosomal proteins are
synthesized in the cytoplasm and transported to the
nucleus for subassembly in the nucleolus. The
subunits are then returned to the cytoplasm for final
assembly.
Involved in the formation of the spindle during
nuclear division and in transport within the cell
cytoplasm.
Celiogenisis the formation of cilia and flagella on the
cell surface which help the cell move.
Michael Wright
19/11/2017
Biology
Mrs Beverly Eatwell
Michael Wright
19/11/2017
Biology
Mrs Beverly Eatwell

3 marks

A Golgi body - Modifies and packages proteins for secretion or use within the cell.

B Nucleus - Contains the genetic code for the protein and produces ribosomes.

C Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Produces and produces vesicles to transport proteins.