METAMORPHOSIS FROG

By:
Name : Safira Dwi Oktaviani
Student ID : B1B015002
Entourage : VII
Group :1
Assistant : Sarah Nurul Fadilah

PRACTICAL REPORT OF ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY

PURWOKERTO
2016
 I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background

Biological development of a living creature that is marked by changes in the

shape or structure through cell growth and differentiation of cells called a
metamorphosis. One animal metamorphosis are frogs and butterflies (Almendah,
2009). Biological after birth Occurs development process, there are two kinds of
biological development. The biological development at the newly born today already
have a complete body structures such as adult individuals, and developmental
biology at the newly born today has a different structure and will continue to grow
until he Became a god (Adnan, 2014).
There are two types of metamorphosis by Sherwood (2001) items, namely:
1. Metamorphosis is not perfect
It usually Occurs in Similar animals insects. For example dragonflies, grasshoppers,
crickets and other insects. Because the animal passes are only two stages only, from
egg to nymph and then into a mature organism.
2. Complete metamorphosis
Occur in frogs and butterflies, meaning that at this metamorphosis through
Several stages of the which phase of eggs, then hatch and indirect Similar or identical
to its parent. After a few weeks, then into a mature organism that is similar to the
previous organisms.
The stage of metamorphosis Clearly still not understood, then in this case an
activity required to further explore further how exactly the stages of metamorphosis.
Metamorphosis is divided into two items, namely metamorphosis and incomplete.
There are some animals that undergo metamorphosis, butterfly. To explore the stages
of metamorphosis in the butterfly, from caterpillar to Become a butterfly adult, then
we do the lab work on metamorphosis.
In lab metamorphosis preparations used are tadpoles. This is because The
tadpoles is one example of a perfect metamorphosis, changes in body shape Become
tadpoles to adult frogs are very different, and Also tadpoles grow quickly. Tadpoles
easy to Obtain, Because many are in the wild.

B. The objective
 The objective of frog metamorphosis are to recognize the structure of the
larvae body or tadpole in aquatic habitat and the changes that occurred during the
metamorphosis of amphibian larvae into the adult frogs.
 II. MATERIALS DAN METHODS

A. Materials

The tools used in this lab is a basin for incubation medium, filter, millimeters block, loop
(magnifier), and paper labels. The materials used are frog tadpole tail bud stage, medium
water wells, and spinach leaves.

B. Methods

The methods that done in this practical class:

1. Tadpoles tail bud stage provided
2. Tadpoles selected 10 of the same size and at the same stage, and yet have legs
3. The total length of the body tadpole, tadpole head width, and length of the tadpole tail
was observed at the beginning of the observation
4. Section ventral observed so that it looks the part that has not pigmented.
5. The tadpoles that have been measured and observed and kept in the baskon 20-30cm
in diameter and filled with well water for 2 weeks.
6. Tadpoles in the news feed on the leaf spinach that has been boiled setian 2 days, and in
doing water changes every 3 days.
7. The tadpoles observed after one week of maintenance, and repeat procedures 3 and 4
8. Repeat the procedure 7. The tadpoles observed.

III. RESULT AND DISCCUSION

A. Result
Table 1. The data tadpole measurement
Tadpole
Tadpole Measurement Day- (mm)

0 7 9
 TL CL HW TL CL HW TL CL HW
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)

1 15 10 5 20 15 5 17 9 5

2 19 10 5 20 12 5 18 11 4

3 18 10 5 20 11 5 17 11 6

4 16 11 5 21 13 5 17 12 5

5 19 12 5 22 12 5 19 13 7

6 15 10 5 19 11 5 20 12 5

7 18 10 5 18 10 5 19 12 5

8 17 10 5 20 12 5 23 19 6

9 17 10 5 18 13 5 15 9 4

10 19 11 5 18 12 5 - - -

AVERAGE 17.3 10.4 5 19.6 12.1 5 18.3 12 5.2

Note :
TL : TOTAL LENGTH
CL : CAUDAL LENGTH
HW : HEAD WEIDTH
Figure of frog metamorphosis

Figure 1. Day-0 Figure 2. Day-7

 Figure 3. Day-9 Figure 4. Dorsal Tadpole

Table 2. The data of tadpole development

Observed Day
Parameter
0 7 9
Locomotion all of Locomotion all of
All of tadpole
Locomotion the tadpole using the tadpole using
die
tail tail
Intestine
All of tadpole All of tadpole All of tadpole
Ventral
already pigmented already pigmented die
pigmentation
All of tadpole All of tadpole
Anterior
doesnt have doesnt have All of tadpole
membra
anterior membra anterior membra die
Budding
budding budding
All of tadpole All of tadpole
Posterior
doesnt have doesnt have All of tadpole
membra
posterior membra posterior membra die
Budding
budding budding

B. Discussion

Metamorphosis is a change in the morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and

behavior of an organism (Carmona et al., 1995). Cycle of frogs meamorfosis
originally stems from adult female frogs lay eggs, and the eggs will hatch after 10
days. The frog eggs hatch into tadpoles, once the eggs hatch. Tadpole has external
gills for breathing feathered after 2 days old. Gills tadpoles will be covered by the
skin after the age of 3 weeks. The hind legs of tadpoles will be formed before the age
of 8 weeks later enlarged when the front legs began to appear. 12 weeks old, started
shaped front legs, a short tail and breathed into the lungs. The frog will turn into
adult frogs after growth of limbs perfect (Balinsky, 2006).
 According to Kimball (1992), the metamorphosis of the Amphibious
metamorphic changes that occur through three stages, among others:
I. Premetamorfosis that larval growth is dominant
II. Prometamorfosis, the continued growth and some developmental change as
an emerging membra behind
III. Metamorphic climax, the start of the next membra development and a period
of change in morphology and physiology are spacious and dramatic.
Based on observations of frog metamorphosis for 9 days, the results obtained
on days 0 average body length of tadpole is 17,3mm on day 7 obtained an average
body length of tadpole 19,6mm and on day 9 Average total body length 18.3mm
decline in average total body length. In measuring the length of the tail on day-0
average tadpole tail length of 10.4mm at 7 days the average length of 12.1mm and
sebersar tadpole tail on day-9 decreased the average length of the tail becomes
12mm. On the measurement of the width of the head, on day-0 to day-7 the width of
the head all the same tadpole is 5mm, but at the time of measurement day 9 an
increase in the average width of the head to be 5.2mm. perbembangan tadpole
metamorphosis is done by using several parameters of locomotion, intestine ventral
pigmentarion, anterio membra budding budding and posterior membra. The
observations made during this 9days obtain less results in accordance with
references, is caused by several factors, such as stress so that is a barrier in the
development of the tadpoles (Pechnik, 2006).
Based on observations of tadpole development for 9 days in getting results is the
same on day 0 to day-to-8, but on day 9 all tadpole that has been observed dead. Tadpole
development at day 0 to day 7 in all tadpole their locomotion using the tail to move,
because at this stage tadpole was included into the aquatic animals and they move by
swimming. In the intestine ventral pigmentation all already pigmented tadpole. At the
tadpole stage, frogs digestive system still has a long gut, it is because the frog tadpole phase
is still a herbivore that are useful for the long intestine digest selusose existing in plants
(Gilbert, 2000). In the development of anterior membra and posterior membra not formed
at all tadpole. , The observations made during this 9hari obtain less results in accordance
with references, is caused by several factors, such as stress so that is a barrier in the
development of the tadpoles (Pechnik, 2006).
In the larval stage a tadpole breathes through gills. Tadpoles have a finned tail used for
swimming through the strains by side or running water, like most fish. During developing,
tadpoles grow legs or other organs so continued growth. morphed tadpole with legs
growing slowly, then absorb its tail through the process of apoptosis. The lungs are then
formed simultaneously with the development of frogs, and the further development of
tadpoles will swim to the surface to take in air (Komarul P.H., 2003). Tertiary end of the
process of this metamorphosis, the tadpole's mouth changed from a small spherical shape
in front of the head into the mouth of a larger size that is the same width as the head,
intestines, too adjusted to a accommodate the food eaten by the frog
According to Huet (1971), factors affecting the metamorphosis can be divided into
external and internal factors. External factors include environmental factors, among others,
water quality, presence of parasites as well as the amount of feed available. Internal factors
include differences in age, ability to adapt to their environment and their resistance to
disease.

IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Based on the result and discussion can be concluded that:

1. The body structure has a tadpole tail fin, and ventral transparent spiral
intestine.
2. Metamorphic changes observed during the process of metamorphosis of
tadpoles into adult frogs are behind the emergence of budding membra and
intestinal spiral with pigmented.

B. Suggestion

Maintenance tadpoles to determine the growth in metamorphosis must be

done carefully. tadpoles are kept must be filled with sufficient feed. Feed in the form
of spinach leaf decoction is given once every 2 days.
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