Tunku Abdul Rahman

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a Malay name; the name Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah is a patronymic, not a family name,
and the person should be referred to by the given name, Abdul Rahman. The Arabic word "bin" ("b.")
or "binti"/"binte" ("bt."/"bte."), if used, means "son of" or "daughter of" respectively.

Yang Teramat Mulia

Tunku Abdul Rahman

DMN AC CH

1st Prime Minister of Malaysia

In office
31 August 1957 22 September 1970

(Malaya until 13 September 1963)

Monarch Abdul Rahman

Hishamuddin
Syed Putra
 Ismail Nasiruddin

Abdul Halim

Deputy Abdul Razak

Preceded by Himself

as Chief Minister of Malaya

Succeeded by Abdul Razak

Chief Minister of Malaya

In office
1 August 1955 31 August 1957

Monarch Elizabeth II

High Donald MacGillivray

Commissioner

Preceded by Position established

Succeeded by Himself

as Prime Minister of Malaya

1st Secretary-General of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

In office
19701973

Preceded by Position established

Succeeded by Hassan Al-Touhami

5th President of the Asian Football Confederation

 In office
1958 11 December 1977

Preceded by Nam Cheong Chan

Succeeded by Kambiz Atabay

Personal details

Born 8 February 1903

Alor Star, Kedah, Siam (now Malaysia)

Died 6 December 1990 (aged 87)

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Resting place Kedah Royal Mausoleum

Citizenship Malaysian

Political party United Malays National Organisation (1946

1988)

Spouse(s) Meriam Chong (19331935)

Violet Coulson (19351946)

Sharifah Rodziah (19391990)

Children Tunku Khadijah

Tunku Ahmad Nerang

Sulaiman (adopted)

Mariam (adopted)

Faridah (adopted)

Alma mater St Catharine's College, Cambridge

Inner Temple
 Profession Lawyer

Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah II (Jawi:
; DMN, AC, CH, 8 February 1903 6 December
1990) was a Malaysian politician who served as the first Chief Minister of the Federation of
Malaya from 1955 to 1957, before becoming Malaya's first Prime Minister after independence in
1957. He remained Prime Minister following the formation of Malaysia in 1963,
when Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore joined the federation, until his retirement in 1970.
Commonly known simply as "Tunku" or "The Tunku" (a Malay royal title), Tunku Abdul Rahman is
widely regarded, even by his critics, as Malaysia's founding father, the architect of Malayan
independence and the formation of Malaysia. As such, he is often referred to as Bapa
Kemerdekaan (Father of Independence) or Bapa Malaysia (Father of Malaysia).[1][2]

Contents
[hide]

1Early life
o 1.1Childhood
o 1.2College
2Career in Kedah
o 2.1Kulim
o 2.2Padang Terap
o 2.3Langkawi
o 2.4Sungai Petani
3World War II and the Japanese occupation
o 3.1Occupation
o 3.2Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army movement (MPAJA)
4Malayan Union and Study leave
o 4.1Protest against Malayan Union
o 4.2Law Studies
5Political career
o 5.1United Malay National Organisation (UMNO)
o 5.2Alliance Party
o 5.3Meeting in London
o 5.4Boycott
o 5.5Elections
o 5.6Early days as Chief Minister
o 5.7Baling Talks
6Road to Independence
7Premiership
8Involvements in Islam
9Sports involvement
10Personal life
o 10.1Death
o 10.2Places named after Tunku Abdul Rahman
11Honour
o 11.1Honour of Malaysia
o 11.2Foreign Honour
12References
 13Further reading
14External links

Early life[edit]
Childhood[edit]
Tunku Abdul Rahman was born on 8 February 1903, at Istana Pelamin Palace in Alor Setar,
Kedah,[3] the seventh son and one of 45 children of Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah, the twenty-fifth
ruler of the Kedah Sultanate. Tunku's mother was Che Manjalara (Nueang Nandanagara), a Thai,
and the fourth wife of Sultan Abdul Hamid; she was the daughter of Luang Naborirak (Kleb
Nandanagara), a district officer in Thailand.[4] At that time, cholera and malaria were very common all
over Kedah and at least two of Tunku's brothers and his older sister died from cholera while Tunku
himself suffered from intermittent attacks of malaria until he left for London in 1920.
He received early education at the Alor Setar Malay Primary School before furthering his studies at
the government English school, Sultan Abdul Hamid College. He and his fellow siblings were later
sent by his parents to Debsurin School in Bangkok. He returned home in 1915 to continue his
education at the Penang Free School.[5]
College[edit]
When Tunku was 17, he won the Kedah State Government scholarship to further his studies
at Cambridge University.[6]
After about a year, Tunku realised that he was making very little progress in his studies. After a
meeting with Mr. Ezekiel, his guardian, in the office of the Crown Agents, Ezekiel arranged for Tunku
to move to Cambridge and to be taught by and live with Basil Atkinson. Atkinson was an
experienced tutor and he prepared Tunku to sit for university entrance examinations known as "Little
Go". The following year, he took the entrance exams and he obtained high marks for all his papers
with a Pass for the whole examination. He was accepted as an undergraduate at St Catharine's
College, one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge and graduated with a Bachelor Degree
of Arts in Law and History in 1925.
Five years after sailing from Singapore, at the age of 23, he sailed home. The Crown agents secured
Tunku a berth in a passenger ship, which stopped at Penang. Tunku Ibrahim, the Regent and his
eldest brother, was unhappy with Tunku's choice of degrees and he ordered Tunku to return to
England to be admitted to the English Bar. On Tunku's initiative, the Malay Society of Great Britain
was formed, with Tuanku Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan (later the 1st Yang Di-Pertuan Agong)
as President and Tunku Abdul Rahman of Kedah as Honorary Secretary and the driving force. In
May 1930, Tunku sat for Part One of the Bar examination. Although he managed to pass three
papers, his failure in one paper resulted in him failing the whole examinations in Part One. Tunku
sailed to Penang in January 1931. Since Tunku was on a State scholarship, he was automatically a
government servant when he returned. Tunku Ibrahim, was still the regent and he told Tunku that he
was in disgrace for failing the Bar examinations in London.

Career in Kedah[edit]
Kulim[edit]
On January 1931, Tunku was appointed a Cadet in the Kedah Civil Service.[3] Later, he was
transferred to Kulim as Assistant District Officer. In Kulim, Tunku devoted much of his time touring
the district and getting to know the problems of the peasants who made up 90% of the population.
Tunku also devoted some of his time to prepare for Cadet's Law exam to qualify for promotion. He
took the exams and passed it on his first attempt.
Padang Terap[edit]
About a year later, Tunku was promoted to be District Officer of Padang Terap. The post of District
Officer Padang Terap was unpopular because Kuala Nerang was rife with malaria. As soon as
Tunku took over the district, he gave orders for a survey to be made of the swamps which bordered
the town, obtained an estimate for draining them and applied to the State Secretariat for the
necessary funds. Unfortunately, Tunku's plea for funds were rejected. He wrote again to the State
Secretariat, asking that funds be made available to drain the swamps and to rid Kuala Nerang of the
main breeding place of the carriers of malaria. This time the money came and the work was carried
out under Tunku's supervision.
Langkawi[edit]
Due to the fact that Tunku Ibrahim, the Regent, was known to be strongly opposed to mixed
marriages and since there was a law in Kedah which forbade members of the royal family to marry
non-Malays without the prior approval of the Ruler or Regent, the Tunku marrird Violet Coulsen who
lived in Penang. In 1934, the Regent died unexpectedly and was succeeded as Regent by Tunku
Mahmud, the Sultan's younger brother, who was more broad-minded and gave consent to the
marriage. This enabled Violet to move to Kuala Nerang, but the Secretary to the Government
showed his disapproval by transferring Tunku to the isolated post of District Officer at Langkawi.
The district consisted of a group of islands, thinly populated, sparsely cultivated and without roads.
When Tunku applied for government funds to develop Langkawi his application was rejected. Ever-
resourceful, Tunku's genius in winning co-operation from members of the public of all communities
led to the construction of a jetty and later to the opening of several earth roads using money and
material which he collected.
Sungai Petani[edit]
The British advisor at the time, S.W. Jones made a visit to Langkawi and was so impressed by
Tunku's initiative that he persuaded the Council of State to transfer and promote him to the post of
District Officer of Sungai Petani, the second most important district in Kedah. Tunku soon became
the most popular District Officer Sungai Petani had ever known.
The Commissioner of Police in Kedah clashed with Tunku and called on the Secretary to the
Government to complain about Tunku. This caused Tunku to be transferred to Kulim as District
Officer.

World War II and the Japanese occupation[edit]

See also: Japanese occupation of Malaya
While in London, Tunku sat once more for the Bar Examinations, as he planned to leave the Civil
Service and to enter private practice as soon as he had qualified as an advocate and solicitor. Tunku
succeeded in passing the Part One Examination, in 1939. However, with the advent of World War II,
Tunku was recalled to Malaya and ordered to resume duty as District Officer in Kulim, where he
remained for the next three years.
He was responsible for the Civil Defence preparations implemented by district officers. Tunku was
appointed Deputy Director of Air Raid Precautions for South Kedah. Tunku recognised the need to
prepare for the evacuation of civilians in the event of invasion and in 1941 he gave orders for the
constructions of six "Long Houses" made of round timber and with attap roofs on a low hill about two
miles away from the town. Funds for this work had been refused by the State Secretariat and Tunku
therefore invited donations from local town dwellers who would benefit if evacuations became
necessary.
By October 1941, British troops had prepared defensive positions in North Kedah. On the morning of
8 December 1941, the Invasion by the Japanese army began. The attack was quickly followed by
the advance of General Yamashita's army which had landed unopposed on beaches
near Songkla the previous night. A second assault force came ashore, unopposed, on the coast of
Petani and advanced towards Betong and Kroh. A third but smaller force landed close to Kota
Bahru in Kelantan despite vigorous opposition.
Unaware of the extent of the Japanese attack, Tunku went to his office and ordered general alert for
his air wardens. Later that morning, he met the leading shopkeepers and advised them to evacuate
their families to the "Long House".
Tunku's eldest surviving brother, Tunku Badlishah, had succeeded Tunku Mahmud as Regent in
1937 when the latter died. He was now in control, since Sultan Abdul Hamid, although still alive, was
incapacitated. At about 9 o'clock on the night of invasion, Syed Omar telephoned Tunku and told him
that the Regent had decided to evacuate the 77-year-old Sultan to Penang, and thence
to Singapore. Tunku disagreed with this decision, feeling the need for the Sultan to remain with his
people, he absconded with him during the journey. Soon after, the Japanese began bombing
Penang.
Occupation[edit]
With the Japanese's bombing Penang, the Regent and his family fled. They were given
accommodation in Sidim when the second and more severe bombing of Penang town took place on
11 December 1941, which caused hundreds of civilians to be killed. Upon returning, to Kulim, Tunku
found out that all the Police were no longer on duty. Tunku's first concern was to prevent looting and
he called all members of the disbanded Kedah Volunteer Force in Kulim to come to his assistance.
These men formed a vigilante corps and Tunku arranged for them to patrol the town at night. He was
also responsible for the acquiring of emergency food stores from the Government Rice Mill at Bagan
Serai in Perak. By 16 December 1941, the Japanese army had occupied the west coast of Kedah,
including all the main towns. The Japanese Military Governor of Kedah an assuming office
appointed another of Tunku's brothers, Tunku Mohamed Jewa, to be a temporary Regent until the
Sultan returned to Alor Setar.
On 17 December, the Sultan, the Regent and his family and senior officers of the State Government
set off for Alor Setar with a Japanese military escort. In Kulim, Tunku reluctantly remained as District
Officer for another year as a servant to the Japanese Military Administration.
Friction between Tunku and the Japanese officials were frequent, and he was removed from his
position of authority. The Siamese were then put in charge. Soon after the takeover by the Siamese,
Tunku was appointed the Superintendent of Education.
In 1942, the Japanese transported thousands of young male Malayans to work on the construction
of a railway from North Siam to Burma. Tunku helped house and feed some escapees from the
railway construction project at considerable risk to himself.
On 6 and 9 August 1945, atom bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki respectively. A
week later, the Japanese Imperial government in Tokyo agreed to an unconditional surrender.
Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army movement (MPAJA) [edit]
See also: Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army
When the Japanese surrender was announced over the wireless in mid-August, plans were hurriedly
prepared in Ceylon for the dispatch of a British Military Administration. At the same time, the top
Chinese Communist leaders in Malaya, Fong Chong Pik, who was nicknamed "the Plen" and a
young Chinese Rebel named Chin Peng decided to try seize control of the civil administration in as
many states as possible. Tunku and his followers were responsible for the peace-keeping efforts and
the protection of Alor Setar from the Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army.

Malayan Union and Study leave[edit]

Protest against Malayan Union[edit]
On 19 August, the surrender of the Japanese Army had become common knowledge in Alor Setar.
With the Japanese surrender, several groups of people talked about independence and discussed
how it might be attained. Malay societies were formed all of the peninsular with similar objectives,
but with no co-ordination. On 10 October 1945, the Secretary of State for the Colonies issued his
Policy Statement on a "Malayan Union." In Kedah, both the principal Malay organisations held
protest meetings and rallies. Tunku spoke forcefully at these rallies, but he recommended opposition
by peaceful means.
Sir Harold MacMichael, representing the British Government, arrived in Kuala Lumpur on 11 October
1945. He came to Alor Setar after visiting the Sultans of Johor, Selangor, Pahang, and Perak and
securing their signatures to a new treaty. In Kedah, MacMichael was told that the Ruler would
consult his Council of State before holding a discussion with him. With these consultations
proceeded, rallies and processions in opposition to the treaty were held in every district and in the
center of Alor Setar. Tunku was one of the most popular speakers in Alor Setar, Sungai Petani,
and Kulim, but he was not invited to take part in any of the discussions convened by his half-
brother, Sultan Badlishah. After three days of negotiations the Sultan followed the example of his
brother rulers. The Sultan's surrender was vigorously criticised by the public and by Tunku.
MacMichael flew back to London after securing all the signatures from the rulers for the new treaty.
Then the British Prime Minister announced that the Malayan Union would come into effect on 1 April
1946.
A British officer who had held Tunku's post before the war was appointed Superintendent of
Education, Kedah in his place. The State Government did not give Tunku any new position. During
this period, Tunku held no office in any Malay organisation.
Law Studies[edit]
Tunku applied for 18 months' study leave and arranged to return to England to resume his law
studies. He arrived in Liverpool on 27 December 1946 and travelled by train to London, and
remained there for the next 18 months.
When he passed all his law exams, Tunku sailed back to Malaya on the P.&.O. Corfu in January
1949 to be met by his wife, children and friends in Penang. A few days later he called on the
Secretary to the Government to inform him that he was now a qualified advocate and solicitor, but
the reception was neutral. Tunku was instructed to report to the State Legal Advisor for duty as a
deputy public prosecutor.[3] His work was routine and he spent his days reading case files.

Political career[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this
section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced
material may be challenged and removed. (June 2015) (Learn how
and when to remove this template message)

United Malay National Organisation (UMNO)[edit]

Further information: United Malay National Organisation
Tunku was invited to accept the chairmanship of the Kedah branch of UMNO, the political party
which had been formed by Dato' Onn Bin Jaafar. But before long, the Attorney-General, Fosters-
Sutton, visited Kedah and met Tunku in his office to ask if he would like to take up a new
appointment in Kuala Lumpur, which Tunku accepted. In Kuala Lumpur, Tunku was allotted an office
in the Federal Secretariat in Kuala Lumpur, together with other Deputy Public Prosecutors. Tunku's
work received a favourable report and he was transferred with promotion, to the post of President of
the Selangor Court. At the same time, political crisis was brewing in UMNO. When the Communist
terrorists launched an armed rebellion from jungle bases, UMNO founder and president, Onn, felt
the need for racial harmony and a non-communal political party.
A General Assembly was to be held in Kuala Lumpur in August 1951, and Onn had made it known
that if his proposals were not accepted in this meeting, he would resign. Malay leaders while
discussing the crisis recognised that they must find a successor to Onn. At that time, Tunku's
qualities and ability as a leader were almost unknown outside Kedah. Finally, three candidates,
including Tunku, were suggested to be nominated for the post of President if Onn stepped
down. Abdul Razak, the State Secretary of Pahang and UMNO deputy president went to meet
Tunku in his house, to ask him to agree to the nomination, but Tunku was reluctant. Instead, Tunku
replied that Razak himself was much better qualified to be nominated. But Razak convinced Tunku
that he was much too young to gain the support of Malay masses.
After much persuasion, Tunku reluctantly accepted the nomination. The UMNO Assembly met on 23
August 1951, where Tunku received 57 votes and his nearest rival had 11. In his acceptance
speech, Tunku demanded that independence should be granted to Malaya as soon as possible.
Tunku was still President of the Sessions Court in Kuala Lumpur, with daily duties to perform
drawing a government salary and living in government quarters. Tunku informed the Chief Justice of
his intention to resign from government service.
In the eyes of the average UMNO member, Tunku was first and foremost the brother of the Sultan of
Kedah, and a member of a royal house, which carried some prestige within Malaya. Tunku had
acquired a wealth of experience as a district officer in Kedah, which enable him to understand and
sympathise with the problems of the rural population, who made up a large proportion of the UMNO
membership.
Alliance Party[edit]
Further information: Alliance Party/Barisan Nasional
At the time of Onn Jaafar's resignation from the presidency of UMNO, he had predicted that the
party would disintegrate with in three months. But even before the end of that period, it became clear
that although influential Chinese and some prominent Indians and Ceylonese had become members
of Onn Jaafar's new party, very few Malays had done so. Tunku held and expressed the view that
Malayan communities could not be united within a single political party. He believed that each
community need its own political party and its own political leaders, and he was proven to be right.
The first trial of strength between all the rival political parties took place in January 1952.
On 6 October 1951, Sir Henry Gurney was killed in an ambush by Communist terrorists. He was
replaced by General Sir Gerald Templer who brought with him a new policy from the British
Government in London. Templer was to guide the people of Malaya towards the attainment of a
United Malayan Nation. The policy had also called for the partnership of all communities. To put this
new policy into effect, the government had agreed to hold elections at the Municipal and Town
Council level, as a first step towards a democratic government, and Kuala Lumpur was chosen as
one of the venues for the experiment. All the existing political parties were prepared to contest.
One of these political organisation was the Malayan Chinese Association, or MCA. MCA was
brought into existence in 1949 by two men, Colonel H.S Lee, the President of the Selangor Mining
Association, and Tan Cheng Lock of Malacca. It occurred to him that if MCA and UMNO formed an
alliance at the municipal level, their chances of success would be greater. Together with his deputy,
they met and sought the approval of Dato' Yahaya, the Chairman of UMNO in Kuala Lumpur. They
quickly reached an agreement. Under the chairmanship of Col. H.S. Lee, a combined committee
from the MCA and UMNO was formed and 12 candidates were selected, one for each area, some
Malays, some Chinese and one Indian. The committee then began a vigorous campaign to enlist
support for "The Alliance".
News of the venture appeared in all the leading newspapers. Tunku was in Province Wellesley when
he read the news. He received a telephone call from an UMNO leader in Kuala Lumpur asking him
to come back at once for a discussion. On his way to meet the UMNO leaders in Kuala Lumpur, he
saw a leading member of Independence of Malaya Party, or IMP, and asked for his opinion of the
"Alliance." Tunku was confronted by protesting political colleagues, but he told them that he
supported the Alliance and Intended to help in the campaign in Kuala Lumpur.
At the counting of votes on 16 February 1952, the "Alliance" won nine seats, IMP, two and an
Independent one. The success of UMNO-MCA alliance was repeated in other municipal and town
council elections, starting in Johor Bahru, where, to the chagrin of Dato' Onn, the Alliance won all the
seats.
Tunku followed up the Municipal elections by holding a 'Round Table Conference' on 3 February
1953, attended by leaders of the MCA and UMNO, in the Selangor Miner's Club, Kuala Lumpur.
Everyone agreed to establish a permanent alliance of UMNO and MCA as a political body with
Independence for Malaya as its principal objective.
They also discussed the possibility of forming a united front with Independence of Malayan Party, or
the IMP. Tunku arranged a meeting with Onn. He brought H.S. Lee and Dr Ismail. Onn brought three
lawyers and two Malay civil servants. At the meeting, Onn told Tunku that IMP could only work
together with the Alliance leaders if they disbanded the Alliance and joined IMP. Tunku tried to find
some ground for compromise, but Onn was adamant and the meeting ended. Tunku disagreed
fundamentally with Onn's conception of a single political party consisting of members of all
communities. He knew by instinct that each community needed its own political party. The challenge
that lay before him was finding a way to unite the communal parties. Soon, the Alliance leaders met
again to discuss their campaign. They drew up proposals which included a request for an elected
majority and a firm date for the first elections.
At the Legislative Council, when the demands by the Alliance were discussed, Onn told the
Legislative Council that the holding of the elections should be planned as a gradual process and he
questioned Tunku's demand. Onn's remarks were relayed to the Secretary of State and damaged
Tunku's image.
Meeting in London[edit]
In August 1953, Gerald Templer offered Tunku a portfolio in the Government, but Tunku refused it.
Earlier on July 1953, the government set up a working committee to examine the possibility of
holding State and Federal Elections. The committee was set up after Templer obtained the
concurrence of Malay Rulers who at first were quite reluctant to accept such proposals due to their
deep-rooted fear of what might befall them if Independence were granted. When the names of the
members of the Election Committee were announced, Tunku observed that a majority of them
were Onn Jaafar's supporters.
During the discussion, the members found themselves in two groups. The majority approved certain
recommendations while the Alliance minority disagreed and made their own proposals. When the
majority recommendations were accepted and proposed by the Government. Alliance
representatives all over the country attacked the Government's proposals with a new rallying cry
'Merdeka'. By then, recommendations had been forwarded to London, and Tunku in consultations
with the Alliance leaders decided that they must ask for an interview with the Secretary of State in
London. Tunku sent a long telegram to the Secretary of State asking him to meet a delegation from
the Alliance.
On 14 April 1954, a reply was received from the Secretary of State who rejected the request for an
interview. Emergency meetings of UMNO and MCA leaders were held and a decision was made.
The decision was severely criticised both inside and outside the Alliance and it required great
courage and determination for Tunku to proceed. Next were the financial problems. Tunku called for
an emergency meeting at UMNO in Malacca where he asked for financial help. The response from
UMNO members was swift. A quantity of money and even personal jewellery were handed to Tunku.
After some final travel arrangements, Tunku and T.H Tan left Singapore on 21 April 1954, for
London. Tunku flew to London all too conscious of the doubts of his Alliance partners and the strong
criticism from Government officials.
Before he left, he was aware that Onn Jaafar had dissolved IMP and formed a new political party
called 'Parti Negara'. Onn had abandoned his vision of an all-communities party and directed his
attention to the Malay community. Tunku realised that Parti Negara would attempt to weaken UMNO
and subvert some of his UMNO supporters. But Tunku also knew that he must act now if the
granting of Independence was not to be delayed indefinitely. London in mid April 1954 was cold,
damp and cheerless. There was not even one press reporter to meet Tunku. Knowing their financial
resources were limited, Tunku took T.H. Tan with him to Gloucester Road Hotel and booked a
double room. He then telephoned his old friend, David Rees, who was now a prominent member of
the British Labour Party.
David Rees, was the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Colonies under the Labour
government from 1947 to 1950. David Rees was a valuable and influential ally. Tunku and Tan went
to meet him the next morning in his chambers near the Inner Temple. David Rees promised to do
everything possible to persuade Oliver Lyttleton to receive Tunku and his delegation. His persuasion
proved to be potent, and on 24 April, Lyttleton agreed to meet Tunku. However, there was one
problem. Lyttleton had arranged to leave for Uganda on an official visit on the following day and
would not return until 10 May. It was a long time to wait and it would be stretch their financial
resources to the limit, but Tunku decided to stay on.
Meanwhile, with David Rees's help, Tunku gave a Press Conference at which he explained the
popular support for the Alliance. He then had meetings with members of parliament of all three
parties. Tunku's relaxed manner, the fluency of his spoken English and his genial personality
attracted his audience and provided ample justification for his mission. When the contents of the
'Election Proposal' were released by the Colonial Office only then did Tunku discover that the
Secretary of State had not accepted all the recommendations of the Election Committee. But Tunku
was not satisfied. He had asked for at least 60 elected members. A substantial majority of elected
members was essential.
While Lyttleton was overseas Tunku prepared his brief and on 14 May, Tunku, Abdul Razak and T.H
Tan were ushered into the Secretary of State's room in the Colonial Office. Tunku explained in detail
the Alliance's views on the importance of a workable elected majority and on the need for early
elections, but the Secretary of State insisted that the Alliance try out the Colonial Office Election
proposals. Tunku pressed on further for an agreement on at least three-fifths of the elected majority
but the Secretary of State wouldn't commit to his suggestion.
Finally, the meeting came to an end. Tunku had to fly back on 20 May, to attend the debate on the
Elections Committee proposals in the Legislative Council. A letter from the Colonial Office was
delivered to Tunku's hotel room on 19 May. It was beautifully phrased, but the contents could be
summarised in two words no change. T.H Tan cabled the gist of the reply to the Alliance co-
chairman, Tan Cheng Lock. He and Tunku then left London the next day, leaving Abdul Razak to
open an UMNO-MCA Merdeka Freedom Bureau through which publicity material in support of early
independence could be distributed in England.
Boycott[edit]
In Kuala Lumpur, Tunku met members of the UMNO Executive Committee in the morning, and the
"Alliance Round Table" members the same night. The Alliance leaders accepted the view that the
mission had achieved a measure of success. It was also agreed that the request from the Secretary
of State to give the elections proposals a trial could not be accepted. They have prepared a
resolution which was drafted by Col. H.S. Lee, rejecting the Colonial Office proposals. The next day,
Tunku, Dr. Ismail and Leong Yew Koh, the Secretary General of MCA took the Resolution
to General Templer's office. Templer read the document without comment and then requested that
the release of the resolutions to the press be delayed.
At the Alliance Round Table meeting that night, the Alliance was adamant and the boycott went into
effect. About a thousand Alliance members at all levels took part. It was a subtle process with results
that were not immediately felt, but which were cumulative. The boycott was widely criticised. The
Secretary of State called for consultations with the Rulers by the High Commissioner. Tunku decided
that the Alliance should take the initiative and present their views first.
That day, nearly 2,000 Alliance supporters assembled at the government office building in support of
the proposals. Attempts to break the Alliance boycott were made by Michael Hogan, the Attorney
General and David Gray, the acting Chief Secretary, Hogan and Gray met MacGillivray with their
suggestions, and the High Commissioner agreed to their initiative.
Hogan and Gray then met H.S. Lee in Kuala Lumpur and explained the motive of their visit. H.S Lee
then contacted Tunku and Dr.Ismail who were in Johor Bahru with the news. Tunku reacted
positively to the compromise offered but he wanted further assurance from the High Commissioner
himself. On 6 July, MacGillivray signed a letter agreeing to the Alliance's request after receiving
approval from Lyttleton. The Alliance then called off the boycott.
Elections[edit]
After The Alliance called off the boycott, Elections to State Councils with Alliance participation could
now proceed. Tunku and his colleagues travelled tirelessly to prepare for the coming trial of strength.
Tunku took Tan Cheng Lock and H.S Lee with him whenever possible and in particular when touring
the northern Malay states, and emphasised the importance of unity among Malayans of all
communities. At each State capital, the Alliance leaders called on the Ruler and assured him of their
loyalty and support.
The links between UMNO and MCA grew stronger and on Tunku's initiative a National Council which
became the supreme executive body of the Alliance was established. It took the place of the 'Round
Table' which had no executive power and Tunku was formally recognised as 'Leader of the Alliance'.
The first two elections to State Councils took place late in 1954 in Johor and Terengganu. In both
state the Alliance won sweeping victories. Parti Negara did not capture a single seat. Tunku was
now a popular figure in every state and in almost every kampung. He travelled constantly.
Towards the end of 1954, Tunku was invited by the Director of Operations to serve on the
Federation War Executive Committee. The government had promised to hold elections to the
Federal Legislative Council in 1955, and in March of that year, It was announced that Nomination
Day would be in June, and that 27 July would be Election Day. Many Malay government officers
resigned to offer themselves as candidates. As nomination day approached, Tunku was plagued by
demands that a high proportion of the candidates should be Malay.
Tunku brought the matter to the next UMNO Assembly and urged the members to adopt what he
called "a policy of racial unselfishness". Tunku's arguments were compelling and he won a
unanimous vote of confidence. Almost at the eleventh hour, Tunku's repeated emphasis on the
importance of unity during the elections brought him a bonus. The Malayan Indian Congress, MIC,
which had wavered in its support of Parti Negara, now promised to back the Alliance, representing
the Indian community.
On Nomination day, the Alliance entered a candidate in every one of the 52 constituencies. Parti
Negara entered 30 candidates. 29 Malays and one Chinese. Four other political parties entered a
total of 29 candidates. Eighteen others stood as Independents. Two weeks before Nomination
Day, Onn announced that he would stand in Johor Bharu, and challenged Tunku to stand against
him. It was a tactical error. The Alliance let it be known that the Party would decide where Tunku
should stand, and it gave the headquarters an opportunity to select a candidate who could be
expected to defeat Onn.
Tunku's resisted invitations to forecast the election results, but he let it be known that he was
confident of an Alliance victory. It was only during the last week of the elections that Tunku toured
his own constituency. Everywhere he went, he was promised total support. He spent the day before
the elections in the UMNO House in Alor Setar and telephoned the Alliance headquarters in every
state.
On polling day, after casting his vote, he drove himself on a whirlwind tour to constituencies in
Kedah and then set off to Kuala Lumpur accompanied by T.H Tan. Tunku stopped at every main
polling station en route, and only arrived in Kuala Lumpur at 11pm, making it possible for him to
enter the town unrecognised. Tunku always enjoyed company of his friends but on the night of 27
July, he was exhausted and wanted to be alone. Tunku spent the night at the Eastern Hotel,
listening to the results of the elections until the Kuala Lumpur Radio Station went off air at 3AM.
Tunku won with a majority of more than 20,000 votes, Sulaiman won with 5,943 votes against Dato'
Onn only managed to secure 2,802 votes. The Alliance won 51 seats, Pan Malayan Islamic
Party won only one seat.
Early days as Chief Minister[edit]
High Commissioner MacGillivray invited Tunku to the King's House for a first formal discussion on
Sunday, 31 July. Tunku handed the High Commissioner for a list of 11 Cabinet Minister: six Malays,
three Chinese and two Indians. The list would still have to be passed to the Rulers for their formal
concurrence that would take some time. On 1 August, Tunku was received by a British Assistant
Secretary to the Government at the Federal Secretariat building.

On 9 August, Tunku made his first broadcast to the nation from an old wooden structure at Young
Road, Kuala Lumpur. During the broadcast, he said:

I am very determined to strive for self-government and Independence as soon as possible by
constitutional means. Others have been obliged to fight the colonial power before they
achieved their freedom and this will not be necessary in Malaya.

The Alliance has proved that they have the support of at least 80 per cent of adult population,
and that the three principal communities worked closely together at all levels to win the
election. I will take the opportunity to ask the new Secretary of State for the Colonies to
arrange for constitutional talks in London as soon as possible since the present Federal
Constitution is now workable during his visit to Kuala Lumpur.
The Malayan Emergency continues to obstruct progress and swallow up funds that should be
used for development and I will try my best to end the Emergency through a fresh initiative.
Finally, I assure government officers who belong to other political parties that they have no
reason to fear official disfavor.
There had been another General Election in United Kingdom, won again by the Conservatives. Alan
Lennox-Boyd was the new Secretary of States for the Colonies. He was to visit Malaya and be
present at the new Legislative Council meeting on 1 September. At their first informal meeting at
King's House in Kuala Lumpur, Tunku found in the new Secretary of States an unexpected affinity.
They were able to speak freely and they shared a sense of humour. Lennox-Boyd agreed to hold
constitutional talks in London in January 1956,[3] provided that the Rulers were represented. When
the Rulers met at their conferences in Kuala Lumpur in September 1955, Tunku sought and was
granted a special audience. Tunku asked the Rulers to appoint representatives for the constitutional
talks to be held in London. As the days for the talks got closer, travel plans were discussed.
Baling Talks[edit]
Further information: Baling Talks
In dealing with the Emergency, Tunku had offered amnesty to the communist terrorists soon after he
became Chief Minister. 186 "Safe Areas" were named in four million leaflets, which were dropped
over the jungle from Air Force planes. The results had been disappointing but an unsigned letter
from Communist headquarters in South Thailand asked for a ceasefire. Tunku showed the letter
to MacGillivray and General Bourne. Then, with their agreement, Tunku issued a reply in the Press
stating that he was willing to meet Chin Peng.
After a further exchange of letters, Tunku and Chin Peng met in Southeast Kedah near the Siamese
border in December 1955. Tunku had 2 objectives for the meeting, one was to clarify the amnesty
terms, the other was to make it clear that Tunku spoke for the people of Malaya and not as a
representative of the British. Chin Peng could not accept the amnesty terms because the British did
not allow communists in the jungle to enjoy equal status with other Malayans. Chin Peng demanded
that the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) be legalised and be allowed to participate in the elections.
Singaporean Chief Minister David Marshall asked if the MCP would lay down their arms if Malaya
was granted Independence, Chin Peng refused as the amnesty offer was unacceptable to the MCP,
and that they would never disband the MCP. Discussions continued after dark without either side
making any concessions. The talks failed to reach any agreement and ended at 10AM the next
morning.
Following failure of the talks, Tunku decided to withdraw the offer of an amnesty on 8 February
1956, five months after if had been offered. He stated that he would not willingly meet the
communists again unless they indicated beforehand their desire to see him with a view to making "a
complete surrender". He said that the Communists had made it clear to him that their ideology and
that of himself and his party could not exist side by side. Therefore, the war must be intensified until
one or the other gave in. "I have every confidence that the people of Malaya will give their fullest
support and co-operation to the action I have taken."

Road to Independence[edit]
After Tunku and Lennox-Boyd agreed to hold constitutional talks in London in January 1956,
provided that the Rulers were represented. When the Rulers met at their conferences in Kuala
Lumpur in September 1955, Tunku sought and was granted a special audience. Tunku asked the
Rulers to appoint representatives for the constitutional talks to be held in London.
Finally on 1 January 1956, the two delegations sailed together from Singapore to Karachi on
the Asia, Before they arrived at Karachi, their draft proposals had been finalised, and they entered
Lancaster House in London on 16 January, as the Merdeka Mission, with a single leader, Tunku.
Finally on 8 February 1956, Tunku's fifty-third birthday, he and Lennox-Boyd signed the
Independence agreement, scheduled for August 1957.[3] Tunku and his mission left London on 16
February, had a short break in Cairo and landed in Singapore four days later.
The next day, Tunku went to Malacca where he had decided to make his first public announcement
on their success. His speech was simple and brief, muffled by the constant chorus of "Merdeka".
Soon after Tunku's return from London, a Constitutional Commission as set up in Kuala Lumpur. The
Commission travelled to every State, hearing evidence and receiving memoranda. The Alliance
National Council spent months preparing a detailed memorandum from the Commission, most of
which were accepted.
The Commissioner's report was published in Kuala Lumpur in February 1957. MacGillivray then set
up a Working Committee to prepare final recommendations for the consideration of the British
Government. When the subject of 'Jus Soli' was mentioned, Tunku, as the inspired diplomat,
managed to persuade the MCA leaders to agree to its omission from the official recommendations.

Premiership[edit]
Abdul Rahman during a state visit to The Netherlands (May 1960)

Abdul Rahman dominated the politics of independentMalaya (which became Malaysia in 1963), and
led the Alliance to landslide wins in the 1959, and 1964 general elections. He not only served as the
first prime minister of Malaya, but also as its foreign minister.
The formation of Malaysia was one of Abdul Rahman's greatest achievements. In 1961 he made a
speech at the Foreign Correspondents Association of Southeast Asia in Singapore, proposing a
federation Malaya, Singapore, Sabah, Sarawak, and Brunei. On 16 September 1963, with the
federation of all these states except Brunei, Abdul Rahman was formally restyled Prime Minister of
Malaysia.
However, the racial factor was worsened with the inclusion of Singapore, which increased the
Chinese proportion to more than 40%. Both UMNO and the MCA were nervous about the possible
appeal of Lee Kuan Yew's People's Action Party (PAP) to voters in Malaya, and tried to organise a
party in Singapore to challenge Lee's position there, despite an earlier agreement that he would not
do so (see PAP-UMNO relations). Lee in turn retaliated by running PAP candidates in Malaya at the
1964 federal elections. This provoked Abdul Rahman to demand that Singapore be permanently
removed from the union of Malaysia. This order led to the development of the Independence of
Singapore Agreement 1965 which achieved total independence for Singapore from Malaysia in that
one move.
On 7 August 1965, Abdul Rahman announced to the Parliament of Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur that it
should vote yes on the resolution to have Singapore be put out of the Federation. Singapore's
secession and independence became official on 9 August 1965. In hindsight it was an outcome that
fared well for all political interests concerned.
At the 1969 general election, the Alliance's majority was greatly reduced. Demonstrations following
the elections sparked the 13 May racial riots in Kuala Lumpur. Some UMNO leaders led by Tun
Abdul Razak were critical of Abdul Rahman's leadership during these events, and an emergency
committee MAGERAN took power and declared a state of emergency.
Abdul Rahman's powers as Prime Minister were severely curtailed, and on 22 September 1970 (a
day after his agnatic first-degree nephew became king of Malaysia), he was forced to resign as
Prime Minister in favour of Abdul Razak. He subsequently resigned as UMNO President in June
1971, in the midst of severe opposition of the 'Young Turks' comprising party rebels such
as Mahathir Mohammad and Musa Hitam. The duo later became Prime Minister and Deputy Prime
Minister of Malaysia respectively.

Involvements in Islam[edit]
After making Islam the official religion in 1960, Abdul Rahman established the Islamic Welfare
Organisation (PERKIM), an organisation to help Muslim converts adjust to new lives as Muslims. He
was President of PERKIM until a year before his death. In 1961 Malaysia hosted the first
International Qur'an Recital Competition, an event that developed from Abdul Rahman's idea when
he organised the first state-level competition in Kedah in 1951.
Malaysia is a founder member of the OIC. Its headquarters are in Jeddah but it was actually
established at the Conference of Islamic Nations held in Kuala Lumpur in 1969. Malaysia's first
Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman was its first secretary-general since 1970.
On the occasion of his 80th birthday, Abdul Rahman stated in the 9th February 1983 edition of The
Star newspaper that the "country has a multi-racial population with various beliefs. Malaysia must
continue as a secular State with Islam as the official religion." In the same issue of The Star, Abdul
Rahman was supported by the third Malaysian Prime Minister, Hussein Onn, who stated that the
"nation can still be functional as a secular state with Islam as the official religion."[7]

Sports involvement[edit]
Tunku became Vice-President of Kedah Football Association after his return from Cambridge in late
1930s. Later in 1949, Tunku became President of Selangor Football Association, and a few years
later, He became President of Football Association of Malaysia for 20 years. During his Presidency,
he introduced a competition for those under-18 years old such as the Piala FAM (FAM Cup) and
the Piala Rahman (Rahman Cup).[8]
Being an avid sportsman, Tunku was a firm believer that sports can be a good catalyst in bringing
about greater social unity among Malaysians of various races and religions. Therefore, he supported
and initiated many sports events. These included an international football tournament, the Pestabola
Merdeka (Independence Football Festival) in 1957. The following year, he was elected as the first
president of Asian Football Confederation (AFC), a post he held until 1977.[9][10]
Tunku also loved horse racing and was a regular at the Selangor Turf Club. He claimed that his
lucky number was 13, and that he would win horse races that were held on the 13th of the month,
especially on Friday the 13th for him. Tunku's racing interests included the champion
racehorse Think Big. After it won the 1974 Melbourne Cup, Think Big's owners, Malaysian
businessman Dato Tan Chin Nam and Australian property developer Rick O'Sullivan, invited Tunku
to join them as a part-owner of the horse. Think Big then won its second Melbourne Cup in 1975.[11]
In 1977, having acquired substantial shares in The Star, a Penang-based newspaper, Abdul
Rahman became the newspaper's chairman. His columns, "Looking Back" and "As I See It", were
critical of the government, and in 1987 Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad banned the newspaper.
This led to a split in UMNO, with Abdul Rahman and another former Prime Minister, Tun Hussein
Onn, setting up a new party called UMNO Malaysia, but its registration was quashed by Mahathir
Mohamad, who set up his own UMNO Baru ("New UMNO"). Abdul Rahman later
supported Semangat 46, a splinter group of UMNO led by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah. He
campaigned actively for the latter in the General election of 1990, but was already in very poor
health. The well-educated, visionary Tunku stood in contrast to Mahathir's brand of nationalism,
which promised to help ethnic Malays, who were purportedly economically and socially stunted by
the aftereffects of the colonial British "divide and rule" system.
Personal life[edit]
Tunku married at least four times. It was in Kulim that Tunku married his first wife, Meriam
Chong who was the daughter of his friend, Chong Ah Yong, a Thai Chinese. Soon after Meriam's
conversion to Islam, she learnt to pray, and when the fasting month began, she persuaded Tunku to
do so too. A year after their marriage, Tunku's daughter Tunku Khadijah was born. A year later, a
son Tunku Ahmad Nerang was born. A month after Meriam gave birth to her second child, she
contracted a severe attack of malaria and died from a medical blunder, an injection of undiluted
quinine.
On Meriam's death, Tunku wrote a letter to his former landlady in England, Violet Coulson. When the
news of Meriam's death reached Violet, she dropped everything and turned up in Singapore. They
were secretly married by the Kadi in the Malay mosque in Arab Street according to Muslim rites.
After conversion, Violet's Muslim name was Puteh Bte Abdullah. Violet went to live in Penang
because they had no approval of the Ruler or Regent. Tunku Ibrahim, the Regent, was strongly
opposed to mixed marriages, but when he died unexpectedly in 1934 and was succeeded as Regent
by Tunku Mahmud, the Sultan's younger brother, he consented to the marriage. Though their
marriage went well, Tunku's responsibilities in the public service were all-consuming and after a
separation where Violet returned to London, they were divorced amicably in 1947.
He then married Sharifah Rodziah Syed Alwi Barakbah, with whom he had no children but they
adopted four, Sulaiman, Mariam, Sharifah Hanizah (granddaughter) and Faridah.
Wanting to have more children of his own, he secretly married another Chinese woman named Bibi
Chong, who converted upon marriage. He had two daughters with her, Tunku Noor Hayati and
Tunku Mastura.[12]
Death[edit]
Tunku Abdul Rahman died peacefully on 6 December 1990,[6] at the age of 87, and was buried at
the Langgar Royal Mausoleum in Alor Star. Chief Secretary Tun Ahmad Sarji, Prime
Minister Mahathir Mohamad, and a few others witnessed Tunku's last breath. Mahathir later ordered
Ahmad Sarji to announce about Tunku's death.
Places named after Tunku Abdul Rahman[edit]

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

Tunku Abdul Rahman University College

Honour[edit]
Honour of Malaysia[edit]

Malaysia : Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the

Realm (1970) [13]
Foreign Honour[edit]

Australia : Recipient of the Order of Australia

United Kingdom : Recipient of the Order of the Companions of
Honour

References[edit]
 1. Jump up^ "Tunku Abdul Rahman, 87, Dead; First Prime Minister of
Malaysia". New York Times. 7 December 1990. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
2. Jump up^ Cheah, Boon Kheng (2002). "The Tunku as "Founding Father
of the Nation"". Malaysia: The Making of a Nation. Singapore: Institute of
Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 109110. ISBN 9812301542.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abdul Rahman Putra
Alhaj, Tunku". Encyclopdia Britannica. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.).
Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopdia Britannica Inc. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-59339-
837-8.
4. Jump up^ Michael Leifer, Joseph Liow (20 November 2014). Dictionary
of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia (Revised ed.). Routledge.
p. 59. ISBN 978-1-317-62233-8.
5. Jump up^ Cuisine of the Premiers. ITBM. 2009. p. 19-20. ISBN 978-9-
830-68395-9.
6. ^ Jump up to:a b Biography.com. "Tunku Abdul Rahman biography".
Retrieved 5 May 2012.
7. Jump up^ Ooi, J. 2007. Merdeka... 50 years of Islamic State?. Available
from: http://www.jeffooi.com/2007/07/merdeka_50_years_of_islamic_st.p
hp. Accessed 21 July 2007.
8. Jump up^ Hall of Fame. Olympic.org.my. Retrieved on 27 September
2013.
9. Jump up^ Ben Weinberg (22 May 2015). Asia and the Future of
Football: The Role of the Asian Football Confederation. Routledge.
pp. 80. ISBN 978-1-317-57632-7.
10. Jump up^ "Asian Icons: Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al Haj". Asian
Football Confederation. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
11. Jump up^ http://www.thinkbigstud.com.au/Dato-Tan-Chin-Nam.asp
12. Jump up^ "Memori indah bersama Tunku" (in Malay). Kosmo Online.
13. Jump up^ "Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan
Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1970"(PDF).

Further reading[edit]
From playboy to Prime Minister of Malaya, The Straits Times, 31
August 1957. (Reprinted on 31 August 2007 by the New Straits
Times)

External links[edit]
tunkuabdulrahman.com
The Tunku Abdul Rahman centennial PhD scholarship fund at
Cambridge University
Quotations related to Tunku Abdul Rahman at Wikiquote

Political offices

Prime Minister of Malaysia Succeeded by

New office
19571970 Abdul Razak

Secretary General OIC Succeeded by

New office
19711973 Hassan Al-Touhami
 Civic offices

President of Asian Football

Preceded by Succeeded by
Confederation
Nam Cheong Chan Kambiz Atabay
19581977

[show]

e
Prime Ministers of Malaysia

[show]
v

e
First Rahman cabinet (19551959)

[show]

e
Second Rahman cabinet (19591964)

[show]

t
e
Third Rahman cabinet (19641969)

[show]

e
Fourth Rahman cabinet (19691970)

[show]

v
t
 e
Secretary General of the OIC (OIC)

[show]

e
Presidents of AFC

[show]

t
e
Ramon Magsaysay Award recipients

WorldCat Identities

VIAF: 20929510

Authority LCCN: n50034818

control ISNI: 0000 0000 8363 1019

GND: 118787705

SUDOC: 138970831
Categories:
Government ministers of Malaysia
Prime Ministers of Malaysia
1903 births
1990 deaths
Foreign ministers of Malaysia
Malaysian political party founders
Malaysian anti-communists
Malaysian lawyers
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian people of Thai descent
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
People of the Malayan Emergency
People from Kedah
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Royal House of Kedah
 United Malays National Organisation politicians
Presidents of the Asian Football Confederation
Ramon Magsaysay Award winners
Recipients of the Kedah Supreme Order of Merit
Recipients of the Order of the Crown of the Realm
First Classes of the Royal Family Order of Johor
First Classes of the Family Order of Terengganu
Honorary Companions of the Order of Australia
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Grand Crosses of the Royal Order of Sahametrei
Grand Collars of the Order of Sikatuna
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Chula Chom Klao
Honorary Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
Recipients of the National Order of Vietnam
1960s in Malaysia
20th-century Malaysian politicians
Navigation menu
Not logged in

Talk

Contributions

Create account

Log in
Article
Talk
Read
Edit
View history
Search

Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
 Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages

Asturianu
Azrbaycanca
Catal
etina
Deutsch
Espaol
Euskara

Franais


Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano




Bahasa Melayu
Baso Minangkabau
Nederlands

Norsk
Occitan
Polski
Portugus
Runa Simi

Suomi
Svenska


Trke


Ting Vit
Winaray


Edit links
This page was last edited on 21 November 2017, at 07:38.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional
terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit
organization.

Privacy policy

About Wikipedia

Disclaimers

Contact Wikipedia

Developers

Cookie statement

Mobile view

Enable previews