Z BUS

ASSEMBLY
INDEX:

S. Name
No.
1 Aim
2 Objective
3 Mathematical Model
4 Formation of Z Bus
5 Formation of Z Bus with mutual Coupling
6 Algorithm of Z Bus
7 IEEE Bus data
AIM : ZBUS formulation

OBJECTIVE: To form the impedance matrix (ZBUS ) with and without mutual coupling

MATHEMATICALMODEL:

The bus admittance matrix of a large power system is typically a very sparse with mainly zero elements.
The bus impedance matrix can be constructed element by element using algorithms to in corporate one
element at a time into the system representation. The bus impedance is used in power system fault
analysis.
Zbus is a symmetrical matrix. Step by step approach employs the following modifications to the existing
Zbus matrix:

0
=[ ]
Modification1: Additionof Zb between 0
new bus and reference bus

1
Modification2:Additionof Zb between 2


new bus and existing bus =

[ 1 2 + ]

1

1
Modification3:Addition of Zb between = [ ] [1 ]
+
existing bus and reference bus

1 1
1
= [ ] [1 1 ]
+ 2+

Modification4:Addition of Zb between
two existing buses
ZBUS Formation considering mutual coupling between elements

Assume that the bus impedance matrix [

]
is known for a partial network of modes and a
reference node. The bus voltage and bus current relation for the partial network, shown in Fig. 1, can be
expressed as

Figure 1: Partial Network with buses

[ ][
] = [ ](1)
In equation (1),

is( 1) bus voltage vector

is( 1) bus current vector

]is(
[ ) bus impedance matrix
The new added element may be a branch or may be a link as discussed in the previous algorithm.

1. Addition of branch to this partial a network:

The preference of the network with an added branch is
 V 1 Z 11 Z 1p Z 1m Z 1l I 1


V p Z p1 Z pp Z pm Z pl I p
(2)

V m Z m1 Z mp Z mm Z ml I m

V l Z l1 Z lp Z lm Z ll I l

The network is assumed to contain bilateral passive elements and hence = for =
1,2, , . The added branch is assumed to be mutually coupled with one or more
elements of the network.
To determine element inject a current at node and calculate the voltage at node
with respect to reference, as shown in Fig. 2.

Figure 2: Calculation of for the addition of branch

Calculation of

As all other bus currents are zero, bus voltages can be written as,
V 1 Z 1i I i

V 2 Z 2i I i


V p Z pi I i (3)


V m Z mi I i

V q Z qi I i

Also from Fig. 2, and can be related as

= (4)
Where is the voltage across the added element . Also, the currents in the elements of
the network can be related to the voltages across the elements as,

i pq y pq, pq y pq, v pq
(5)
i y , pq y , v
Where
i pq = the current through the added element .
i = ( 1) current vector of the elements of the partial network.
v = ( 1) voltage vector of the elements of the partial network.
y pq, pq = Self- admittance of the added element.
y pq, = ( 1) vector of mutual admittance between the added element and the
elements of the partial network.
Y , = ( ) primitive admittance matrix of the partial network.

The current i pq in the added branch . Equal to zero as node is open.

i pq 0 (6)

The voltage v pq , however, is not zero as the added branch is mutually coupled to one or more
elements of the partial network. Thus, the voltage across other elements of the network can be
expressed as,

v V V (7)
Where V and V are the voltages of the nodes of the partial network. With i pq 0 from
Eq. (6) we can write,

y pq, pq v pq y pq, v 0 (8)

Hence,

y pq, v
v pq
y pq, pq

Substituting v from Eq. (7) and v pq from Eq. (8) in Eq. (4), we get

y pq, (V V )
Vq V p
y pq, pq

Substitution of I i 1 pu in Eq. (3) results in V p , V q , V and V being replaced by their

corresponding impedances and hence,

y pq, ( Z i Z i )
Z qi Z pi (9)
y pq, pq

For calculating the self-impedances Z qq , a current I q 1 pu is injected into node with all
other currents equal to zero as shown in Fig. 2. Then the voltages of the nodes are calculated
from Eq. (3), as

V 1 Z 1q I q

V 2 Z 2q I q


V p Z pq I q (10)


V m Z mq I q

V q Z qq I q

With I q 1 pu , Z qq can be calculated directly by calculating V q .

Also,

V q V p v pq (11)
And
 i pq I q 1 (12)

Hence, from Eq. (5) we obtain

i pq 1 y pq, pq v pq y pq, v (13)

And thus v pq can be written as,

1 y pq, v
v pq (14)
y pq, pq

Substituting v p q and v , the above equation can be written as,

1 y pq, (V V )
Vq V p (15)
y pq, pq

Figure 3: Calculation of Z pq for the addition of a branch

With I q 1 pu , from Eq. (3) V p , V q , V and V can be replaced by respective transfer
impedances,
 y pq, ( Z q Z q )
Z qq Z pq (16)
y pq, pq

2. Addition of a link to this partial network:

If the added is a link, then a fictitious node is created by connecting an ideal voltage in
series with the added element, as shown in Fig. 4.
The value of the source voltage is selected such that the current through the added link is
zero. If is the voltage of node with respect to node and is the current injected into node
from node .The performance equation of the partial network with the added link and ideal
series voltage source is,

V 1 Z 11 Z 1p Z 1m Z 1l I 1


V p Z p1 Z pp Z pm Z pl I p
(17)

V m Z m1 Z mp Z mm Z ml I m

e l Z l1 Z lp Z lm Z ll I l

Figure 4: Calculation of Z li for the addition of a link

Here, Z li represents the transfer impedance relating the current, , injected into the bus and the
voltage of the added source e l , connected between nodes and . They are conceptually different from
the elements Z i j of Z BUS matrix which relate the current injected into the bus and the voltage of the
bus with respect to the reference.
As
el V l V q ,
The elements Z l i , i 1, 2, m, i l , of the added row and column, can be calculated by injecting a
current into the node and determining the voltage of the node with respect to node.

Hence,

el
Z li , I k 0 , k 1, 2, m, k l
Ii
Also,
e l V p V q v pl
(18)
The current i pl through the link can be written as,

i pl y pl , pl v pl y pl , v (19)

Since the current through the link is zero, i pl i pq 0

Hence

y pl , v
v pl (20)
y pl , pl
Since the voltage source is ideal source, we can write

y pl , y pq ,
And
y pl , pl y pq , pq
So,
y pq, v y pq, (V V )
v pl (22)
y pq, pq y pq, pq

With = 1 . ., substituting V p , V q , V and V from Eq. (3) and v pl from Eq. (20) in Eq. (18) ,
we get
y pq, ( Z pi Z i )
Z l i Z pi Z qi i 1, 2 , m, i l (23)
y pq, pq
To calculate Zll , a current is injected at the node with respect to node, as shown in Fig. 5. AS all
other node currents are zero, the node voltages can be written as,

Figure 5: Calculation of Zll for the addition of a link

V k Z kl I l , i 1, 2 , m

e l Z ll I l (24)
With I l 1 p.u., Z ll can be directly computed by calculating el . The current in the element is

i pl I l 1 p.u. (25)
From Eq.(3) we get
i pl y pl , pl v pl y pl , v 1

Further as y pl , pl y pq, pq and y pl , y pq, hence v pl can be expressed as

1 y pq , v
v pl (26)
y pq , pq

Substituting v pl from Eq.(18), we can obtain

1 y pq, (V V )
el V p V q
y pq, pq

With I l 1 p.u., substituting V p , Vq ,V , V and el from Eq. (24), Zl i is obtained as

 1 y pq, ( Z pi Z i )
Z l i Z pi Z qi i 1, 2 , m, i l (27)
y pq, pq
In the case of link addition the additional row and column corresponding to fictitious node are to be
eliminated.

For this the fictitious series voltage source el is short circuited. From Eq.(7) the bus voltages can
be written in compact form as

]
][ ]
[ = [
+ [][ ] (28)

Where
[ ] = [1
2 3
] is an ( 1) vector comprising of the entries of the column added to the

[ ]matrix.

], [
[ ]=(
1) bus current and voltage vectors respectively, of the partial network before the
addition of element .
]=(
[ ]matrix of the partial network before the addition of element .
)[

I l = current injected in the link. Also,

[ ] = [ ] [
] +
= 0 (29)

On substituting I l from Eq.(29) into Eq.(28) V BUS can be written as
.
[ ] = [
] [ ]
] [ (30)

]which is( ) in size can be written as
Hence, the final [

[ ] [ . ]
] = [ (31)

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Read the data in number of elements and number of buses.

Step2: Initialize Zij=0

Where i = 1,2n ; j= 1,2,.n

Step 3: Set the element number counter as count =1 and random variable m=0.

Step 4: Input the impedance Zb between buses k and l and input the type modification.

Step 5: Check the type modification. If type modification is 1 go to Step6,if type modification is 2 go to
Step7, if type modification is 3 go to Step8, If type modification is 4 go to Step9.

Step 6: A branch is added between a new bus k and a reference bus

Zjk=Zkj=0 ; j=1,2,m

Zkk=Zb

m=m+1

and go to Step 10

Step 7: A branch is added between new bus k to old bus l

Zkj=Zlk;j=1,2,..m

Zjk=Zkj ; j=1,2,..m

Zkk=Zll+Zb

m=m+1

and go to Step 10

Step 8: A branch is added between old bus k and reference bus

Zij= Zijold (ZikZkj)/(Zkk + Zb) ; i=1, 2..m

; j=1, 2...m

and go to step 10

Step 9: A link is added between two old bus k and l

Zijnew=Zijold - (Zik-Zil)(Zkj-Zlj) /(Zb+Zkk+Zll-Zkl-Zlk) ; i=1 , 2..m

; j=1 , 2..m

And go to step 10

Step 10: Check element count.

 If count>number of elements ,

then go to Step 11

else count = count + 1

go to Step 4 and repeat steps.

Step 11: Print the output matrix.

Step 12: Stop

IEEE 6 BUS SYSTEM DATA:

Bus Data for 6-Bus System

P P Q
Voltage gen load load
Bus No. Bus Type
Profile (P.U MW) (P.U MW) (P.U MVAR)

1 Swing 1.05

2 Gen 1.05 0.50 0.0 0.0

3 Gen 1.07 0.60 0.0 0.0

4 Load 0.0 0.7 0.7

5 Load 0.0 0.7 0.7

6 Load 0.0 0.7 0.7

Line Data for 6-Bus System

From Bus To Bus R(pu) X(pu) BCAP(pu)

1 2 0.10 0.20 0.02

1 4 0.05 0.20 0.02

1 5 0.08 0.30 0.03

2 3 0.05 0.25 0.03

2 4 0.05 0.10 0.01

2 5 0.10 0.30 0.02

2 6 0.07 0.20 0.025

3 5 0.12 0.30 0.025

3 6 0.02 0.10 0.01

4 5 0.20 0.40 0.04

5 6 0.10 0.30 0.03