BRAIN Class Class BRAIN

MAP KINETIC THEORY XI XII ATOMS AND NUCLEI MAP

Relation between Maxwell's Law of Mean Free Path LINE SPECTRA OF HYDROGEN
Rutherford’s Model of Atom Scattering angle

vrms , vav and vmp Distribution of Velocities Alpha particle's Impact

The average distance travelled between 1 parameter
 KE of −particles K  mv 2
Gold foil trajectory

vrms : vav : vmp The distribution of molecules at successive collisions of molecules of a gas is 2
3RT 8RT 2RT different speed is given as, called mean free path ().  Distance of closest approach
b
Alpha particles
 : : 1
Source Nucleus
M M M mv 2  ; where n is the number density 1 2Ze 2 1 4 Ze 2
 m 
3/2  2nd 2 r0  .  .
8 dN  4 N  2 2kT dv Detector 4 0 K 4 0 mv 2 LINE Bohr’s
SPECTRA OF HYDROGEN
Atomic Model
 2 kT 
v e Lead
 3: : 2 ; (vrms > vav > vmp) and d is the diameter of the molecule.
  Impact parameter Electron orbits and their energy
LINE SPECTRA
Line Spectra OF HYDROGEN
of Hydrogen
2  2   Radius of permitted nth orbits,
Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature Pressure Exerted by a Gas  While transition between different 1 Ze cot 2 1 Ze cot 2 n2h2
b .  .
4 0 K 4 0 1 2 rn   rn  n2
1 2 3 atomic levels , light radiated in mv 4  mkZe 2 2
KEavg  E  mvrms
2
 kT
2
Kinetic Theory of P
1 mN 2 1 2
v  v 2  E  various discrete frequencies are 2
 Velocity of electron in nth orbit,
3 V rms 3 rms 3  Conclusion : An atom consists of a small and
3  3
Ideal Gases called spectral series of hydrogen
2 kZe 2 1
massive central core in which entire positive vn   vn 
KE / mole   kT  NA  RT E = Average KE per unit volume atom.
2  2 charge and whole mass of atom is nh n
 Rydberg formula :
  concentrated  Energy of electron in nth orbit
Wave number   1  R  1  1   Drawback : The revolving electron 2 2mk 2 Z 2e 4 1
  n f 2 ni 2  En   En  2
continuously loses its energy due to centripetal n2h2
Specific Heat Law of Equipartition n

Capacity KINETIC THEORY of Energy

R = Rydberg's constant
= 1.097 × 107 m–1
acceleration and finally it should collapse into
the nucleus
where the symbols have their usual
meanings.

LINE SPECTRA OF HYDROGEN

Radioactivity LINE SPECTRA OF HYDROGEN
Nuclear Reactions
For any system in thermal equilibrium, the
total energy is equally distributed among its  Law of radioactive decay  Nu c l e a r f i s s i on : It i s t h e
dN
 N (t ) or N (t )  N 0e t
Specific Heat of a Gas
At constant pressure (CP) :
Behaviour of
various degrees of freedom and each degree
1
of freedom is associated with energy kT .
dt ATOMS phenomenon of splitting a heavy
nucleus into two or more smaller
 Half-life
C 
P

Q P
nT
 f
or C  1   R
P  2
Gases 2
T1/2 
ln2 0.693

& nuclei of nearly comparable masses
 Nu c l e a r f u s i o n : It i s t h e
At constant volume (CV) :
(Q)V 1
Gas Laws
Boyle's Laws
 
 Mean life or Average life NUCLEI phenomenon of fusing two or more
lighter nuclei to form a single heavy
C  or C  fR 1 T
   1/2  1.44 T1/2 nucleus
V nT V 2 Vander Waal's Equation At constant temperature, volume of a  0.693
Mayer’s relation : CP – CV = R f ixed mass of a gas is invers ely  Fraction of nuclei left undecayed
For n moles of a gas, [a] = [ML5T–2]
(f = degree of freedom) proportional to its pressure. P after n half lives is Switchyard
 [b] = [L3] LINEComposition
SPECTRA OF HYDROGEN
and Size of Nucleus
an2  1
P  or PV = constant
T = constant n t /T CONTAINMENT

 P  2 
V  nb  nRT N 1  1  1/2 STRUCTURE Cooling
Monoatomic Gas (f = 3) V 1/V    , where t  nT1/2  Nucleus of an atom consists of protons and tower
 V  Control rods
N0  2  2 Steam
chamber
Generator

3 3 5 5 neutrons collectively called nucleons Pump

U  RT , CV  R , C P  R,   Charle's Laws Reactor Turbine

2 2 2 3  Radius of a nucleus is proportional to its mass

The volume of the gas is directly LINE SPECTRA OF HYDROGEN
Decay Schemes number as R = R0 A(1/3) (R0 = 1.2 fm) Pump Condenser
Cooling water
8a proportional to its absolute temperature.
 Critical Temperature : Tc 
Water
Diatomic Gas (f = 5)  -Decay :
27 Rb V  T (at constant P) V
V0
5 5 7 7  decay
a  ZA24Y  24He  Q
Slope = 273
 Critical Pressure : Pc  Z X 
A
U  RT , CV  R, C P  R,    t  P = constant
LINE SPECTRA
Concept OF HYDROGEN LINE SPECTRA OF HYDROGEN
Vt  V0 1  V0
of Binding Energy Application of Nuclear Reactions
2 2 2 5 27b2  273  (Energy released)
 Critical Volume : Vc = 3b
–273 0 t°C
 -Decay :  The binding energy is defined as the surplus A. Fission
Polyatomic Gas  0  Uncontrolled chain reaction
Gay-Lussac's Law
A
ZX  ZA1Y  1e  energy which the nucleons give up by virtue of
U = (3 + f ) RT Graham's Law of Diffusion Principle of atomic bombs
Pressure of the gas varies directly with the  0 their attractions when they bound together to
CV = (3 + f ) R For given temperature and pressure, the
A
ZX ZA1Y  1e   C ontrolled chain reaction:
temperature at constant volume. form a nucleus
CP = (4 + f ) R rate of diffusion of gas is inversely  -Decay : Principle of nuclear reactors
proportional to the square root of the PT (at constant volume) Eb = [Zmp + (A – Z)mn – MN]c2
 = (4 + f )/(3 + f ) A *  decay
 A 0
 B. Fusion
1 1  t  ZX ZX  0 Eb Nuclear fusion is the source of
f  = a certain number of vibrational density of the gas. r   Pt  P0 1   (Excited state) (Ground state)  Binding energy per nucleon :
Ebn 
mode  M 273  + Energy A energy in the Sun and stars