*Mudra* Physical Sciences For NET & SLET Exams Of UGC-CSIR

Part B and C
Volume-09

Contents

III. Electromagnetic Theory

6.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Matter 1
6.2 Electromagnetic Waves in Conductors 12
6.3 Electromagnetic Waves 16
6.4 Electromagnetic Waves in Vacuum 23
6.5 Polarization 31
7.1 Fresnels Law, interference, coherence, and diffraction 33
8.1 Dispersion Relations in a Hot Plasma 49
9.1 Wave Guides 88
9.2 TE Waves in a Rectangular Wave Guide 91
9.3 The Coaxial Transmission Line 93
10.1 Radiation from dipoles and retarded potentials 95
10.2 Radiation from Charges 109
10.3 Retarded Potentials 115

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III.6. Electromagnetic Waves in free space, dielectrics and conductors &

Reflection and refraction, polarization

6.1. Electromagnetic Waves in Matter

1. Propagation in Linear Media: Inside matter, but in regions where there is no free
charge or free current, Maxwells equations become

i . D 0, iii E B ,
t
1
D
ii . B 0, iv H ,
t

If the medium is linear,

1
D E, H B 2

And homogeneous (so and do not vary from point to point), Maxwells equations
reduce to

i . E 0, iii E B ,

t
3
E
ii . B 0, iv B ,
t

Evidently electromagnetic waves propagate through a linear homogeneous medium at a

speed

1 c
, 4
n

Where, n = is the index of refraction of the material. 5
0 0

For most materials, is very close to 0 , so

n r , 6

where, r is the dielectric constant.

Since r is almost always greater than 1, light travels more slowly through matter a
fact that is well known from options.

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All of our previous results carry over, with the simple transaction,

0 , 0 and hence c .

The energy density is,

1 1
u E 2 B 2 , ...7
2

And the Polynting vector is

S
1
E B ...8

For monochromatic plane waves the frequency and wave number are related by,

k ,

the amplitude of B is,

B 1 E

and the intensity is,

1
I E02 . 9
2

As in the case of waves on a string, we expect to get a reflected wave and a transmitted
wave.

i 1 E1 2 E2 , iii E1|| E||2

1 || 1 || 10
ii B1 B2 , iv B1 B 2
1 2

These equations relate the electric and magnetic fields just to the left and just to the right
of the interface between two linear media.

2. Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence: Suppose the xy plane forms the
boundary between two linear media. A plane wave of frequency , travelling in the z direction
and polarized in the x direction, approaches the interface from the left.

E I z ,t E0 I e i k1z t x
~ ~


1 ~ i k1z t 11
B I z ,t E0 I e
~
y
1

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It gives rise to a reflected wave,

E R z ,t E0 R e i k1z t x
~ ~


1 ~ i k1z t 12
B R z ,t E0 R e
~
y
1

which travels back to the left in medium (1), and a transmitted wave

ET z ,t E0 T e i k2 z t x
~ ~


1 ~ i k2 z t 13
BT z ,t E0 T e
~
y
2

which continues on the right in medium (2).

~ ~ ~ ~
At z 0 , the combined fields on the left, E I E R and B I B R , must join the fields on
the right, ET and BT, in accordance with the boundary conditions.
x

1 2
EI ET
BI v1 v2
BT
z
ER
BR
v1
Interface
y

Figure 1

In case there are no components perpendicular to the surface, so (i) and (ii) are trivial.
However, (iii) requires that
~ ~ ~
E0 I E0 R E0T , ...14

while (iv) says

1 1 ~ 1 ~ 1 1 ~
E0 I E0 R E0T , ...15
1 1 1 2 2

or
~ ~ ~
E0 I E0 R E0 T , ...16

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11 1n2
where, . ...17
22 2 n1

Equations (14) and (16) are easily solved for the outgoing amplitudes, in terms of the
incident amplitude:

~ 1 ~ ~ 2 ~
E 0 R E0 I , E0 T E0 I . ...18
1 1

These results are strikingly similar to the ones for waves on a string. Indeed, if the
permittivity are close to their values in vacuum (as, remember, they are for most media),

Then
1 2 ,
and we have

~ ~ ~ 22 ~
E0 R 2 1 E0 I , E0T E0 I ...19
2 1
2 1

In that case, as before, the wave is in phase (right side up) if 2 1 and out of phase

(upside down) if 2 1 ; the real amplitudes are related by,

2 1 22
E0 R E0 , E0T E0 I ...20
2 1 I 2 1

Or, in terms of the indices of refraction,

n1 n2 2n 2
E0 R E0 , E0 T E0 I ...21
n1 n2 I n1 n2

According to Eq. 19, the intensity (average power per unit area) is,

1
I E02 .
2

If (again) 1 2 0 , then the ratio of the reflected intensity to the incident intensity is,

2 2
I E n n2
R R 0 R 1
n n , 22
I I E0 I 1 2

Continued with...Page 5 Onwards

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