Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
N T R O D U C F O N
I
I E N E R G Y M E T E R
lt is a d e v ic e th a t m e a s u r e s th e am o u n t o fe r ic
e c e n e rg y c o n sum e d by a re s id e n c e ,
b m in ess ,
o r a n
e le c tr ic a
ly p o w e re d d e v ic e
In se n in g s w he n e n e rg y sa v in g s d u r in g c e r ta in p e r io d s a re d e s ir e d , m e te rs m a y m e a s u re de m an d Th e
m a x im f po in in te l T im f da y e te r in llo e le c tr ic be ha n g ed
" "
u m u se o w e r so m e rv a e o m g a w s r a te s to c
d u r in g a ? y To re c o r d u s a ge du n n g p e a k h ig h o st p e o ds an d o ? p e ik lo ,
w e r co s t p e r io d s
.
A
so In
s o m e a re a s m e te rs ha v e re la y s fo r de m an d re s p o n s e lo a d s h e d d in g d u r in g p e a k lo a d p e r io d s
E le c u o m e c h a n ic a l e n e rg y m e te r s ha v e be e n d a r d
th e s ta fo r m e te r in g th e e le c tr ic ity s in c e b i g be gan
B u t th e s e a re n o w b e in g g r a d u a lly re p la c e d b y e
c e tr o n ic d ig ita e n e r g y m e te r s P re s e n te d h e r e is a s im p
e
e n e r g y m e te r u s in g A n a
o g D e v ic e s
'
A D E 7 75 7 c h ip fo r singlephase ,
2 w ir e (p h a s e a n d n e u tra l) s y s te m s
u se d in h o u se h o ld s IC A D E 7 7 5 7 is a lo w c o s t , s in g
e p ha s e so lu t io n fo r e le c tr ic a len e rg y m e a s u re m e nt
Y o u can u s e th is s o
u tio n ev e n fo r in d iv id u a a p p
ia n c e s
to s e e ho w m u c h e n e rg y th e y a re c o n s u m in g Its sa
ie n t fe a tu r e s a r e
2 D es ig n e d fo r n o rm a l230V A C a n d m a x im u m
in e c tr r e n t o f30 a i
rp s
3 T he m e te r c o u n t is 10 0 p u ls e s lk w h i e ,
10 0 p u ls e s w iu b e re q u ir e d to re g is te r o n e u n it
1 I H
a to r y o fe
e c tr ic
y m e te r
A n e l tr ic ity m e te r o r e n e r g y m e te r is a d e v ic e th a t m e m u re s th e a m o u n t o f e le c tr ic e n e r g y c o n n m e d by
a re s id e n ce ,
b u s in e ss o r a n e le c tr ic a
y po w e re d d e v ic e
A s c o m m e rc ia u s e o f e le c tr ic e n e rg y s p re a d in th e 1 8 8 0 s ,
it b e c a m e in c r e a s in g ly im p o r ta n t th a t a n e le c tr ic
e n e rg y m e te r M an y e x p e r im e n ta l ty p e s o f m e te r w e re d e v e lo p e d E d is o n at firs t w o rk e d o n a D C
ic a m g is te r
I
e le c tr o m e c ha n e te r w ith a d ir e c t m d in g 1e
bu t in s te a d d e v e lo p e d a n
s y s te m w h ic h u s e d a l electroly
ic e l to to ta
iz e c u m n t c o n su m p t io n T he e
la b o r in te n s iv e to r e a d an d n o tw e ll r e c e iv e d b y th e cu s
o m e rs
Scanned by CamScanner
In 8 8 5 F em n ti o fr e re d a m e rc u ry m o to r m e te r w ith a re g is te r s im ila r to ga s m e te r s ; th is had th e
a d v a n ta g e th a t th c c o n su m er c o u
d e a s ily re a d th e m e te r a n d v e r ify c o n su m p tio n T h e fir s t a c c u r a te ,
re c o r d in g e le c tr ic ity c o n su m p tio n m e te r w a s a D C m e te r by D r H e rm a nn A ro n w h o p a te n te d it in 18 8 3
O tto B la th y '
s p a te n t an d n a m ed a R e r h im w as p re s e n te d b y th e G am W o r k s a t th e F ra n k fu r t F a ir in th e
a u tu m n o f 8 8 9 ,
an d th e fir s t in d u c tio n k ilo w a tt ho u r m e te r w a s a lr e a d y m a r k e te d b y th e fa c to r y a t th e e n d
o f th e sa m e ye a r T he se w e re th e fr s t a lt e m a tin g< u rr e n t w a tt m e te rs ,
kn o w n by th e n a n e o f B la t h y
m e te rs T h e A C k i
o w a tt ho u r m e te Fs u s e d a t p r e s e n t o p e ra te o n th e s a re p r in c ip le as B la th y ' s o r ig in a l
in v e n tio n
A ls o a ro u n d 18 8 9 E
ih u T h o ,
m so n o f th e A m e r ic a n G e n e ra E le c tr ic co m pa n y de v e
o p e d a re c o r d in g w a tt
m e te r (w a tt ho u r m e te r ) ba s e d o n an iro n ie s s co m m u ta to r m o to r T h is m e te r o v e r c a n e th e d is a d v a n ta g e s
o f th e e
e c tro c h e m ic a ] ty p e an d co u ld o pe r a te o n e ith e r a
te m a tin g o r d ir e c t c u rren t
p r e v io u s ly u se d o n
y in A C am p e rc h o u r m e te r s to p ro d u c e a w a tt ho u r m e te r o f th e m o de m
e le c tr o m e c h a n ic a l fo rm ,
u s in g an in d u c tio n d is k w ho se ro ta tio n a l s\ d w a s m ade p r o p o r tio n a l to tle
po w e r in th e c ir c u it T h e B la th y m e te r w a s s im ila r to S h a
le n b e r g e r an d T ho m so n m e te r in th a t th e y a re
e lim in a te d th e d e lic a te an d tr o u b le s o m e c o m m u ta to r o f th e T h o m so n d e s ig n
T he m o s tc o m m o n u n it o f m e a s u re m e n t o n th e e le c tr ic ity m e te r is th e k ilo w a tt ho u r [k w ]
w h ic h is q ua l to th e am o un to fen e rg y u s e d by a lo a d o fo ne k ilo w a tt o v e r a p e r io d o fo ne ho ur
In a d d itio n to m e te r in B ba s e d o n th e a m o u n to f e n e rgy u s e d ,
o th e r ty p e s o f m e te r n i g a re a v a ila b le M e te r s
w h ic h m e a s u r e d th e a m o un t o f c h a r g e (c o u lo m bs) u se d Kn o w t a s a m pe re ho u r m e te r s , w e re u s e d in th e
e a r
y ? ys o f e le c
r ifc a tio n So m e m e te r s m e a s r e d o n ly th e le n g th o f tim e fo r w h ic h c h a rg e flo w e d , w ith
n o m e a s lr e m e n t o f th e m a g n itu d e o f v o
ta g e o r c u r re n t b e in g m a d e T le s e w e re o n ly su ir d fo r c o n s ta n t
Scanned by CamScanner
! 13. T)T ' " H ,"
(a m p e re s ) a n d fin d in g th c p ro d u c t o f th e s e to g iv e in s ta n ta n e o u s e le c tr ic a l po w er (w a its ) w h ic h is th e n
in te g m te d a g a in s t t im e to g iv e e n e rg y u se d M e te rs fo r sm a l
er i
s e rv c e s (s u c h m sm a ll r e s id e n t ia l
a bo ut 200 a m p e re o f lo a d ,
c u rre n t tra n s fo r m e rs a re u s e d s o th a t th c m e te r c a n b c lo c a te d o th e r th a n in lin e
w ith th c ser v
ic e co n d u c to rs T hc m e te rs fa ll in to h v o b a s ic c a te g o r ie s , c le c tr o m ec h a n ic a a n d c
c c tr o n ic
1 E le c t r o m ec ha n ic a l m e te rs
T he m o st c o m m o n ty p e o f e le c tr ic ity m e te r is th e e le c [m m ee ha n ic a in d u c tio n w a tt ho u r m e te r T he
e n e rg y u s g e T he v o lta ge co il c o n su m e s a sm a
a n d re la tiv e
y c o n s ta n t am o u n t o f po w e r Ty p ic a lly
a ro u n d 2 w a tts w h ic h is n o t re g is te r e d o n th e m e te r T he c u r re n t c o il s im ila r ly c o n su m es a sm a ll a m o u n t
o f w w er in p r o p o r tio n to th e s q u a r e o f th e c u r re n t flo w in g th r o u g h it ,
ty p ic a lly u p to a c o u p le o fw a tts a t
fu ll lo a d , w h ic h is r e g is te re d o n th e m e te r
2 E le c tr o n
c m e te r s
E le c tr o n ic m e te rs d is p la y th e e n e r g y u s e d o n a n L C D o r L E D d is p la y ,
an d c an a ls o tra n s m it re a d in g s to
r e m o te p
ac e s In a d d itio n to m e a s u r in g e n e rg y u s e d E le c tro n ic m e te r s c a ia
so r e c o r d o th e r p a ra m e
e rs o f
Scanned by CamScanner
th e lo a d a n d su p p ly su c h as m ax im u m de m a n d po
,
w e r fa c to r a n d r e a c tiv e po w e r u se d e tc T he y ca n a ls o
su ppo r t tim e o F d a y b i
lin g Fo r e x am p le , r e c o r d in g th e am o u n t o f e n e r g y u s e d d u r in g o n p e a k an d o fF
pe ak ho u rs
3 P re p a !m cn t m e te r s
th a t t h e c u s to m er m a y n o t p a y th e b ila p r e p a y m e n t m e te r m a y b e in s ta lle d T h is re q u ir e s th e c u s to m e r to
o fe
ec ? c ity is cu t o ft b y a r e la y In th e U K . m ec h a n ic a l p r e p a y n en t m e te r s t
se d to be c o m m o n in r e n te d
th e ft o f th e c a s h in t h e m e te r
M o de m so lid s ta le e le c tr ic ity m e te r s ,
in j
c o n u n c t io n w ith sm a rt C hav e re m o v e d th e s e d is a d v a n ta ge s
a n d su c h m e te r s a r e co m
n o n ly u se d fo r c ll s
n n l e rs co n s id e re d to b e a po o r c re d it r is k In th e U K .
o n e
s y s te m is th e p a y p o in t n e M o rk w h e re re c h a r g e a b le to k e n s (Q u a n tu m c a rd s fo r n a tu r a lga s .
o r p la s tic
eys "
k
or el ec t ri ci ty) ca n be l oa d e d wi th wh a t ev e r mo n e y th e c u s t om e r ha s av a i lab l e. e ce n t ly sm a r t ca r d s
A ro u n d th e w o r
d, ex p e r im e n ts a r e g o in g o n ,
e sp e c ia lly in de v e
o p in g c o u n tr ie s To te s t p r e p a y n e n t
s y s te m s In so
Te c a se s , p re pa y m en t m e te rs hav e n o t be e n a cc e p te d b y c u s to m e rs T 17e re a re i
v a r o u s
fo r p re p a y m e n m e te r in g s y s te m s a c ro s s m a n u fa c
u r e rs P te p a id m e te rs u s in g th e S T S s ta n da r d a re u s e d in
m an y c o u n tr ie s
Scanned by CamScanner
2 L IT E R A T U R E S U R V E Y
N a b iM o ha m m a d ,
A n o m a d a rs h i B a ru a an d M u h a m
A S m a r t P r e p ld E e r g y
a d A b d u lla h A ra fa t o n
'
M e te r in g S y s te mto C o n tr o E l
e c tr c y T h e ft an d h i
s p a p e r p ro p o s e d t a t p o w e r u tilitie s in diTe re nt
h -
c o u n tr ie s c s p c c ia ly in th c d e v c o p in g o n e s a re in c u rr in g h u g e o s s e s d u c to e le c tr ic ity th e R T h is p a p e r
p p
r o o s e s p p
r e a id e n e r gy m e t e r in g ys s te m to c o n tro l e e c t r ic ity th e ft In th is s y s te m a s m a r t e n e r g y n e te r is
in s ta le d i i
n e v e ry c o n s u m e r u n t a n d i i
a s e r v e r s m a n ta n e i d a t t e s e rv ic e p r o v id e r s id e
h B o th th e m e te r a n d
th e s e rv e r a re e q u ip p e d w ith G S M m o d u le w h ic h fa c i
ita te s b id ir e c tio n a lc o m m u n ic a tio n b e tw th e tw o
e e
en ds u s in g th e e x is tn g G S M in fr a s tru c tu r e
A m e E
le r b r o c k A hm a d A bd e l M
bo h e n o n D es j
a e ed
gn a n d B u ld
An d S te fa n T
g o f a C h e a p e n
"
S m a r t M e te r a n d th i "
s p a p e r p ro p o s e a c h t
ea p sm a r m e e r wt h ic h is d i
es g n e d n o t o n y to m e a s u r e th e
l
c u s to e r s p o w e r c o n s u m p t io n a n d g e n e r a tio n b u t a s o to e n a b le a n d s u p p o r t th e n e w o p e ra tio n a n d
c o n t ro l fu n c tio n s in th e d is tr ib u t io n n e tw o r k s It is b a s e d o n o p e n s o u r c e h a r d w a r e (A rd u in o a n d A rd u in o
Eth ernet B o a r d ) a n d o il e rs a p lu r a lity o f c o m m u n ic a tio n p o s s ib ilitie s Iik e U S B Ethernet Z ig B e e o r
B lu e to o th T he sm aFt m e te r u se s an A D E 7753 as c o n v e r te r a n d sav e s o n ly th e m o s t im p o r ta n t ? ta
(v o lt a g e c u rr e n t Fr e q u e n c y .
Ac tiv e a n d r e a c t iv e e n e r g y ) o n a S a r d s o th a t a lfu r t h e r c a lc u
a tio n s c a n
b e p e r fo rm e d b y a n external c e n tr a l s y s te m
M y u r S 1 l ia c k e r S a n ja y R Y a d a v o n D o m e s t ic E n c r w M e te r lt e r fa c in g U s in g A O pe n
-
a v r
im p a c in g th e b e h a v io r h a b its o f in d iv id u a in th e ir h o u s e h o ld s T o s o lv e th is s c e n a r io it re q ire s th a t
u
M d M e jb a u H a qu e M d K a m a lH o s sa in ,
M d M o rn
z a A
i M d R a fiq u l ls
a m S h e ik h o n
"
M lc r o co n tr o l
e r B a s e d S In g le P h a s e D
g ta P r e p *
d E n e\ M e te r fo r m p r o v e d M e te r
n g a n d
BlM n g S y s te m d th is p a p e r p r o p o s e a s in g le p h i ie d ig ta p re p a id e n e r g y Te le r b a s e d o n tw o
-
a n
mic r o c o n tr o l
c rs d a s in g le p h a s e e n e r g y m o le r
a n c T h is d ig ita l p re p a id e n e r g y m c le r d o c s n o t h a v e a n y
i
r o ta t n g p a r ts T h i i
c c n a "g y c o n s u m p t o n s c c u a tc d u s in g th c o u tp u t p u ls e s o r th c e n e r g y m e te r c h ip a n d
t l
th e internal o u n t e r o f m ic r o c o n tr o lle r (A T m e g a 3 2 ) A m ic ro c o n tr o lle r (A T in y 13 ) is u s e d a s a s m a r t c a n i
an d th e nu m b e rs o f u n its re c h a r g e d b y th e c o n s u m e rs a re w r itte n in it
S te p h e n M L a u g h lin D m itr y P o d k u ik o A n d P a t c k M c D a n ie
c on E n e r gy T h e ft n t e A d v n c e d
"
M t c r in g a n d th is p a p e r p ro p o s e d th a t a d v e r s a r y m e a n s o d e fr a u d in g th e e l e c c a g r id
n
r a s tr u c tu r e
b y m in ip u a tin g A M I s y s te m s W e d o c u m e n t th e m e th o d s a d v e r s a e s w i l u s e to a t m p t to m a n ip u la te
e n e r g y u s a g e ? t a n d v a id a te th e v ia b ility o f th e s e a tta c k s b y p e r fo m r in g p e n e tr a tio n te s tin g o n
co m o d ity d e v ic e s
N a g a ra ju K o m m u ,
Pa m m iN a ga m an i M a n o j K o lla m o n
"
D e s ig n in g o fa n A u to m a te d P o w e r M e te r
R e i d in g w it
Z ig b e e C o m m u n ic a tio n
'
a n d th is p a p e r p r o p o s e d a d e s ig n a n d im p le m e n ta tio n o f
A u to m a t ic P o w e r M e te r (A P M ) T h e A P M is im p le m e n t e d u s in g a n A R M a n d Z ig b e e B a s e d p o w e r m e te r
C o m m n
ic a tio n M o du e T h e d e s ig n p re s e n ts a n e w m e th o d o lo g y fo r a v o id in g th e h ig h c o n s tr u c tio n a i
d
m a in te n a n c e c o s ts in th e e x is tin g m e te r re a d in g te c hn o
o g y U s in g a lA PM w ith n e tw o r k te c hn o lo g ie s h a s
bec o m e a tr e n d to da y
Scanned by CamScanner
2 2 W O R K IN G
co u p le r M C T 2 E (IC 4 ) a n d a n L C D d is p la y n th is a d e 7 7 5 7 g iv e W o r k in g is e x p la in e d w ith e x p lu
a tio n o f
w o rk in g o fe a c h IC u se d in p ro je c t
IC A D E 7 7 5 7 It is a o w c o s t s in g le c h ip so lu tio n fo r e e c tr ic a l e n
e rg y m e a s u re m en t In o pe ra tio n th e
c h ip in te r fa ce s w ith a s h u n t r e s is to r (u s e d a s th e c u r r e n t s e n s o r ) a n d A C a n a lo gu e v o lta g e s e n s in g th e
in p u ts a n d o u tp u tt in g th e c o n su m e d po w e r as e x p la n e d b e lo w It h a s tw o a n a lo g u e
npu t c ha n n e
s
d e s ig n a te d a s V a n d V 2 r e s p e c t iv e ly C h a n n e l V (a
so c a l e d c u rr e n t c han n e ) is u se d fo r c u rr e n t
s e n s in g a n d c h an n e l V 2 (a ls o c a lle d '
v o lta g e c ha n n e ) is s e d fo r v o lta g e s e n s in g T h e d iffe re n tia lo u tp u t
fr o m th e c u rr e n t s e n s in g i
r e s s to r is c o n n e c te d be tw e e n V IP a n d V IN in p u ts w h ils t th e d iffe r e n tia l o u tp u t
V 2P a n d V 2N C A D E 7 7 57 ha s a r e fe r e n c e c ir c u it a n d a x e d D S P fu n c tio n fo r c a lc u la tio n o f th e re a l
po w er A h ig hly s ta b le o sc illa to r in te g r a te d in to th e ch ip p ro v id e s th e n e c e s s a r y c lo c k fo r th e c h ip
It su p p lie s th e a v e ra ge re a po w e r in fo rm a tio n o n th e F 1 a n d F2
o w fr e q u e n c y o u tp u t s T he m e te r is
d e s ig n e d fo r 10 0 p u ls e s /k w h an d th e pu
se s c an be c o u n te d by an y c o u n te r fo r p o w er c o n su m p tio n
c a lc u la o n H e re m ic ro c on tr o 1
e r A T 8 9 C 5 2 is u se d fo r c o u n t in g th e p u ls e s A D E 77 5 7 pro v id e s a h ig h
S l an d S O p in s T h is h ig h fr e q u e n c y o u tp u t p ro v id e s in s ta n ta n e n u s re a lpo w er in fo rm a t io n w h ic h is u se d
the po w e r su p p ly r JC A D E 7 7 5 7 is d e v e d d ire c t
y fr o m m a in s u s in g th e ca p a c ito r d iv id e r n e tw o r k
co m p r is in g C 13 an d C 14 M o st o f th e v o lta g e is d r o p p e d a c ro s s C 3 (0 4 7 p F p o ly e s te r ca p a c ito r ra te d fo r
30 V ) w h i s t re s is to r R l (4 7 0 o hm w ) is u se d a s th e c
rre n t lim ite r
th e o u tp u t a c r o s s C 14 is
im ite d to }5 V D C w h ic h s e rv e s a s an in p u t to re gu
a to r IC 5 T h e re gu
a te d S V
is fe d to c l T h e F 1 o u tp u t o f IC is c o u p le d to p o r t p in P 3 2 o f m ic r o co n tr o lle r IC 2 v ia o p to c o u p le r IC 4
h ils t 1 E D 1 in d ic a te s th a t 1C 1 is w o r kin g
Scanned by CamScanner
A T 8 9 C 52 It is a lo w po w e r, M g h p e r fo rm anc e C M O S 8 b it m ic r o c o n tr o l
e r IC 2 ta k e s th e n e te r re a d in g
th r o u g h is p in 12 a n d s to re s it in E E P R O M
c 3 , a n d a t th e sa m e tim e d is p la y s it o n th e LC D w h ic h
r e q u ir e s a d d it io n a l 5V re gu
a te d an d is o la te d su p p ly to a v o id e x te n s io n o f
iv e m a in s to th e c o u n te r
s e c tio n
A c o n v e n tio n a l 5V re gu
a to r c ir c u it in c o r p o ra tin g a b r id g e re c tife r (B R ) sm o o th in g ca p a c ito r (C 2 0 ) a n d
P in s 2 th ro u gh 2 8 o f m ic r o c o n tro l
e r 1C 2 a re c o n n e c te d to th e LC D ? ta p in s D O th r o u gh D 7
re s p e c t iv e
y p in s 15 ,
6 a n d 17 o f IC 2 a re c o n n e c te d w ith th e c o n tr o l p in s R S R /W an d E N o f LC D ,
is u se d fo r m a n t
a r e szt A 12 M H z c ry s ta la
o n g w ith M o 2 2p F c a p a c it o rs p ro v id e b a s ic c lo c k fr e q u e n c y
to t h e m ic m c o n tr o l
e r P re s e t V R 2 is c o n n e c te d w it h p in 3 o f L C D fo r c o n tm s tc o n tr o l
A T 24C 02 Il is an 12 C b ts co m p a tib le 2 k i
o b it E E P R O M o rg a n is e d a s 2 56 8 b its th a t c a n re ta in d a ta fo r
m o re th a n le n y e a rs T o o b v ia te th e lo ss o f la te s t se ttin g in th e c ase o f po w e r fa i
u re ,
e m ic ro c o n tro lle r
c a n s to r e a l? ta o f u s e r in th e E E P R O M T he m em o ry e n s u r e s th a t th e m ic ro c o n tr o
le r
w i
l r e a d t h e la s t sa v e d a fr o
da m EEPR O M w he n po w e r re s u m es
U s in g SC L an d S D A lin es o f EEPR O M ,
th e m ic r o c o n tr o
le r c an r e :a idlw r ite e ? ta fr o m /to A T 2 4 C 0 2
m e m o ry SC L an d S D A in es o f 10 3 a re in t e r fa ce d to p in IO a n d II o f m ic ro c o n t ro l
e r 1C 2 Re s p e c t iv e ly
Scanned by CamScanner
A T C 5 2 It is a lo w po w er H ig h p e r fo rm a n c e C M O S 8 b it m ic ro c o n tr o l
e r IC 2 ta k e s th e m e te r r e a d in g
th r o u g h its p in 2 an d s to r e s it in E E P R O M
c 3 ,
an d a t th e s a m e tim e d is p la y s it o n th e L C D ,
w h ic h
re q u ire s a d d itio n a 5 V re g u la te d an d is o la te d su pp
y to av o id ex te n s io n o f liv e m a in s to th e c o u n te r
se c tio n
A c o n v e n t io n a l 5 V re gu
a to r c irc u it in c o rp o ra t in g a b r id g e re c tifie r (B R ) ,
sm o o th in g c a p a c ito r (C 2 0 ) a n d
re g u la to r IC 7 8 0 5 (16 6 ) h a s b e e n u se d fo r th c p u rp o se o f a d d itio n a l po w e r su p p ly
P in s 2 1 th r o u gh 2 8 o f m ic ro c o n tr o lle r 1C 2 a re c o n n e c te d to th e LC D ? ta p in s D O th r o u g h D 7
re s p e c tiv e ly p in s 15 ,
16 an d 17 o f 1C 2 a re c o n n ec te d w ith th e c o n tr o p in s R S R i 'W a n d EN o f C D
re s p e c tiv e ly P o w er on re se t is p ro v id e d b y th e co m b in a tio n o f r e s is to r R
4 an d c a pa c it o r C 6 S w itc h 5 1
to th e m ic r o c o n tr o
e r P re se t V R 2 is c o n n e c te d w ith p in 3 o f L C D fo r c o n tr a s tc o n tro l
A n 4C 02 t is
an 12 C b u s co m p a lib
e 2 k ilo b it E E P R O M o rg a n is e d as 2 56 8 b its th a t c a n r e ta in ? ta fo r
m o re th a n te n ye a rs T o o b v ia te th e lo s s o f la te st se ttin g in th e c ase o f po w e r fa i
u re Th e m ic r o c o n tr u lle r
c a l s to r e a ll ? ta o f ls e r in th e E E P R O M T he m em o ry e n s u r e s th a t th e m ic r o c o n tro lle r
w ill r e a d th e la s t s a v e d d a ta fr o m EEPR O M w he n po w e r re s u m es
U s in g S C L a n d SD A
in e s o f E E PR O M ,
th e m ic ro c o n tr o lle r c an re a d /w r ite th e d a ta fr o m lto A T 2 4 C 0 2
m e m o ry SC L a n d S D A lin e s o f 16 3 a re in tc r fa c e d to p in IO a n d I I o f m ic r o c o n tr o lle r 10 2 ,
re s p c c tiv c
y
Scanned by CamScanner
A T 89 C 5 2 It is a
o w po w e r, h ig h p e r fo rm a n c e C M O S 8 b it m ic ro c o n tro l
e r C 2 ta k e s th e m e te r re a d in g
th r o u g h is p in 2 a n d s to re s it in E E P R O M IC 3 ,
a n d a t th e sa m e im e d is p
B y s it o n th e LC D ,
w h ic h
re q u ir e s a d d itio n a l 5V re gu
a te d an d is o la te d su p p ly to a v o id e x te n s io n o f liv e m a in s to e c o u n te r
s e c tio n
re g u la to r
c 7 8 0 5 (
C 6 ) h a s be e n u se d fo r th e p u r p o s e o f a d d itio n a l po w e r su p p ly
P in s 2 1 th ro u gh 2 8 o f m ic r o c o n tr o
le r IC 2 a re c o n n e c te d to th e L C D d a ta p in s D O th r o u gh D 7
e s pe c tiv e ly p is 15 ,
16 an d 7 o f 16 2 a re c o n n ec te d w ith e co n tr o l p in s R S ,
R IW a n d EN o f LC D ,
re s p e c t iv e
y Po w e r o n re s e t is p ro v id e d b y th e co m b in a tio n o f r e s is to r R 14 a n d c a pa c ito r C 16 S w itc h S I
is u se d fo r m a n ua l re se t A 12 M H z c r y s ta a
o n w ith tw o 2 2 p F c a p a c ito rs p r o v id e b a s ic c lo c k fr e q u e n c y
A T2 4C 02 1 t is an 12 C b c o m p a tib
e 2 k ilo b it E E P R O M o rg a n is e d a s 2 56 8 b its th a t c a n r e ta in d a ta h r
m o re th a n te n y e a rs T o o b v ia te th e lo ss o f la te s t se ttin g in th e c a s e o f po w e r fa i
w .
Th e m ic m co n tm o lle r
s to r e a
ca ll ? ta o f u s e r in th e E E P R O M T he m em o ry e n s u re s th a t th e m ic m c o n tr o
le r
w ilr e a d th e
a s t sa v e d ? a fr o m EEPR O M w hen po w e r re s u m es
U s in g SC L a n d SD A lin es o f EEPR O M ,
th e m ic r o c o n tr o lle r c a r e a d lw r ite th e d a ta fr o m /to A T 2 4 C 0 2
m e m o ry SC L an d S D A lin e s o f IC 3 a re in te r fa c e d to p in IO a n d II o f m ic ro c o n tro l
e r IC 2 . R e s p e c tiv e ly
Scanned by CamScanner
A P T E
m nf co m wm m
Sem k o n d u c to n
a ) IC A D E 7 7 5 7 e n e r gy m e te r in g IC
b ) 10 2 A T 89 C 52 m ic r o c o n tro l
e r
c ) IC 3 A T 2 4 C 0 2 E E P R O M
d ) IC 4 M C T 2 E o p t? o u p le r
e ) IC 5 IC 6 7 8 0 5 5 V re g u
a to r
1) T B C 54 7 n p n tr a n s is to r
g ) D 1 1N 4 0 0 7 re c tifie r d io d e
h) L E D L E D 2 5m m LED
i) LC D 1 1 2 LC D
j) B r id g e r e c t ifie r m o d u le A
BR I
k ) Z D I5 V IW z e n e r d io d e
R e s is t o r s (a ll /4 w a tt, 1 5% c a r bo n . u n le s s s ta te d
o th e r w is e )
a ) R I R 3 R 7 R 8 4 9 9 -o h m
, .
b) R 2 6 2 k i
o o hm 4
c ) R 4 kilo o hm
d) R 5 R 6 R 9
,
680 o hm
e) R 9 3 50 m ic ro o hm s hu n t
1) R O 1 m e g a n h m
g) R 4 7 0 - o h m IW
h ) R 2 R 16 10 k ilo o hm
i) R 7 10 0 - o h m
j) R 18 4 7 0 -o h m
k) V R I 5 0 0 k ilm h m p r e se t
) V R2 1 0 k ilo -o h m p re s e t
c a pa c
to n
a) C ] C 6 C
6,
tO p F
V e le c tro ly tic
b ) C 2 C 3 C 7 C IO ,
c ) C 17 C 2 1 0 p F c e ra m ic d is k
d ) C 4 C 5 C 1 C 12 0 068pF c e ra m ic d is k
e ) C I3 0 4 7tF 6 3 0 V p o ly e s te r
1) C 4 4 70
F 35 V e c c tro ly tic
g ) C 5 0 0 p F c e ra m ic d is k
h ) C 8 C 19 2 2 p F c e ra m ic d is k
i) C 2 0 10 0 0 }F 2 5 V e e c tr o
, y tic
M ic e
t= n eo u s
a ) X l 2 3 0 V A C p m a r y to 9 V
b ) 5 0 0 m A s e c o n d a r y tr a n s fo rm e r
c ) X T A L 12 M H z c r y s ta lo sc i
a to r
Scanned by CamScanner
d) M O V 14 0 J m e ta l o x id e v a r is to r
e) ( I4 m m 2 7 5V )
f) L I L 2
,
fe r r ite b e a d
g ) L 3 L 4 3 5m m x 9m m ax ia l filte r
,
h ) c h o k e (b e a d c o re )
i) S l T a c tile s w itc h
j) C O N 1 C O N 2 2 p in S m m te rm in a l c o n n ec to r
k) C O N 3 2 p in c o m e c to r
10
Scanned by CamScanner
:f 9 *
# :
4 A D E 7 7 5 7
7g 4 B
o c k d
a gra m o f A D E 77 5 7
11
Scanned by CamScanner
, . N H c r ip Uo
T h e A D E 7 7 5 7 is a h ig h a c c u ra c y e le c tr ic a e n e r g y m e a s u re m en t IC It is a p in r e d u c tio n v e r s io n o f th e
A D E 7755 w ith an en ha n c e m e n t o f a p r e c is e o sc i
]a to r c irc u it th a t s e r v e s a s a c lo c k s o u r c e to th e c h ip T h e
A D E 7757 e im in a
te s t h e c o s t o f a n external c r y s ta lo r r e s o n a to r , th m re d u c in g th e o v e ra ll c o st o fa m e te r
T he c h ip d ir e c t
y in t e r fa c es w ith th e s hu n t re s is to r a n d o pe ra te s o n ly w ith ac in p u t T h e A D E 7 7 5 7
sp e c ifc a t io ns s u rp a s s th e a c c u ra c y re q u ir e m e n ts as qu o te d in th e IE C 6 0 3 6 s ta n da r d T he A N 6 79
r e fe r e n c e d e s ig n T h e o n ly an a lo g c ir c u itr y u s e d in th e A D E 7 7 5 7 is in th e A D C s a n d re fe re n c e c ir c u it A ll
o th e r s ig n a p r o c e s s in g (e g M u ltip
ic a tio n a n d flte r in g ) is c a r r ie d o u t in th e d ig ita l d o m a in
T h is a p p ro ac h p ro v id e s su p e r io r s ta b ility a n d a c c u ra c y o v e r t im e an d e x
re m e e n v iro n m e n ta c o n d it io n s
fr e t
u e n c y C F lo g ic o u tp u t id e a l fo r c a lib r a tio n p u rp o se s , p ro v id e s in s
a n ta n eo m re a lpo w e r in fo n a tio n
u de
T h e A D E 7 7 5 7 in c s a po w e r su p p ly m o n ito r in g c ir c u it o n th e V D D su p p ly p in T he A D E 7 7 5 7 w jjj
n a in
re in a c iv e u n tith e s u pp
y v o
ta g e o n V D D re a c he s a p p ro x im a te ly 4 V If th e su pp
y fa l
s be
o w 4 V .
th e A D E 7 7 5 7 w i
la
so re m a in in a c t iv e a n d th e F l F 2 , ,
a n d C F o u tp u ts w i
b e in th e ir n o n ac tiv e m o de s
th e H P F in th e c u r re n t c ha n n e l e lim in a te s d c o ft s e ts A n internal n o
o a d th r e s h o
d e n s u re s th a t th e
A D E 77 57 dae s n o t ex h ib it c re e p w he n n o lo a d is p r e s e n t
Scanned by CamScanner
V dd Po w e r S u pp
y T h is p in p ro v id e s th e s u p p
y v o lta g e fo r th c c irc u itr y in th c
A D E 7757 T hc su pp
y v o lta g e s ho u ld b e m a in ta in e d a t 5 V 5% fo r sp c c ilic d
o w a t io n T h is p in s ho u
d be de co u p le d w ith a IO p F c a p a c ito r in p a ra l
ew ith
a c e ra m ic 0 0 n F c apa c ito r
2 3 V 2P V 2N
,
A n a lo n p u ts fo
g r C h a n n e l V 2 (v o lta g e c h a n n e l) T h e s e in p u ts p ro v id e a fu
ly
pe rm a n e n t da m a ge
4 5 ,
V IN V IP .
A n a lo g In p u ts fo r C ha n ne l V (c u r re n t c han ne
) T he se in p u ts a re fu lly
re s p e c t to th e V IN p in fo r s p e c ife d o p e r a tio n B o th in p u ts h a v e
be s u s ta in e d o n lh e s in p u ts w ith o u t r is k o f p e rm an e n t dam a ge
6 A G N D T h is p r o v id e s th e g ro u n d re fe r e n c e fo r th e a n a lo g c irc u itr y in th e A D E 77 5 7 ,
ie ,
A D C s a n d r e fe re n c e
T h is p in s ho u ld b e tie d to th e a n a
o g g ro u n d p la n e o f th e P C B T he a n a lo g
gr- u n d p la n e is th e g r o u n d r e fe r e n c e fo r a la n a lo g c ir c u itr y ,
e g an tia lia s in g
filte rs c u rr e n t an d v o lta g e s e n s o rs ,
a n d so fo r th Fo r a c c u ra te n o is e
su p p r e s s io n Th e a n a lo g g ro u n d p
an e s ho u ld b e c o n n e c te d to th e d ig ita
g ro un d p
an e a t o n ly o n e p o in t A s tm gro u n d co n fi\ tio n w ilh e lp to k e e p
7 R E F (in /o u t ) T h is p in p ro v id e s a c ce ss to th e o n c h ip v o lta g e r e fe r e n c e T he o n h ip
re fe re n c e has a no m in a v a lu e o f2 5 V an d a ty p ic a l te m p e r a tu re c o e ffic ie n t
o f 2 0 p p m /o c A n external re fe r e n c e s o u r c e r
ra y a ls o be c o n n e c te d a t th is p m
In e ith e r ca se ,
this p in s h o u ld b e d e c o u p
e d to A G N D w ith a 1 p F ta n ta lu m
ca p a c ito r iu rd a
00 n F c e ra m ic ca p a c ito r T h e in te m a r e fe r e n c e ca n n o t be
u se d to ? iv e a n external o a d
m x y c " 13
x == - i, t h
Scanned by CamScanner
T he ra tio o f th e v o
ta g e a p p lie d a c ro s s a re s is to r s te r m in a
s to th e in te n s ity o f c u rr e n t in th e c ir c u it is
c a
lc d its re s is ta n c e ,
a n d th is can be assu m e d to b e a c o n s ta n (in depe n de n t o f th e v o lta g e ) fo r o rd in a r y
r e s is to r s w o r k in g w ith in th e ir r a tin gs
4 4 m R R T E C O R E
It is a ty p e o f m a g n e tic c o re m a de o f fe r r ite o n w h ic h th e w in d in g s o f e le c tr ic tr a n s fo n n e r s a n d o th e r
w o u n d c o m po n en ts su c h as in d u c to r s a ie fo rm e d It is u se d fo r its p r o p e r t ie s o f h ig h m a g n e tic
th e ir c o m pa r a tiv e ly lo w lo ss e s a t h ig h fre q u e n c ie s ,
th e y a re e x te n s iv e ly u se d in th e c o re s
s t ic k a n te n n a s fo r A M ra d io r e c e iv e rs
tra n s fo r m e rs a re o f sm a ls iz e an d h ig h e r fre q u e n c ie s p o w , e r tr a n s fo r m e rs a re o f la r g e s iz e a n d lo w er
fre q u e n c ie s C o re s c a n a ls o be c la s s ifie d b y s h a p e : th e r e a r e to r o id a l c o re s s he
lco re s c y
in d r ic a l c o r e s.
an d so o n
T h c fe r r ite c o re s u s e d fo r po w e r tr a n s fo r m e r s w o r k in th e lo w fr e q u e n c y ra n ge ( I Io 2 0 0 kH z usua
ly ) a n d
a re fa ir ly la r g e in s iz e , ca n bc o r o id a l
,
she ll ,
o r C s ha p e , a n d a re u se fu l in a ll k in d s o f
c o re s
Scanned by CamScanner
4 3 0 P T O IS O L A T O R M C T 2 E I
P h o to co n p
e r o r o p tic = is o la to r Is a c o m p o n e n t th a t tm s fe rs e le c tr ic a
s ig a ls b e tw ee n tw o is o la te d
C o m m e r c ia lly av a ila b
e o p to is o la to rs w ith s ta n d in p u t to - o u tp u t v o
ta g e s u p to 10 k v an d v o lta g e
tr a n s ie n ts w ith s p e e d s u p to 1 0 k v lp s
A co m m o n ty p e o f o p to is o la to F c o n s is ts o f a n LED a n d a p h o to u an s is to r in th e sam e o p a qu e pa c ka g e
O th e r ty p e s o f s o u rc e s e n s o r co m b in a tio n s in c lu d e LEphotodiode IE L A S C R ,
an d ]a m p p h o to
re s is to r p a ir s U sua l
y o p to is o la to r s tr a n s fe r d ig ita (o n o fl) s ig n a ls B u t s o
. m e te c h n iq u e s a llo w th e m to be
u se d w ith ann
o g s ig n a ls
Scanned by CamScanner
1. F . lu . O rM E
G a
iu m A r se n id e D io d e
n fra r e d S o u rc e
O p tic a
ly C o u p
e d to a S ilic o n n pn
P h o to tr a n s is to r
H ig h D ir e c t C u rre n t T r a n s fe r R a tio
B a se L ea d P ro v id e d fo r C o n v e n tio n a
T r a n s is to r B ia s in g
H ig h V o lm e c tr ic a l Is o la tio
ge E n
1 5 kv o r 3 5 5 k v R a tin g
P
a s tic D u a l In In e P a c k a g e
H ig h S p e e d S w itc h in g
tr -
5 s tf 5 s T y p ic a l
D es ig n e d to b e In te rc ha n g e ab
e w ith
G e n e ra l In s
ru m e n ts M C T 2E
a bso
u te m a x im u m ra tin gs a t25 C fr e e a ir te m p e ra ttr e (u n
e ss o th e r w is e n o te d )
E m itte r co ll to r v o lta g e 7 V
n p u t4 io d c p e a k fo
rw a r d c u n c n t (tw 1 n P R F 0 0 300 H z ) 3 A
C o n tin u o u s po w w d s s ip a tio n a t (o r be
o w )2 5 C fr e e a ir te m p e ra h u e
T o ta l
, infiaiedmitting d io d e p lu s p h o to m n s is to r (s e e N o te 3 ) 2 50 m w
21
Scanned by CamScanner
iO
)
40
30
20
10
0 2 4 e 8 10 12 14 18 18 20
VcE - C o e c t o r V o
- V
IN O T E A P u ls e
p e ra tio n o l in p u d io d e is re q u ire d
o io
o r o p e ra n
m i s show n d o 11e d n e s
F ig G r p h o f M C RZ E
22
Scanned by CamScanner
23
Scanned by CamScanner
4 6 V A R IS T O R
po r tt
a n te a u o f v a r ia b le r e s is to r V a r is to rs a re o fte n u se d to p ro te c t c ir c u its a g a in s t e x c e s s iv e
tr a n s ie n tv o
ta g e s b y in c o rp o r a tin g th e m in to th e c ir c u it in su c h a w a y th a i w he n g g er e d Th e y w ill s h u n t
th e c u r r e n t c r e a te d b y th e M g h v o
ta g e a w a y fr o m s e n s itiv e
A v a r is to r is a ls o kn o as v o g e de p e n d e n t e s is to r (V D R ) A v a r is to r s fu n c tio n is du c t
'
w n ta to co n
s ig n ific a n t
y i n e c u rr e n t w he n v o lta g e is e x c e s s iv e
O n
y n o n o h m ic v a a b le r e s is to r s a le u su a lly c a lle d v a s to r s O th e r , o h m ic ty p e s o f v ar a i b le re s is to r
in c lu d e th e p o tm tio m e t e r a n d th e r h e o s ta t
T he re s p o n s e tim e o f th e M O V is
a rg e
y a m b ig u o u s, as n o s ta n d a rd h a s n o ffic ia lly d e fin e d T h e su b
n a n o se c o n d M O V re s po n se c
a im is b a s e d o n th e m a t e r ia l s in
'
tr in s ic r e s p o n s e tim e Bu t w i
l be s to w e d
do w n by o th e r fa c to rs s u c h ? th e in d u c ta n ce o fco m po n e n t le a ds an d th e m o u n tin g m e th o d T h a t re sp o n s e
tim e is a
so q u a lifie d as in s ig n ific a n t w he n co m p a r e d to a tra n s ie n t h a v in g an 8 p s r is e tim e ,
th e re by
a llo w in g a n p
e tim e fo r th e d e v ic e to ly
s o w tu m on W he
su b je c te d to a v e ry fa s t, < l n s r is e tim e
i m t ,
re s po n se tim e s fo r th e M O V a re in th e 4 0 - 6 0 n s ra n ge
g 3 M e ta O x id e V a r ia t o r
T y p ic a l c a p a c ita n ce fo r c o ns um e r s iz e d (7 2 0 m m d ia m e te r ) v a s to rs a r e in th e ra g e o f 10 0 1 0 0 0 p F ,
Sm a l
e r Io w e r a p a c ita n ce v a r is to r s a re a v a ila b le w ith c a p a c ita n ce o f p F fo r m ic r o e le c tr o n ic
p ro t tio n ,
su c h as in ce llu
a r pho n es T h e s e lo w ca p a c ita n c e v a r is to rs a r e ,
ho w e v e r . u
a b
e to w ith s ta n d
Z +
Scanned by CamScanner
la r g e s u rg e c u rr e n ts s im p ly d u e to th e ir c o m pa c t P C B m o u n t s iz e M O V s a re spe c ifie d ac c o r d in g to th e
v o
m ge ra n g e th a t th e y can to le ra te w ith o u t dam a ge
4 7 T R IM M E R O R P R E S E T
.
It is a m in ia tu re j
a d u s ta b le e le c tr ic a l c o m po n en t l is m e a n t to be s e t c o r re c tly w h e n in s ta lle d in so m e
d e v ic e A n d nev er se e n o r j
a d u s te d by th e d e v ic e '
s u se r T m m e rs c an be v ar a i b
e r e s is to r s
u se d to in itia
y ca lib ra te e o u ip m e n t a fte f m a n u fa c tu r in g U n lik e m an y o th e r v a r ia b le c o n tr o ls Tr im m e rs
a re m o u n te d d ir e c t
y on c ir c u it b o a rd s ,
tu rned w ith a sm a
l sc re w d riv e r a d ra te d fo r m a n y fe w er
a d ju s tm e n ts o v e r th e ir ife tim
e T r im m e rs lik e tr im m a b le in d u c to rs a n d tr im m a M e ca p a c ito rs a r e u su a l
y
fo u n d in s u p e r h e t ra d io an d te le v is io n re c e iv e rs ,
in th e n te rm e d ia te fr e q u en c y o sc i
ia to r a id R F c ir c u its
T r im m e rs c o m e in a v a r ie ty o f s iz e s a n d
e v e ls o f p r e c is io n For ex a m p
e M u lti
u m
m p o te n tio m e te r s
ex is t In w h ic h it e s s e v e ra tu r n s o f th e a d ju s tm e n t s c r e w to r e a c h th e e n d v a u el T h is a
lo w s fo r v e ry
Scanned by CamScanner
4 8 H LT ER C H O
. E
It is an in d u c to r u s e d to b lo c k h ig h e r fr e q u e nc y alternating u r r e n t (A C ) in a n e le c tr ic a c ir c u it ,
w h i
e
d g n e t ic a
lh o u gh s o m e c o n s is t o f a do ha p e d be a d " f fe r r ite m a te r ia s tr u n g
"
w o u n o n a m a c o re ,
n u t s o o n a
w ir e T h e c h o ke '
s im p e d a n ce in c re a s e s w ith fr e q u en c y Tts
o w e
e c tr ic a l r e s is ta n c e a
lo w s b o th A C a n d
D C to p a s s w ith litt
e po w e r lo s s b u t it c a n lim it th e
,
a m o u nt o f A C p a s s in g th r o u g h it d u e to its r e a c ta n c e
g 15 F
F ite r C h o ke
T he na m e c o m es fr o m b
o c k in g
-
c h o k in g "
h ig h fr e q u e n c ie s w h i
e p a s s in g
o w fr e q u e n c ie s It is a
fu n c tio n a l n a m e ; th e nam e
-
c ho ke "
is u se d if an in d u c to r is u se d fo r b
o c k in g o r d e c o u p lin g h ig h e r
fre q u e n c ie s B u t is ju s t c a l
ed a n
in d u c to r if u se d in e le c tro n ic filte r s o r tu n e d c ir c u its In d u c lo rs
4 9 Z E N E R D O D E
It is a d io d e w h ic h a llo w s c u r re n t to f
o w in th e fo rw a r d d ir e c tio n in th e s a n e m a n n e r a s a id e a l d io d e .
26
Scanned by CamScanner
th e b re a k d o w n v o lta g e ,
"
Z e n e r kn e e v o lta g e "
,
"
Z e ne r vo lta g e "
.
"
l
Av a a n c he p o in t
"
o r
"
p e a k in v e rs e
v o lm g c "
T h e d e v ic e w as n am ed a fte r C la re n ce Z e n er ,
w h o d is c o v e re d th is e e tr ic a
e p ro p e r ty S y s p e a k in g
r ic t ,
a
Z ener d io d e is o ne in w h ic h th c re v e rs e b re a kd o w n is d u e to e le c tr o n qu a n tu m tu n n e
in g u n d e r h ig h
e le c tr ic fie ld g th th c Z c n e r e fr e c t H y d io d e s d e s c r ib e d Z d io d e s ly in s te a d
" "
s tr e n o w e v e r, m a n a s c n e r re
o n av a
an c h e b re a k d o w n as th e m ec h a n is m B o th ty p e s a re u se d w ith th e Z e n er e fle c t p re d o m in a tin g
u n de r 5 6 V a n d a v a la n c h e b r e a kd o w n a bo v e C o m m o n a p p lic a tio ns in c
u d e p ro v id in g a r e fe r e n c e v o
ta ge
fo r vo lta g e re g u la to n o r to p r o te c t o th e r se m ic o n d u c to r d e v ic e s fr o m m o m e n ta r y v o lta g e p u
se s
Z e n e r D
o d e
F ig 1 6 S y m b o l o fZ en er D io
e
4 10 D
O D E
Il is to a lo w
e c tr ic c tu r e n t to
an e pa ss in o n e d ir e c tio n (c a lle d d io d e '
s fo r w a rd d ire c tio n ) w h i
e b
o c k in g
v e rs io n o f a c he c k v a lv e T h is u n id ir e c tio na l b e h a v io r is ca
e d re c tific a tio n . A n d is u se d to
re c e iv e rs th e s e d io d e s a re fo rm s o f re c tifie rs
D
o d e
F ig 17 S y m b o l o r D io
e
27
Scanned by CamScanner
D io d e s c a n ha v e m o re co m p lic a te d b e h a v io r th a n th is s im p le o m fF a c tio n D u e to th e ir n o n
in e a r c u rre n t
vo lta g e c ha n c te r is tic s
Se m ic o n d u c to r d io d e s b e g in c o n d u c tin g e
ec tr ic iw o n ly ir a c e r ta in th re s h o ld
v o
ta s e o r cu t in v o lta g e is p re s e n t in th e fo r w a rd d ir e c tio n (a s ta te in w h ic h th e d io d e is sa id to
b e fo r w a rd b ia s e d ) T h e vo
ta g e d r o p a c ro s s a fo r w a rd b ia s e d d io d e v a r ie s o n
y B
in
c w ith th c c u r r e n t.
an d is a fu n c t io n o f te m p e r a tu r e th is e f
ec t ca n b e use d a s a te m p e ra tu re s e n s o r o r v o
ta g e re fe re n c e
S e m ic o n d u c to r d io d e s '
c u lT e n t v o
ta g e c h a r a c te r is tic c an be ta ilo re d by v a r y in g th e s e m ic o n d u c to r
d io d e s th a t p e r fo rm m an y d iffe re n t fu n c t io n s Fo r ex a m p le D io d e s a re u se d to re g u la te v o
ta g e (Z e n e r
d io d e s ) To p r o te c t c ir c u its fr o m hig h v o
ta g e s u rg e s (a v a la n c h e d io d e s to e le c tr o n ic a lly tu n e ra d io a n d
T V re c e iv e r s (v a r a c to r d io d e s ) .
To ge n e ra te r a d io fre q u en c y o sc il
a tio n s (tu m e d io d e s G ,
u n n
d io d e s IM P A TT d io d e s )
, ,
an d to p ro d u ce
ig h t (lig h t e m itt in g d io d e s ) T un n e d io d e s ex h ib it n e g a tiv e
re s is ta n c e ,
w h ic h n a k e s th e m u se fu l in so m e ty pes o f c ir c u its
4 1 A T 89 S 5 2
F e a tu r e
C o m p a ibe wi th MC S - ] Pr o d u c t s
8 K By t es of In- y s t em P r og r am m a b l e (ISP ) Fl as h Me mo r y
E n d u r an ce :1 00 0 Wr i te/ Er as e Cy c l es
* 4 0 V to 5 5 V O p e r a tin g R a n ge
* Fu
ly S ta tic O p e r a tio n : O H z to 33 M H z
* T h r e e le ve l P ro g ra m M em o ry L oc k
* 25 6 8 b it In te r a l R A M
* 3 2 P ro g r a m m a e I/0 L in
b es
T h r ee 1 6- i t Ti me r / Co u n t en
* E ig h t In te m p t So u rc e s
F u l l Du p ex UA R T Se a l Ch a r ue ]
2a
Scanned by CamScanner
S
t c
H c a t
o n
lt m l= lt m lE
Vu w lo*rW 1 L 45 02 v cr 03 L V
\ hp*WVOP W XU L1 RS )
,
02 V c c40 ! V . + 05 V
1 H d lv\
h pu (x AL T RsTI
,
o T v cc V ic + o 5 v
k lm l* v o gei"
i po
( b 12J ) lm l v
\ ow cm a m lz 3) V o u v
h , - c im a
V. a,vcc 5V 1 10%
.
I L \ pc
e a R o, n
ren iI
v
. L L
R T 1D
Scanned by CamScanner
P in C o n fig u ra t io n s
P D IP
m )p 1 0 C
m E x )p 1 1 q 30 I p o O (A o o )
P 1 Z C 3 38 1 P 0 1 (A D 1 )
P 1 3 4 37 1 P 0 2 (A D 2
p l 4 0 5 3 11 (A D B )
p o 3
M O tS L) p 1 6 0 e 3 5 1 p 0 4 (A D 4 )
M s o )P 1 E C 7 9 4 1 P o s (A 0 6 )
( )p 1 7 q B 33 1 p o (A
R ST C 0 32 l p o 7 (A o rT
(R ) P 3 o
X c 10 31 rv p p
? X D )P 3 1 C 11 30 l A U =
JM I
(iif f ) p 3 2 0 12 ze l i
iii ) p 3 a c 13 28 I p 2 7 (A 15 )
IT O ) P 3 A C 1 4 27 1 p z e (A 14 )
IT 1 P 3 5 C 1 5 20 1 P Z 5 (A 1 3 }
d ii ) p 3 o q 10 25 1 p 2 4
(A 1 2 )
(R ) P 3 7 C 17 2 4 1 P 2 3 1A 1 1 }
X TA L2 C 18 2 3 1 P 2 2 (A 1 0 )
X TA L 1 19 22 l p z 1 (A e )
0 20 2 1
F ig 19 n n d e s c r ip tio n o f A T 89 s52
31
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
F c it u r e s
Lo w v o lta g e a n d S ta n d a rd v o la g e O p e m tio n
2 7 (V C C = 2 7 V to 5 5 V )
1 8 (V C C = 1 R V to 5 5 V )
In te m l
y O rg a n iz e d 2 5 6 8 (2 K )
T w o w ir e S e a l In te r Ja c e
S c h m itt T g g e r lte re d n p u
s fo r N
,
o ise S u pp re ss io n
a B id ire c tio na D a ta T ra n s fe r P ro to co l
10 0 k H e [8 V ) a n d 4 00 k H z {2 7 V 5 V ) C o m p a tib ili
. y
P a r tia P a g e W te s A l
o w le d
W r ite P ro te c t P in
br H a r d \\ D a ta i
n o te c tio n
f t im
Sc e d W r ite C y c le (5 m s m a x )
H ig h re lia b i
ity
4 13 L C D d
s p lty
g e . 8 8 a a 8 8 99
=
F
g 22 2 L C D d p la !
33
Scanned by CamScanner
F1 x t d o ts w ith c u rso r
[1 B u i
t in c o n u o lle r (K S 0 0 6 6 o r E q u iv a le n t)
fJ + 5 V p o p
w e r s t p
y (A ls o a v a i
a b le fo r + 3V )
n 1/ 16 d u ly c y c le
n U L to bc ? iv e n b y p in I p in 2 . o r p in 5 p in 16
,
o r A K (L E D )
p i= n
e D e sc r
p t io lt
V ss
V dd + 3V o r + 5V
V ee C o n t ra s t a d is tm m
R S H / R e p is
e r S e le c S ip a
R TV H /L R ea d lw ite 5 1= a l
E H to L E a b le S g n a
D O D 7 D ta B n s L in
F ig 23 P in w ith its D t c r ip io
O
F LC D
Scanned by CamScanner
ba
r S
5 1 S o ftw r e
1 K e il p v is io n
2 E a g le 6 5 0
K e ll p rv is io
K e il is a cro ss co m p i
er W e w ill u s e th is p r o g ra m to c o n s tr u c t a C p m g ra m a n d s o u r ce c o de
fo r e n e rg y m e te r a n d it s re c h a rg e u n it
E a e 6 5 0
g
EA G LE ( E a s i
y A pp
ic a b le G ra p h ic a L a y o u t E d ito r ) b y C a d s o ft C o m p u te r is a flexible , ex p an d a b le an d
an d CA M an d BO M to o ls d e v e lo p e d b y C a d s o R C o m p u te r G m bH
SJ P R O C R A M M N C O F ENERC Y M E R
I)F O R E E P R O M
# in c lu de re g 5 1 H
s b it s d a P 34 1
s b it s c l P 3 n o
s b it le d l p o n l
s b it le d P 0 4 3
=
s b it in te r p3n z
# in c lu d e "
lc d h "
# in c lu d e "
i2 c h "
35
Scanned by CamScanner
u n s ig n e d c har a t A 2 ij ; /{ n u m e r ic v a lu e
u ns ig n e d c ha r
6 d i9 7 , d ig 8 , u n it
,
u ns ig n e d lo n g in t c o u n u ea d in g p r e d a ta
v o id i2 c w r ite (m ig n e d c ha r e n d a ta . A dd ,
u n s rg n e d c har en d a ta d a q
//s a v e in E E P R O M
a Ix n d a ta ? t & O O F
a 2x n d a ta ? t & O F O
i c s tr t o
se n d b y te (O A O ) N d e v ic e a dd r e s s
i2 c ac ko
sen d b y te [e n d a ta a d d ); /lw o rd a d d re s s
i2 c c ko
se n d b y te (a I ) //s e n d d a ta
i2 c a c ko
sen d b y te (a 2 ) /fs e n d d a ta
i2 c a c ko
i2 c s tp o
m s d e la y (2 0 )
i2 c ac ko
i2 c re a d {u n s ig n e d c ha r en m ta a dd )
i2 c s tr to
se n d b y te (O A O )
iz c ac ko
se n d b y te (e n ? ta a dd)
i2 c a c ko
36
Scanned by CamScanner
i2 c s tr to
i2 c ac ko
ia d b y te o
i2 c ac ko
j e ad b y te o
i2 c Ac ko
i2 c s 0
i i& O Jt O F
=
u n ip i+ O x 3 0
re h
m u n it
i2 c ac ko
v o id e n te r (v o id ) in te rr u p t O
re a d in g + +
m s de 0)
a y (
co u n t -
re a d in g
te m p -
c o u n t% 0
d ig it 1 =
te m p
i2 c w r ite {O 0 0 D ig it ] )
te m p -
c o u n tl 1 0
te m p - te m p % 10
d ig it2 = te m p
i2 c w r ite (O ] O d ig it2 )
,
te m p -
c o u n tl 1 0
te m p -
te m p i 10
te m p -
te m p % 0
d ig it3 = te m p
i2 c w r ite (O 2 0 d ig it3 )
,
te m p
-
c ou n u l0
te m p
-
te m p i 1 0
Scanned by CamScanner
te m p -
te m p /
0
te m p -
te m p % 10
d ig it4 =
te m p
i2 c w r ite (O 3 0 d ig it4 )
,
te m p -
c o u n t/ 10
te m p -
te m p l 0
te m p -
te m p i 10
te m p -
te / 10
te m p -
te % 10
d ig it5 =
te m p
i2 c w te (O 4 0 d ig it5 )
,
te -
c o u n t/ 1 0
te -
te / 1 0
te m p -
te / 10
te m p -
te m p i o
te m p -
te m p l i0
te m p -
te m p % 10
d ig it6 =
te m p
i2 c w te (O 5 0 ,
d ig it6 )
te m p -
c o u n ll 10
te m p
-
te m p l i0
te m p -
te m p i 10
te m p -
te m p i 10
te m p -
te m p l 10
te m p -
te m p /
0
te m p -
te m p % 10
d ig it7 =
te m p
i2 c w te {O 6 0 d ig it7 )
,
te m p -
c o u n t/ 10
te m p -
te m p /
0
te m p -
te m p /10
te -
te m p /10
38
Scanned by CamScanner
te m p te m p /1 0
te m p te m p i IO
te m p te m p /1 0
d ig it s te m p
iz c w r ite {O 7 0 d ig it8 )
m s? la y (1 0 )
v o id m a in o
{ IE 12 9
T C O N 1
m te r 1
lc d in tio
cm m (O 0 1 )
cm a (O 8 0 )
m ta s tr iE
"
n e rg y M e te r )
m s d e la y (1 0 )
cm m (O C O )
?t a _ s u "
n it o o o o o0 o o " )
m s d e la y ( 10 )
d ig l i2 c re a d (O 0 0 )
m s d e la y (5 )
c m m ( O C F )
d a t(d ig ] )
m sde la y (5 )
d ig 2 i2 c re a d (O 1 0 )
m s d e la y (5 )
c m m ( O C E )
d a t(d ig 2 )
m sde la y (5 )
d ig 3 i2 c re a d (O 2 0 )
39
Scanned by CamScanner
m s d e la y (5 )
c m m (O C 7 )
d a t(d ig 8 )
m s d e la y ( 10 0 )
2 )F O R I2 C
u n s ig n e d c h a r r d IJ w te w te l
u n s ig n e d in t te m p
v o id i2 c ac ko /la c lm o w le d g e c o n d itio n
sc l 1
n o p O
n o p O
sc l o
v o id i2 c s M o /ls ta r t c o n d it io n
s ?
sc l 1
n D p 0 lIN o o p e r a tio n
n o p O
sda O
sc l D
v o id i2 c s tp o /ls to p co n d itio n
42
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
m s d e la y (5 )
c m m (O C 7 )
d a t(d ig 8 )
m s d e la y ( 10 0 )
2 )F O R I2 C
u n s ig n e d c h a r r d IJ w te w te l
u n s ig n e d in t te m p
v o id i2 c ac ko /la c lm o w le d g e c o n d itio n
sc l 1
n o p O
n o p O
sc l o
v o id i2 c s M o /ls ta r t c o n d it io n
s ?
sc l 1
n D p 0 lIN o o p e r a tio n
n o p O
sda O
sc l D
v o id i2 c s tp o /ls to p co n d itio n
42
Scanned by CamScanner
sda o
sc l 1
n o p O
n o p O
sda 1
sc l o
v o id se n d b y te (u n s ig n e d c har v a lu e ) //S e n d b y te i
se r aly
u n s ig n e d in t i
u n s ig n e d c har se n d
sen dv a ue
fo r (i i 8 ;iv )
sd a sen d /1 2 8 // E xH i n gM S B
se n d se n d l '" b illn g [, R
sc 1
n o p o
n o p O
sc l O
u n s ig n e d c h a r re a d b y te o /tR ea d in g fr o m EEPR O M s e r ia
y
Scanned by CamScanner
sc l 1
=
n o p O
n o p O
ifts d a -
1)
rd+ +
s da- o
re tu n //Re t ur n s 8 b it m ta he re
3 )F O R L C D
# d e fu re d a ta p o rt P2
v o id cmm(Unsiged c h a r ite m )
v o id d a q u n s ig n e d c ha r it e m )
v o id d a ta s tn u n s ig n e d c h a r
s
r )
v o id m s d e la y {m ig n e d c har m sw )
v o id tc d in to
s b it r s -
P3^ 5
s b it r w -
P 3A
s b it e n -
P 3n 7
v o id cm m (u r
s ig n e d c h a r ite m ) // F u n c tio to s e n d co m m an d to L C D
d a ta p o rt ite m
m O
44
Scanned by CamScanner
en -
m s de
a y ()
e n =
o
m s d e la y ( )
r= h u n
d a la p o r t ite m
F 1
ew 1
m s de
a y (1 )
en -
o
m s d e la y ( )
r et ur n
vo id lc d in to
cm m {O 3 8 )
cm
(O O C )
c m m (O 0 1 )
45
Scanned by CamScanner
c m m (O 0 6 )
c m m (O 8 0 )
vo id m s d e la y (u n s im e d c har m se c ) // T im e de
a y fu n c tio n
in t ij
fo r (i O i
m se c i )
fo r 012753++)
-
v o id d a ta sM (u n s ig n e d c ha r
su ) // F u n c tio n to s e n d d a ta to s tr in g
in l
d a t{s i])
re tu n
46
Scanned by CamScanner
a te r 6
6 1 F. u tu r e SC O PE
T he sc o pe o f th e p ro je c t w o rk is to in tr o d u c e a dv an c e d te c h n o lo g y in c o n v e rtin g dc v o lta g e in to ac
v o
ta g e a n d in tr o d u c in g s m a r t e n e rg y m e te ng co n c e pt
n fu t u r e
th is p ro je c t be u se d to m e a su n g n a tu r a l ga s o r w a te r c o n s u tio n T he se m e te r s c a n be
co n n ec te d to G SM m o d u le a n d ? ta (i e c o n s tm p tio n ) c an be tr a n s m itt e d o v e r G S M n e tw o r ks an d th e
n th e p ro g r a m (c o d e ) w e c an brea k
th e s p o t to d is c o n n e c t th e c o n n e c tio n s ie , e v e ry th in g c a n bc c o n tr o
le d o v e r th e G S M m o du
e T he u se r
6 2 A d v a n ta ge s
is m o r e ro b u s t ih a n th a t o f th e c o n v e n tio n a lm e c ha n ic a l m e te rs
d e s ig n s an d p re p a y m e n t in te r fa c e s
T h i s Eec t r o n i c en e r g y me t er me a s u r es c u r r e n t in b o t h Ph a s e an d Ne u t ra ine
s an d ca l cu l at e po w e r
c o n su m p tio n ba se d o n th e la r g e r o f th e tw o c u r re n ts
* M o re a c c u r a te b ills
L ow e r bi
s.
T r ac k of en e r gy tsa g e .
Scanned by CamScanner
s in c e th e in c e p tio n o f e le c tr ic ity d e r e g u
a tio n an d m a r k e t r i v e n p r ic in g th r o u gho u t th e w o r
d , u tilitie s
h a v e be e n
o o k in g fo r a m e a n s to m a tc h co n su m p tio n w ith g e n e ra tio n
En e r g y m e te r s a ie a ls o b e lie v e d to be a le s s c o s t
y alternative to tra d it io n a l in te r v a l o r tim e o F u se m e te rs
an d a re in te n d e d to be use d o n a w id e sc a e l w ith a
l c u s to m e r c la s s e s ,
in c lu d in g re s id e n tia l c u s to m e rs
S u p p o r t lg C n e r s
o n s
A n en d to es t ima t e bi l
s. h i ch ar e a ma j r o so u r ce of co m p l ai nt s f or ma n y cu s t om e rs
u p to d a te in fo r m a tio n o n e le c tr ic ity c o n s u m p t io n in th e c u rr e n c y o f th a t co u n tr y a n d in d o in g so
he
p p e o p le to b e tte r m a n a g e th e ir e n e rg y u se an d re du ce th e iF e n e r g y b il
s a n d c a r bo n e m is s io n s
S u p p o r ts Po w er G r id : T he A b ility to re m o te ly tu r n po w e r o n o r o ff to a c u s to m e r , rea d u sa ge
in fo r m a tio n fr o m a m e te r , d e te c t a s e rv ic e ou ta g e d e te c t th e u n a u th o r iz e d u se o f e le c tr ic ity ,
kn o w th e
re q u ir e d to re a d m e ie r ? ta a c ro s s th e c u s to m e r ba se
S u p p o r ts E n v r o n m e n : T h e b i
in g is th ro u g h H yp e r T e rm in a l o r ]S M ,
so
o t o f pa pe r c an be sav ed So
C u ttin g o T re e s ca n be a v o id e d It is b e lie v e d th a t b il
in g c u s to m e r s by tim e o f da y w i
e n c o u ra g e
c o n s u m e rs to a d ju s t
h e ir c o n su m p tio n h a b its to be m o re re s p o n s iv e to m a rk e t p r ic e s th e re b y s a v in g th e
po w e r by w h ic h n a tu ra l re s o u rc e s a re p ro te c te d
It is a G re e n e r ,
Sm a r te r , N ew e ra o fE n e rg y U se
4a
Scanned by CamScanner
8 I B O O K S U S E D
* E le c tro n ic s fo ru P lu s :F e b 2 0
4 E d itio n
B y c h a r le s H e n ry W il
ia m G e rh a rd i
* E
e c tr ic ity m e te r s : 3 rd e d itio n
B yH e n ry G S o lo m o n
a 2 W E B S rrE
* w w w w ik ip e d ia co m
w w w . n e r gy m e t er . o m
w w w . hi nk f as t .o m
w w w . 0 5 pr o j ec t s. e t /tag s / pr e p a i d- n e r gy- e t er
w w w . n g i ne e r sg a r ag e. o m / co n t ri bu t ion / el ec t ro n i c< n e r gy - e t er
e n. i ki pe d i a. r g/ wi kv e l ec t ri ci ty_ e t er
8 3 R E SE A R C H PA PE R U SE D
N a b iM o ha m m a d A n o m a d a rs h iB
d M u h a m m a d A b d u lla h A ra fa t o n A S m a r t P r d
a ru a an
-
an d E i
e c tr o n c E i i
ng neer ng B l d
ang a e s h U i i
n v e rs ty o f E i i
ng neer ng an
,
d T h l
e c n o o gy D h a ka . ,
B a n g la d e s h
* A m e E
le r b r o c k ,
a d A b de lM j
a e ed
d S te fa n T e n b o h le n o n
An ts g n n d B u
d n g o f
'
C h ea p S m a rt M e te r
"
in p r o c e e d in g w it h In s titu te o f P o w e r T ra n s m is s io n a n d H ig h V o lta g e
T e c hn o lo g y P fa ffe nw a l? in g 4 7 7 0 5 6 9 S tu ttg m U n iv e r s it t S tu ttg a r t G e rm a iy
M a yur S. h ac k e r . an j ay R. a d av o n " o m e s t ic E n e r g y Me t er n t er f
D
t i ng Us i g Av r Op e n
So u r ce M ic r o c o n tr o
le r & M a t
jb
-
in p r o c e e d in g P G S tu d e n t E
e c tr ic a l E n g g G o v t E n gg
C o lle g e B h u j G T U ,
n d ia
49
Scanned by CamScanner
M d M e jb w l H a q u e M d K a m a l H o s s a in M d M o r tu z a A
, ,
i M d R a fiq u l is la m S h e ik h
,
o n
-
M ic r o c o n t r o l
e r B s e d S
n g
c P h a se D g
ta P r e p
d E n e r g y M e te r fo r
m p ro v e d M e te r in g
a n d
B IM n g S y lr in p r o c e e d in g w ith D e p t o f E le c tr ic a l a n d E le c tro n ic E n g in e e r in g K h u
m
-
n a
U n iv e r s ity o
f E n g in e e r in g & T e c h n o lo g y K h u ln a 9 2 0 3 B a n g
,
a desh D e p t o f E le c tr ic a l a n d
E e c tr o n ic E n g in e e r in g D h a k a U n iv e r s ity o f E n g in e e r in g & T e c h n o
. o g y G a z ip u r B a n g la d e s h
. ,
D e p t o f E le c r ic a a n d E e c tr o n ic E n g in e e r in g R a js h a h i U n iv e r s ity o f E n g in e e r in g & T e c h n o
,
o gy ,
R a js h a h i 6 2 0 4 B a n g la d e s h
S te p h e n L a u g h
M cin D m it r y P o d k u ik o A n d P a tr ic k M c D a n ie l o n E n e r g y T ]e R th e
A dvan ced M e r r n g I n fm s tr u c t u r e
-
in p r o c e e d in g w ith S y s te m s a n d [n te m e t In fra s tru c tu re
* N g a r a ju K o m m u P a m m i N a g a m a n i M a n o j K o
a la m o n D t s ig n n g o f a n A u to m a te d P o w e r
M t
e er R ta d i n g rv ith Z i b
g ee C i
o m m u n c a t io n
'
in p ro c e e d in g w ith D e p t o f E C O S S S IE T W ,
M y s o re n d ia D e p t o f E E E G S S S IE T W
.
M ys o re In d ia D e p t o f E C E A T M E M y s o r e In d ia
, . ,
50
Scanned by CamScanner