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13.2 How did Freuds historical view of the 13.3 How did Jung, Adler, Horney, and
mind and personality form a basis for Erikson modify Freuds theory?
psychodynamic theory? Jung developed a theory of a collective
Three divisions of the mind unconscious.
The conflicts between the demands of the 13.4 How does modern psychoanalytic
id and the rules and restrictions of the theory differ from that of Freud?
superego lead to anxiety for the ego, which Current research has found support for
uses defense mechanisms to deal with that the defense mechanisms and the concept of
anxiety. an unconscious mind that can influence
The personality develops in a series of conscious behavior, but other concepts
psychosexual stages: cannot be scientifically researched.
The Behaviorist and Social Cognitive View of Humanism developed as a reaction
Personality against the negativity of psychoanalysis and
the deterministic nature of behaviorism.
13.5 How do behaviorists and social
cognitive theorists explain personality? Self-actualization
Behavior genetics is a field of study of the Projective tests are based on the defense
relationship between heredity and mechanism of projection and are used by
personality. psychoanalysts. Projective tests include the
Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic
The Biology of Personality: Behavioral Apperception Test.
Genetics 13.8 What part do biology,
heredity, and culture play in personality? Projective tests can be useful in finding
starting points to open a dialogue between
Studies of twins and adopted children therapist and client but have been criticized
have found support for a genetic influence for being low in reliability and validity.
on many personality traits, including
intelligence, leadership abilities, Behavioral assessments are primarily used
traditionalism, nurturance, empathy, by behaviorists and include direct
assertiveness, neuroticism, and observation of behavior, rating scales of
extraversion. specific behavior, and frequency counts of
behavior.
CLASSIC STUDIES IN PSYCHOLOGY: Geert
Hofstedes Four Dimensions of Cultural Behavioral assessments have the
Personality disadvantage of the observer effect, which
causes an observed persons behavior to
Hofstedes cross-cultural management change, and observer bias on the part of
study revealed four basic dimensions of the person doing the assessment.
personality along which cultures may vary:
individualism/collectivism, power distance, Personality inventories are typically
masculinity/femininity, and uncertainty developed by trait theorists and provide a
avoidance. detailed description of certain personality
traits. They are objective tests rather than ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGY: Abnormality
subjective. Versus Insanity
The NEO-PI is based on the five-factor Models of Abnormality 14.2 How can
model, whereas the Myers-Briggs Type psychological disorders be explained within
Indicator is based on Jungs theory of the biological and psychological models?
personality types.
In biological models of abnormality, the
The MMPI-2 is designed to detect assumption is that mental illnesses are
abnormal personality. caused by chemical or structural
malfunctions in the nervous system.
Personality inventories include validity
scales to prevent cheating, but such Psychodynamic theorists assume that
measures are not perfect and cheating is abnormal behavior stems from repressed
sometimes possible. conflicts and urges that are fighting to
become conscious.
Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: The
Biological Basis of the Big Five Behaviorists see abnormal behavior as
learned.
Personality neuroscience is a growing area
of research and brain structure differences Cognitive theorists see abnormal behavior
associated with some aspects of the Big as coming from irrational beliefs and
Five dimensions of personality have been illogical patterns of thought. Diagnostic and
identified using structural MRI. Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
Fourth Edition, Text Revision ( DSM-IV-TR )
14.3 What are the different types of
psychological disorders and how common
are they?
1. anorexia 1. delusions
2. bulimia. 2. hallucinations
3. emotional disturbances
Genetics,low levels of serotonin,and 4. attentional difficulties
insensitivity to leptin (a hormone that 5. disturbed speech
influences appetite) may play a part in 6. disordered thinking.
anorexia and bulimia.
Three types of schizophrenic behavior
Dissociative Disorders: Altered Identities
1. disorganized
14.7 How do the various dissociative 2. catatonic
disorders differ, and how do they develop? 3. paranoid.
Dissociative disorders involve a break in Positive symptoms are excesses of
consciousness, memory, or both. These behavior associated with increased
disorders include dissociative amnesia, dopamine activity, whereas negative
dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity symptoms are deficits in behavior
disorder. associated with decreased dopamine
Psychodynamic explanations point to activity.
repression of memories, seeing dissociation Psychodynamic theories see schizophrenia
as a defense mechanism against anxiety. as resulting from a severe breakdown of the
Cognitive and behavioral explanations see ego, which has become overwhelmed by
dissociative disorders as a kind of avoidance the demands of the id and results in
learning. childish, infantile behavior.
12.3 What factors make obedience more Attitudes can be formed through direct
likely? instruction from parents or others.
Milgram did experiments in which he Interacting with other people who hold a
found that 65 percent of people obeyed the certain attitude can help an individual form
authority figure of a psychology professor that attitude.
even if it meant hurting, injuring, or
Attitudes can also be formed through people use to make sense out of the world
watching the actions and reactions of others around them.
to ideas,people,objects,and situations.
12.6 What are social categorization and
Persuasion is the process by which one implicit personality theories?
person tries to change the
belief,opinion,position,or course of action of Social categorization -assigns that person
another person through to a category or group on the basis of
argument,pleading,or explanation. characteristics the person has in common
with other people
The key elements in persuasion are the
source of the message, the message
itself,and the target audience. Stereotype
In the elaboration likelihood model, - form of social category
central-route processing involves attending
to the content of the message itself, -the characteristics used to assign a person
whereas peripheral route processing to a category are superficial and believed to
involves attending to factors not involved in be true of all members of the category.
the message, such as the appearance of the
Implicit personality theory - has sets of
source of the message, the length of the
assumptions about different types of
message, and other noncontent factors.
people, personality traits, and actions that
12.5 How do people react when attitudes are assumed to be related to each other.
and behavior are not the same?
Schemas are mental patterns that represent
Cognitive dissonance is discomfort or what a person believes about certain types
distress that occurs when a persons actions of people. Schemas can become
do not match the persons attitudes. stereotypes.