N/B: Verb or verb to be / linking verb + noun/adjective

complement .

1) Direct object: is the person or the thing affected by the action

of the verb {I put the book}.Direct object: noun function as
direct object after transitive verb [person or thing affected by
the action of the verb e.g I put the book].
2) Indirect object: is the person or thing who benefits from the
action or who receives something { I gave my mother [I O]
some flowers[DO] }.Indirect object: is the person or thing who
benefit from the action or who receive smoothing [I gave my
mother some flower]if we shift between two object we will use
preposition[ I gave some flowers to my mother].
3) Subject complement: this usually accurse after verb to BE { am-
is-are} or linking verb. That may substitute for the verb[ he is
the captain of the team].
4) Object complement: this completes or gives information about
the object[ the appointed George manger].
A) Object of verb:
Consider the sentence. They are 3 ideas here:
Fire destroyed the house.
1. Fire the doer of the action.
2. Destroyed the verb which states the action.
3. The house which receives or suffer the action.
Fire is the subject, of the verb destroyed, the house is said to be
the object of the verb.
 Any word or group that receives or suffers the action describe in
a verb is said to the object of the verb. In some grammar book
words which are the object of verb are said to be in the
objective case or in the accusative case.
When a verb has an object it is said to be transitive { from the
Latin trans meaning cross as in trans-Atlantic}the action of the
verb destroyed is { carried across} from the subject to the
object, destroyed in the sentence transitive verb.
To locate object of the verb find verb and ask whether there are
any words on which the action of the verb is carried out.
B) Indirect object:

Some verb may be followed by two object.

I asked him the reason.
Tell me the truth.
These mean:

I asked [for] him the reason.

Tell [to] me the truth.
The object of the 1st verb is the reason and the 2nd the truth the
words him and me are called indirect object.
C)Subject:
A. There is must be used if the complement is singular and there
are if the complement is plural:
There is no good reason for refusing.
There are pen and paper on the side sideboard.
B. Sometimes two or three singular noun are linked together to
form a subject which thus becomes plural:
The ship is leaving the harbor.
But:

The ship and its tug are leaving the harbor.

This may seem a very simple rule, but it is surprising how often
especially in a long sentence when the subject and verb are
separated by several other words or groups of words, sentence
which has singular subject acquires a plural verb or vice versa a
few plural noun (( politic- news-mathematics)) take a singular
verbs and so do a few expression which are plural but which so
common that they are thought of as a single entity (( fish, and
chips, whisk, and soda etc..)).
thus:

How much is gin and tonic?.

Is there any salt and pepper?.
C. The following words are singular: everybody, everything,
everyone, some body, each one nobody, no-one. The
expression each of [the] either of [the],neither of them must
have singular verbs:
Each of us has three votes.
But:

Both of us have three votes.

D. Collective noun may take either a singular or plural verb to be
quite precise, use a singular verb if the sense of the sentence
stresses the entity of the collective noun and a plural verb is the
sense stress the diversity of the collection:
The crew was well trained.
The crew were made up of English, French and Lascars .
In the 1ST the crew is regarded as single unit, so the verb
appears in the singular in 2nd the crew are regarded a number
 of individuals so the plural is used. If it decided to put a
sentence into the singular, the sentence should not then be
allowed to stray onto the plural or vice versa as has happened n
the following:.
The nation was facing their worst ordeal.
The council is giving the matter its immediate attention.
The board of Directors is convinced that they have a good
chance of success in launching the new product.
E. Either.or and neither..nor must followed by a singular
verbs, provided that the alternative noun which follows each
part of the expression are singular:
Neither his brother nor his sister was able to help.
If one of the halves of expression is plural { or if both halves are]
the verb must be in plural:
Neither his brothers nor his sisters were able to help.
This describe un changed state or common non

progressive state verb do not uses (( ing)):

1) Mental: know, realize, understand, doubt, remember, forget,

want, need, thin, believe.

2) Emotional: love, like, appreciate, hate, envy, mid, care,

dislike, fear.

3) Possession: possess own belong have, own.

4) Sense verb: hear, see, feel, and smell.
5) Other state: seem cost, owe, exist, consist of, contain,
include, look(( seem)), appear(( seem)) weigh(( intransitive)).
Vowel and consonant:

A vowel is nucleus or central part of syllable. No air

obstruction, no place, no manner. All vowels are
phonologically voiced. Vowel has auditory criteria. A
consonant on the other hand is marginal, it can't be
syllable nuclear , air is obstructed, two articulate based on
active or passive, must have manner how air float, or why
air float. Consonant articulatory criteria. For example
cease in syllable such as this word, it can readily be
perceived that the middle part of it provided a fairly free
passage of the air whereas it does not have such a free
passage either at the beginning of at the end of the
syllable. The consonant at the end of a syllable the
passage of air is cut down or stopped. The /s/ constricts
vocal tract ,and cuts down the passage through the air
stream. The /s/ part of the syllable called arresting
consonant.

A syllable has three phase:-

1- The starting, by chest-pulse , of a small amount of air
on its way out from the lungs.
2- The passage of this air through the vocal tract.
3- The conclusion of the movement of this air
(coinciding with the beginning of another chest-
pulse).

A syllable such as {cease} is divided articulatorily into

three segment:- a vowel , the central part and two
consonant which are marginal, one flanking the vowel on
each side. A syllable which is arrested by a consonant is
said to be closed syllable, and one which has no arresting
consonant is said to be an open syllable. {Cease} is
closed syllable, whereas {bee} is an open syllable.