3.

TELECOMMUNCATION

(i) Need of Intercom:

The limitation of dual phone is that only parties

can share their information and they have on connection to the

surroundings.

When conversation between many people are

required(but not more than 25people) only two people at a time

intercom can be used.

In Intercom connected telephone systems

there is no dialing systems but a rotary systems provided where

numbers are marked as the capacity of the intercom. Suppose we are

using 10 line intercom then there will be 10 numbers marked on the

rotary system and pointer which is initially holds at off position. The

party which wants to initialize conversation will rotate the pointer to

the number of the second party with whom he/she wants to talk then

a ring tone rights on the second party phone and conversation stars.

The intercom are basically provided in a

house or in a corporate office.

Switching System:

With the introduction of switching systems

the subscribers are not connected to the switching system.

 When a subscriber wants to communicate

with another a connection is established between the two at the

switching system.

In switching system only one link per

subscriber is required between the subscriber and the switching

system and the total number of such links equal to the number of

subscribers connected to the system.

The function performed by a switching

system in established connections are known as control function .

Switching System

Manual automatic

Electromechanical electronic

Step by step crossbar space division time division

switching switching

Digital Analog

Space switch time switch combination

switch
 Automatic switching system were manual and operator

oriented .Automatic switching system can be classified as

Electromechanical and Electronic.

 Electromechanical switching system include step by step

and crossbar systems.

 The control functions in a step by step systems are

performed by circuit associated with the switching

elements in the system.

 Crossbar systems have hard wired control subsystems

which uses relays and latches.

Automatic Telephone systems are rapidly replacing

manual one due

to their outstanding merits over the latter types some of which are

enumerated below;

 In Automatic telephony higher level of secrecy is maintained due

to absence of operators who can overhear the conversation if

they like in the manual telephone systems.

The working of an Automatic Telephone System does not depend

for its efficiencies of the operators.

 There is no possibility of the calls being missed or wrong

metering being done due to fault of operators or due to phonetic

errors between the subscribers and operators.

As no operator is required the running cost of the exchange is

reduced.

BHEL manufacturers EPABX and RAX systems based on

C-dot technology and has plans to make other ranges of

telecommunication equipments also.

There is basically used for connecting links between

various modules like peripherals, exchange and its equipments .it is

necessary to run a number of internal cables of suitable conductors

between the following stages and frames:-

1. Handset to exchange's Cable chamber.

2. cable chamber to M.D.F.

3. M.D.F to I.D.F.

4. I.D.F to number block .

5. number block to exchange equipment.

6. Between two Exchanges.

7. Between two cities.

8. Between two Countries.

Prior to advent of Electronics Exchange inter-

connection of various circuits are made by mechanical contacts

 that are operated by mechanical movements produced by the

attraction of an iron armature of an electromagnetic or by the

operation of an electric motor. there are some advantages of

such system for using mechanical contacts due to the following

reasons:

 Contacts are subjected to wear and tear.

 Require adjustments time to time .

 Maintenance is highly precise.

 Dependency on the Exchange Operator.

 No Secrecy of Conversation.

 Huge Exchange Operating Staff Requirements

4. NECESSITY OF AN EXCHANGE:-

If a person wants to talk a second person outside the

house or corporate office on a telephone then he have to abide the

rules and Regulations set by Department of telecommunication India

means that he/she have to make his/her call through the Exchange.
 Exchange can be broadly divided into two as:-

1. Manual Exchange

2. Automatic Exchange

Communication Facility in BHEL:-

BHEL

INTERNAL INTERNAL/EXTERNAL(PABX)

Main Exchange sec.6 CFFP(C-Dot)

Main Hospital

(Max Exchange)

(C-Dot)

Description of MAX Exchange:

The main features of the MAX Exchange is given as

below:-

1. it is capable for 2000lines.

2. the technology is provided by Jewnontshinider France which

has its technical collaboration with Uptron India Limited

Lucknow.

3. the Uptron India Limited ,Lucknow has provided this MAX

Exchange to BHEL Haridwar and maintenance of this exchange is

 under the hands of Uptron India Limited, Lucknow and BHEL

pays a sum of Rs 6lacs per annum for maintenance.

4. the technology used is PCM (pulse code modulation)and TDM

(time division multiplexing)

5. the exchange is known as TLC10 exchange.

Description of SECT -6 Exchange :-

The main features of exchange established in sector 6 has all

properties same as that of main exchange in Telecom department.

But it has only 335 lines working till date.

Description of PABX Exchange:

PABX exchange can support up to 500 lines. The 500 lines in

the exchange are divided as:-

PABX-500 lines

96 lines Digital 404

lines analog

the main features of this exchange it as :-

1. the technology has been provided by ALCATEL.

2. This exchange has been established in 2000 and is

under the guarantee period of maintenance.

3. The technology used in this exchange is PCM/TDM.

 4. The exchange has been supplied to BHEL Haridwar by

Telecommunication consultant India limited and maintained by TELEX.

5. ELECTRONIC EXCHANGES :

In electronic exchange electronic devices effect the interconnection

between different transmission circuits and Electromechanical relays

and switches are dispensed with such electronic devices remove

difficulties associated with mechanical contacts . The greatest

advantage of using electronic devices in place of electromechanical

devices is that no time is loosed in making a connection and a very

high speed of operation is possible .

Electronic Exchanges are of two types :-

1. Tone Type

2. Pulse Type

1. Tone Type : In this type of exchange sine waves are used . There

speed of dialing for a given number is more than that of pulse type.

2. Pulse Type : In this type of exchange square wave is used due to

which the dialing speed is lesser. The telephone apparatus used for

both types are different in construction . But not a days both type of

apparatus are integrated in a single machine in which switch over can

be made via a selector switch .

6. TONES USED IN MODERN TELEPHONY :
1.
Dial Tone : When handset is picked up from the cradle. Then

Dial Tone is heard if a free lines is available. This means that the

instrument is ready ,to send the signals to the exchanges, when

the subscriber takes up the receiver then signals are sent M.D.F.

then to I.D.F. line number blokes and to peripherals wherein

various line- cards are mounted in a shelf when corresponding

number on the line card is free then the ringer section of that

peripherals generates a signal called tone. This tone is a

continuous burble sound of HooHz modulated by 25 Hz, and is

sent to the calling subscriber as soon as his line seize the free

line. The subscriber must not dial before receiving this tone:

otherwise he is label to get wrong connection. If he does not get

this tone, he should try after some time.

2.
Busy tone : When the called subscriber is engaged with other

call, tone is heard. It consists of sound of ; HooHz : which is

 regularly interrupted at equal intervals. It is generally on for 0.75

Sec and off for also 0.75 Sec.

3.
Ringing Tone : When a number is dialed then telephone of the

called subscriber start ringing. Calling subscriber should get this

information and this is indicated by sending ringing tone of

interrupted 400 Hz. Supply modulated by 25 Hz. And its

durations are generally equal to the duration of ringing current ,

which rigs the bell. It may be 0.4 Sec. ON, 0.2 Sec OFF,0.4 Sec.

ON and 0.2 Sec OFF and so on or it may be 0.75 Sec ON and 0.75

Sec OFF and so on. When this ringing tone is received, the calling

Subscriber knows that the connection is complete and that the bell of

the called subscriber is ringing.

4. Number Unobtainable Tone : This tone is sent when the number

dialed can be not be obtain. If any subscriber dials which is not actually

connected to the exchange. This indication is send, this is also a tone

of HooHz interruption of 200 microsecond every 3 Sec.

Now a days push button type telephone apparatus are used. This

apparatus can be exploded into following section.

1. Ringer Section
 2. Speech Section (Transmitter and receiver section)

3. Voltage limiter Section

From telephone exchange two wires or connectors run for each number

, in which one is neutral and other is main or positive . For the

telephone circuit to work the necessary supply is provided by the

exchange . Like other circuit is established between calling and called

subscriber . When one dials a number then the corresponding relays at

the exchange established a circuit automatically . The telephone

exchange supplies 40-60 volt D.C and 110/20 Hz. To operate this

circuit .This is required because of voltage drop that may crept in long

transmission wires. As soon as the handset is picked up this 48- Volt

DC supply is available at voltage limiter section dialing pulse generator

and speech section.

7. FREQUENCIES USED IN TELEPHONY :

In Telephone dialing two types of frequencies are used:

 High band tone (1215 Hz to 1645 Hz)

 Low band tone (701 Hz to 936 Hz )

 The numbers from 1 to 5 falls in low band and 6 to 9 falls in

high band . Till the handset is on hook ,the ringing section of the

apparatus is on through telephone line but on lifting the hand

set the ringing section becomes off, also the dialing and speech

section becomes ready . on lifting the handset first the dial tone

is receive which is amplified by the amplifier of speech section .

When a number is pressed on the keyboard the dialing

pulses are made on and off according to the number dialed . For

example if 5 is pressed then dialing pulses are made on and off 5

times . This process can be heard . On the receiver . There is a

gap of 1 Sec. Between consecutively pressed numbers.

When the handset is placed on or is lifted from the

instrument a switch is operated called the hook switch.

The main function of this switch is to toggle between

telephone line ringer, dialing & speech sections of the telephone

when the handset is on the telephone then ringer section of the

telephone is on while on lifting it ringer section is disconnected

and dialing section is connected.

 8. HOW THE TELEPHONE CALL IS MADE :

Telephone call is characterized in to two sections:

1. Outgoing calls

2. Incoming calls

1. outgoing calls : Generally a voltage of 48v D.C. always

remains on the telephone line but as the handset is picked up the

voltage limiter drops this voltage to 9-12v on hearing the dial tone it is

confirmed that the apparatus it ready to works and after dialing the

number a ringing pulse is send to the called party. When the calling

party picks up the handset the billing meter of the exchange becomes

activated. There is a counter in the exchange, which counts the pulse

and converts them in to cells.

2. Incoming calls : There are just opposite of outgoing calls.

In the incoming calls the telephone detects the ringing signals from the

exchange and provides the ring at the instance of ringing signal there

remains a voltage of 75-110/20Hz on the telephone. A high voltage

(A.C.) is sent from the ringer section of the exchange to start the ringer

circuit of the telephone, when the ringing signal is received it should be

properly isolated as it may give a shock. The ringing circuit is on until

the handset is not picked up at called party. The duration of this tone, if
unattended, is /minute after which an engage tone is hear. After lifting

the handset a circuit is established and a call is made.

9 .POWER SUPPLY FOR EXCHANGE :

There are various power providing circuits available in

the exchange to run the circuitry. These are broadly categorized in two

categories:

1. Outside the exchange.

2. Inside the exchange.

Outside the exchange:

Since the voltage supplied in Indian subcontinent is

220 volts/50Hz. AC but for the normal working of the exchange 48

volts of DC is required.

Hence a rectifier circuit ,backed with battery array

for power failure ,it used. Battery backup is utilized for smooth

operation of the exchange during power failures. For battery back

up lead acid battery from the rectifier block, so that during power

failures the exchange supplies are not terminated.

 Inside the exchange :

Inside the telephone exchange various type of

power supplies are used for powering various modules of them are :

1. -5V.12A 2. +5V.12A 3. +12V.6A

Faults Due to Power Supply:

1. Telephone dead . 5. Distorted Speech-

Noising

2. One way due to earthling . 6. False Ring

3. Wrong dialing.

4. Cross connection.

10. FRAMES USED IN TELECMMUNICATION:

1. M.D.F(Main Distribution Frame)

2. I.D.F(Intermediate Distribution Frame)

M.D.F :-

This frame serves the following purposes.

 It is place where both external and internal cables are

terminated. The external individuals cables conductors from

subscribers who are necessarily from the same locality and as

 such their numbers cannot be in numerical order. On the other

hand, the internal cable conductors come from apparatus side in

numerical order. The cross-section between the two cables is

done in the MDF through jumper wires.

 It carries all the protectors used in the exchange. The

different protectors that are used are-

a) Fuses

b) Heat coils

c) Lighting protectors

This MDF is an ideal place for testing purpose. Both the

internal and the external cables are available at this frame and,

therefore, both external and internal wiring and lines can be

tested for this purpose.

I.D.F :-

These frames like M.D.F consists of a large

number of vertical with horizontal cross arms fitted with tag

blocks at both the ends. The cable from M.D.F. is terminated

on the multiple side from where connection are extended to

metering and from the exchange side cables are run to the

respected line-cards. The two tag blocks are joined by means

of jumper wires as in the M.D.F. so that any subscriber can be

given connection to any unselected on the line- cards. The

subscriber and, therefore their unselected are divided in to

different groups and it is necessary for these groups to

originate more or less the same amount os traffic for smooth

distribution among different trunks.

11. TLEPHONE LINES :

In BHEL – Haridwar three types of telephone lines are used.

They are :-

1. MAX lines

2. PABX lines

3. DOT lines
MAX lines

MAX lines are used for internal communication links BHEL.

PABX
PABX lines are used for both internal and external

communions links in BHEL. If the user wants to dial outside the

periphery of BHEL, he can use these lines. There are about 500

lines available here. These lines are distributed in 17 lines – card

with 24 line members in each. Its I.D.F. section has 40 tag block.

96 numbers available here are there connected via digital lines in

which a host of facilities are provides that can be accessed using

code 69.

DOT lines :

There lines are the direct telephone lines from D.O.T. the

facility they provide is called DID (Direct Inwards Dialing). It has 24

lines and any BHEL number starting with digit 5 can be accessed using

code 48.

12. CONNECTION TYPES :

Type of connections

• With wires i.e. cables

• Wireless Microwave links through satellite.

Cables : Two types of cables are used in telephony.

1. Underground Cables:-These type of cables run under the earth

and are basically used to connect the exchange to the subscriber’s

Distribution Box. They are further of two types based upon their

construction and the insulating material used.

(a) Paper Care A.T.C (Armored Tin Cables)

(b) Jelly filled A.T.C (Armored Tin Cables)

2. Over head Cables:- These type of cables are used to connect

the equipments inside the exchange and connect the peripheral

divides to the subscriber’s distribution Box (D.B.) they are generally of

PVC type.

In an exchange based upon the number of conductor pair

following types of cables are used :

1. Single pair cables.

2. 2 pair cables

3. 5 pair cables.

4. 10 pairs cables.

5. 20 pairs cable.
 6. 50 pairs cables.

13. COLOR CODING:-

Type of cable color of wires

Single Pair : Blue wire

2 Pair Cable: Blue , White , Red ,orange/white, red.

5 Pair Cable: Blue , White , orange, white/green, white /brown white

slate /grey white.

100 Pair Cable: The color coding is same as that of the above 20

pairs cable except that the mate color is changed after

each bunch of 20 pairs.

Pair mate Color:-

1. 20 Pairs white

2. 20 Pairs Yellow

3. 20 Pairs Black

4. 20 Pairs Violet

5. 20 Pairs Red
14.AN OVERVIEW OF C-DOT EXCHANGE :

C-DOT exchange are 2 in numbers which are established in main

hospital of 256 points and second in CFFP have 128 points.

64-point ,C-DOT Exchange :

It is the minimum possible points in the C-DOT exchange . It

can use only 148 lines for the subscriber and the rest 16 points are

kept by the exchange itself.

128-Point,C-DOT Exchange :

In 128 points C-DOT Exchange 88 points are used for the

subscribers and 46 points are used by the exchange and remaining 4

points are used for conferencing facility in the exchange . thus this

exchange have only one conferencing facility for the 4 parties.

256 Points, C-DOT Exchange :

In 256 points C-DOT exchange 204 lines in which 8 lines are used

for conferencing , thus remaining 196 lines are used for the

subscriber . The remaining 52 lines are used by the exchange itself .

The 256 points C-DOT exchange can provide 2, four party

conferencing.

NOTE :-

The cords used in 128 points C-DOT exchange are as-

PSU- Power supply unit

TGD – Tone generator diagnostic

JUN- Junction card connecter between two exchange.

SPC – signal processor card.

XSC- Extended Switching Cubical .

LCC-Line Connector Card.

CNF- Conferencing card

DTA- Data Transmission Access.

Out of the above mentioned cards. The power supply unit (PSU).

Tone generator diagnostic (TGD), junction card connector (JUN) Signal

processor card (SPC)and extended switching cubical (XSC)are used two

in numbers to rescue the exchange from any damage .

Configuration of Exchange :-

Max Parts 64 parts 128 Parts

256 Parts

Max Junctions 8 16

32

Max extension without CNF 48 96

208

Max Extension with CNF 40 80

200
Conferencing part Tone parts 8 8

Tone parts 8 16

16

Max operator Console 1 2

Control Simple duplex

Duplex

Technology PCM/TDM PCM/TDM

PCM/TDM

Features of C-DOT –

1. No A/c required

2. Redundancy of Control modules

3. Expandiability

4. PFC:Power Failure Cut

5. Emergency Services –Fire , Police , Hospital, Electric

Substation, Head of Org.

PABX EXCHANGE:-

Private automatic branch exchange

This is the only exchange which can and directly on BSNL.

Manufacturer- ALCATEL
Supplier- TCIL

Card use in PABX:

1. Z-24 analog circuits

2. LDTL-8 tie line card 9.8 junction

3. INTF for communication between shell fs

4. NDPI for lines from control office BSNL

5. ATR-2

6. CPU

7. MMSFB

8. U8-3

9. SUVG

CODE FOR PABX:

1. NIGHT ALARM Activation code – 852

Cancellation code -853

2. RE-CALL 854

3. LAST CALLER CALL call back-851

15. GENREAL FAULTS OCCURING IN AN EXCHANGE :-

 There is mainly two types of faults

. Faults that occur from line.

. occur due to Instrument.

Faults that occur from line:

These faults are categorized s under :

1. Break faults:- occur in the connector at home.

2. Loop faults:- line shorting fault.

3. Earth faults :- occur due to

• Wetting of connector

• Water in rod get-box

• Weak insulation

• Oxidation of copper wire

Faults that occur due to Instrument:

1. The number is not dialed.

2. One way speech. receiver coil is fault.

3. Plunger switch is faulty

16. USER FEATURES ON VARIOUS EXCHANGE:

A) MAX(UPTRON TLC-10)

Manufacturer- Jeumont Schneider, France capacity-2000 lines.

1.
CALL PICK UP: 29-xxxx to pick up a call

ringing at another location xxx.

2.
CALL TRANSFER: 2 parties conversing , any
rd

party can dial 3 party , then conversing among

them hang up.

3. PARTY CONFERENCE:
4.
MALICIOUS CALL TRACE: dial 9 during

conversation, to trace a malicious call from a max

ex-tension.

5.
APPOINTMENT REMINDER: Dial 7-xx-yy

B) SECTOR 6 EXCHANGE :

Manufacturer- Electronic division, Bangalore

Capacity-256 lines

Auto cal back:

Flash-71, call back only obtainable from local SN no’s

C) PABX=ALCATEL 4400

Manufacturer- ALCATEL, FRANCE

Capacity –500 lines

Technology used: PCM/TDM

1. TONE MUDE DIAL

Dial before no.

2. CALL TRANFER

On hearing promt “Please dial”

3. ENQUIRY CALL:

Put the party on hold

4.
BROKER CALL :

between two party

5. CONFERENCE- 3 PARTY:

6. AUTO CALL BACK:

7. PASSWORD MODIFICATION

8. LAST CALLER CALL BACK

9. APPOINTMENT REMINER:

10. LAST NO. REDIAL

11. CALL PICK UP

12.
CALL-PARK/ RETRIEVE:

D) BSNL

DYNAMIC LOCK

WAKE UP CALL
 CALL WAITING

CALL TRANSFEROR FORWARDING

ABBREVIATED DIALING

17. OPTICAL FIBER SYSTEMS:

Fiber optic transmission medium is fast emerging s an alternating

and strong competitor to coaxial in tele communication networks.

Long distance data transmission in electrical cables suffer from

ground loop problems. The merits of the optical fibres system

from the fact that the basic material used in their used in their

construction is non metallic and electrically non conductive.

In contrast, the nonmetallic and totally dielectric fiber optical

cable are immune to radio frequency an other electromagnetic

interference ground loop and common mode and data can be

transmitted b/t points of vastly differ potential.

In optical cables the information is transmitted by packets of

photons which have no charge .

Fiber cable are about the thickness of a human hair any dirt

obstructing the optical port causes poor transmission The thin

dimension result in allow weight for a give n length when

compared to electrical cables

18. MAINTENANCE OF EXCHANGE :

 The subject of maintenance of automatic telephone

exchange can be broadly divided under two categories :-

1. Prevention of service failures .

2. Location of faults and their removal.

Prevention of services failure can be done in following

ways :-

1. Suitable design and adoption of suitable adjustment

standards of the equipment part of the exchange can

minimize failure in service.

2. Some preventive measures may also reduce service failure

viz .Keeping the room and dust free ,maintaining

temperature and humidity under tolerable limits using air

conditioners etc.

3. Routine inspection ,routine test and routine adjustments

also help in preventing service failures.

When faults occur in some parts of the exchange , they should be

detected and removed s quickly s possible .

Various tools are also used to check the faults in the telephone

lines.

For checking fault inside the exchange