International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org

Volume 6, Issue 5, September- October 2017 ISSN 2278-6856

A point of view about dry linear contact

between glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic
polymers materials on steel
Dorin Rus1 , Virgil Florescu1

1
Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, Romania
Address: 124 Lacul Tei Boulevard, Bucharest 020396, Romania
corresponding author
1
Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, Romania
Address: 124 Lacul Tei Boulevard, Bucharest 020396, Romania

highlighted depending on the duration, the load, contact

Abstract: In this paper we show, both analytically and
graphically, the evolution fo wear occurring on the steel surface
in contact with glass fiber-reinforced polymers. The evolution in
time of this process depends on the evolution of the friction
coefficient in the process of the dry linear contact between
polymers and different types of steels. We have made a
connection between the theoretical case and the experimental
results. The experimental method used was the wear imprint
method through which the wear depth and wear volume were
determined. The wear process is complex and is accompanied
by adhesion and corrosion phenomena. Any modification of the
input parameters such as speed, temperature, load, quantity of
glass fibers in the polymer lead to a change in the evolution of
the wear behaviour of the composite material.
Keywords: Friction coefficient evolution, contact
temperature, wear of the steel surface, influence of steel
surface hardness.
1. INTRODUCTION
Thermoplastic materials with glass fibers structurally
present a mechanical association of glass and polymer
fibers.Basic polymer acts as a bridge between the
reinforcement glass fibers The role of the basic polymer is
first of all mechanical and is to provide the bond with the
reinforcement fibers.. One of the most sophisticated
tribosystems is the one between a polymer with short fibers
(SGF) on steel, where the contact is dry.Thermoplastic
composit materials with glass fiber are characterized by
high plasticity under high pressure and temperature. It is
necessary to ensure a minimum adhesion between these
two phases. In specialist papers, values are given for the
friction coefficient for different couples, plastic material/
plastic material, plastic material/ metal corozive.The basic
polymer ensures the tightness against humidity, because
most of the reinforcement fibers have a high affinity for
water .In this case, the input parameters are permanently
modified. Thermoplastic polymers does not allow a big
deformation, limiting the significant deformation of the
composite material.These thermoplastic materials are
biphasic, consisting of a polymer mass and reinforcement
materials such as glass fibers. The evolution of wear was
pressure and sliding speed. It is good to use alkali-free
glass fibers for a slow degradation in time and oxides can
be added to maintain the high values of the elasticity
module. . Based on comprehensive experimental tests, a
study for the evolution of wear for a certain duration, as
well as for certain loads and contact temperatures.The
values are given for couples with lubricant or with dry
contact. The couples are formed from reinforced composite
materials or composite materials without reinforcement.
The materials used were composite thermoplastic materials
reinforced with glass fiber. Thermoplastic materials can be
machined so that they return to their initial shape after
being cast, in order to obtain good mechanical
characteristics as a result of the fact the stresses are
transmitted through the glass fibers. Starting from an
extended study, we have tried to come up with a graphical
representation of the wear process for a dry contact
between polymers reinforced with glass fibers and C120
steel, respectively Rp3 steel .For experimental tests,
Archards relationship for adhesion wear was used and
also a analytical method .In our paper we have studied on
Timken type couples (with linear contact), in conditions of
dry sliding friction. We have studied the influence of the
percentage of glass fiber, as well as the influence of load
and speed on the wear process.In specialist literature there
is a heterogeneous approach, because different test
installations, different experimental conditions and
different materials are used.
Stachowiak, et all [1] have studied the abrasive effect
for the three body abrasion of metal samples, the tests were
carried out on two ball-on-flat installations and modified
pin-on-disk tribometer. The ball-on-flat testes yielded the
most significant results.
Dwyer-Joyce [2]has noticed that during contact the wear
due to contamination with solid compounds of lubricants
occurs, the phenomenon closely resembling the abrasion
with three bodies
Shen and Dumbleton [3] have studied comparatively the
tribological behaviour of the polyoxymethylene and of the
high density polyethylene (UHMWPE). They suggest a

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 International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org
Volume 6, Issue 5, September- October 2017
relationship for the calculation of the wear as follows:
Where: h linear wear; k - wear factor; p - nominal
pressure; x - sliding distance.
Kukureka, et all [4] have studied the wear of PA66 in
rolling-sliding contact. For the polymer they added glass,
carbon or aramid, and both for the glass fibers and for the
carbon fibers a drop in the friction coefficient was noticed.
Bartenev, Lavrentiev [5] establish that for the
metal/plastic contact, the increase of the friction force is
proportional to the sliding speed. This dependency is
shown through the increase of the friction force together
with the normal load. This was also demonstrated by
Vinogradov
Chang and Friedrich [6] have noticed that the particles,
respectively the nanoparticles do not entirely contribute to
the film transfer, thus reducing the adhesion and, as a
consequence, also reducing the friction coefficient.
Jacobi [7] presents friction coefficient values between
0.04 and 0.5 for glass fiber reinforced polyamides.
Guo, et all [8] have used in their studies composites
based on epoxy pitches filled with hybrid particles nano-
SiO2 and short pitches based on carbon fiber. A reduction
of the friction coefficient was noticed in the case of hybrid
polymers as compared to polymers with added nano-SiO2
particles
Barlow [9] shows that, for lubricated surfaces, an
increase of the friction coefficient occurs with the increase
of the relative sliding speed at the level of the friction
surface.
Chang,et all[10]studies the properties of composite
materials,respectively the proprietes of
polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polyetherimide (PEI),
reinforced with short carbon fibers (CSA). They have
determined that by adding submicron particles (TiO2 and
ZnS), for the high contact temperature of the pin-on-disk
type tribometer, the wear rate has decreased.
L. Capitanu et all [11][12]have highlighted the
behaviour of polyamide and polycarbonate reinforced with
glass fibers (SGF) in friction on steel surfaces .
U.S. Tewari, J. Bijwe [13] have highlighted the low
manufacturing costs achieved through a composite
polymer injection. [14] L. Chang, Z. Zhang show that the
injection machines suffer from considerable wear due to
the glass fibers.
Lancaster and Evans [15]have studied the tribological
behaviour of glass fiber reinforced composite polymers,
hydro dynamically lubricated, and notice the decrease of
vd3/ N for beak type couplings.
Schwartz and Bahadur [16] have studied the transfer of
the material film using infrared technology. They have
observed the following phenomenon, an increase in the
density of the polymer leads to an increase in the cohesion
energy.
Clerico [17] has discovered that for the polyamide/
metal couple the value of the friction coefficient is higher
for short periods of operation than for longer periods of
operation, due to the viscoelastic behaviour of the
composite material.
Vos, et all[18][19]have studied polyetheretherketone
composites reinforced with short glass fibers and carbon
Volume 6, Issue 5, September October 2017
ISSN 2278-6856
fibers and have shown that the wear rate is influenced by
the morphological structure of the matrix of the composite
polymer.
Lancaster [20] has studied different natural glass fiber
reinforced polymers. He has shown that the friction
coefficient decreases with the decrease in the ruggedness
of the metal surface. .Jost [21] shows that for polyamide/
metal couples the most encountered type of wear is
adhesion wear.
Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov [22] (DMT) model. This
model is correct for nanometrically sized bodies, with steel
characteristics. The main characteristic of short fiber
reinforced polymers (SFRP) is their high level of
resistance to rapid loads. This occurs at a relatively low
price compared to other materials.
Hrusciov and Babicev [23][24]have shown that, if we
increase the polymer content for the plastic material
reinforced with glass fiber/ steel couplings an increase of
the micro cutting component of the friction force occurs.
Chang and Friedrich[25] have noticed that the particles,
respectively the nanoparticles do not entirely contribute to
the film transfer, thus reducing the adhesion and, as a
consequence, also reducing the friction coefficient.
The Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) model [26] shows
that for composite materials a strong abrasive component
occurs upon contact, and several models of the contact
have been drawn up together with the description of the
adhesion contact.
Guo, et all [27]have used in their studies composites
based on epoxy pitches filled with hybrid particles nano-
SiO2 and short pitches based on carbon fiber. A reduction
of the friction coefficient was noticed in the case of hybrid
polymers as compared to polymers with added nano-SiO2
particles
Bely [28], Bartenev and Laventiev [29] have discovered
that if the glass fibers inside the polymer matrix do not
have the same orientation, the friction coefficient
increases.
Wang, et all, [30] have studied Nylon 1010 composite
with MoS2 filler and short carbon fibers, the study being
carried out in a ring-block wear tester, using a dry contact.
The following two aspects were observed: by adding the
MoS2 filler, it has led to an increase in wear, while adding
the carbon fiber filler has led to a decrease in wear.
Bowden and Tabor [31] have shown the importance of
distributing forces on the Hertzian contact surface with an
elliptical pressure distribution. In this situation, the central
area will be the most affected area.
Cho and Bahadur [32] have carried out a study on
nanosized CuO-filled polyphenylene and on polyphenylene
sulfide composites (PPS) reinforced with short carbon
fibers (CF) and aramid fibers (Kevlar).
Watanabe et al [33] shows the influence of the friction
coefficient depending on the temperature and the transfer
of the plastic material unto steel.
Li, et all [34]has studied analytically and experimentally
the epoxide nano-composites, reinforced with short carbon
fibers (SCF), of the nano-TiO2 particles, of the powder of
polytetrafluorethylen (PTFE) and graphite flakes, in order
to understand the mechanism for adding filler to modify
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Volume 6, Issue 5, September- October 2017 ISSN 2278-6856
the wear parameters of the two epoxide nano-composites
on metal counterpieces. F f a bN n
Myshkin [35]mentions that, at the surface of the (3)
composite material, the links are viscous-elastic and that
the abrasive friction component is higher that the adhesive
friction component. F f kN n
. Bilik [36] has shown that, for the couple polyamides/ (4)
steel, the friction coefficient is not constant. The Where n is subunitary.
coefficient depends on several factors: temperature, the We express the friction coefficient for the plastic
ruggedness of the surface, the sliding speed and the contact materials:
pressure.When you submit your paper print it in two-
column format, including figures and tables. In addition, f / pc
designate one author as the corresponding author. This is (5)
the author to whom proofs of the paper will be sent. Proofs
f
are sent to the corresponding author only. Where represents the shear strength of the softer
material
p c represents the flow pressure of the same material.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Because c
p HB / 3 (6) ,
S Wear and friction are analysed from several points of
view, such as speed relative to load and stress. The two we have:
samples are cylindrical liner and flat sample[37]. 3 f / HB
(7)
2.1 ANALYTICAL METHOD The bush is rigid and accounting for the generally low
The functioning under load of the Timken type friction non-uniformity of the imprint, considered as being formed
couple (with linear contact) subjected to a load and in the by a series of cylindrical sectors having the length q. The
presence of a relative sliding movement of the bushing area of the lateral surface of the cylindrical sector is a
made of glass fiber reinforced plastic on the surface of the circle segment:
steel sample highlights the occurrence of a wear imprint on
the plane metal surface, the imprint being graphically Si 0.5r 2 i0 180 sin i
represented in (Figure 1) (8)
Where Si lateral surface of the crystal sector;
i - the angle;
r - the circle radius.
The radius r could not be identified with the cylindrical
bush radius for the plastic / metal couples.
It is possible due to the elastic deformation of the bush
under loading conditions and we illustrated this by the
sketch in (Figure 2)

Figure.1 The imprint scheme for Timken friction

couples
Knowing Coulombs law that the friction force Ff is
direct proportional to the normal force N:

(1)

More studies have shown that , the friction coefficient is (a) (b)
not only dependent on the normal load applied. Relations
Figure.2 The elastic deformation of the cylindrical liner
for variations of the friction force, depending on the load
on the contact area for Timken friction couples (a
applied:
theoretical b - practical)
Using r1 for the non-deformable liner radius and r2 for
F f aN bN n (2) liner, we
the radius in the contact area of the deformed
(1)
see in (Figure 2b):
r2 r1 (9)
F f a bN (3)
(2) Increasing the bush radius in the contact area leads to
the decrease of the depth of the wear imprint from h1 -

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Volume 6, Issue 5, September- October 2017 ISSN 2278-6856
which would appear if the elastic deformation of the bush Poisson ratio is:
would be neglected, to the value h with the quantity h2:
h2 0.527 N E1 E2 LE1 E2
h2 h1 h (21)
(10) Considering (12) and (21), we have for the depth of the
Using l for the width of the wear imprint, from ABC wear imprint:
it is:
h l 2 8r1 0.527 N E1 E2 LE1 E2
(22)
2r1 h1 h1 l 2 4
(11) The wear imprint is the sum of cylindrical sectors,
Because the value of the depth h1 is very small, the term expanding in series the relation (21), neglecting the high-
is negligible, we write: order terms and reducing the similar terms, the area of the
lateral surface of a sector is:
h1 l 2 8r1 (12)
S i r 2 3 12
Similarly, in FGH , we have: (23)

Replacing in the relation above the angle with the ratio
2r2 h2 h2 l 2 4 l/r and accounting for (15) and (16):
Using the same assumption, for the term h2, we obtain:
S i l 3 r2 r1 12 r1r2 2lh2 3
(24)
h2 l 2 8r2 (13) Replacing the value of h2 obtained (22) in (24), we
Introducing (12) and (13) in (11) we have the following obtain the expression for the area of lateral transversal
results: surface of a cylindrical sector:

h l 2 1 r1 1 r2 8 l 2 r2 r1 8r1r2 l 2 8r S i 0.35l E1 E2 Nl E1 E2 L
(14) (25)
Where r is the equivalent curvature radius: The volume of worn metal material will be:

n
1 r 1 r1 1 r2 r2 r1 r1r2
From (14) we have:
(15) Vu S q 0.351 E
i 1
i i 1 E2 Nlm E1E2
(26)
Where lm is the mean width of the wear imprint.
r2 r1 r1r2 l 2 8h2
(16)
.The wear scar volume and the wear scar depth are
according to the normal load (N) in polynomial forms :
Considering the frictional couple is loaded in the elastic
And functions between friction coefficient and normal
domain with an elliptic distribution of stresses, the Hertz
load N are
formula is:
A ln N B (27)

l 2 4 8Nr 1 2 EL
(17)
Where A, B are determined from regression functions.
Where:
From relations (13) obtain
- Poisson ratio Also, contact temperature as a function of such:
L - the length of the wear imprint
E - equivalent Young modulus 2

Using index 1 for quantities related to the cylindrical T ai exp B i / A.

i 0 (28)
bush, and index 2 for those related to plane half-couple, the
equivalent elasticity modulus is:
b2 b b
1 E 0.5 1 12 E1 1 22 E2 Vu T b1 2 a1 N c0 2 a0 ,
(18) a2 a2 a2
(29)

E 2 E1 E2 0.91 E1 E2 Or after substitution of N its replacement we will have:

(19)
b b
From (17) we can express the width of the wear imprint: B/Ac0 b2 a0.
Vu 2 Tb1 2 a1exp
a2 a2 a2
(30)
12
l 4 2Nr 1 2 EL
(20) In a similar fashion, the depth of the wear mark is (31)
Introducing in (20) the equivalent elasticity modulus and
the equivalent radius expressions, the numerical value of
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Volume 6, Issue 5, September- October 2017 ISSN 2278-6856

c2 c c
hu T c1 2 a1 N c0 2 a0 , 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
a2 a2 a2 All the tests were limited to an hour. The regression
functions and the regression factor were calculated for each
Or couple. Tests were made at six sliding speeds, 18.56,
(32) 27.85, 37.13, 46.41, 55.70 and 111.4 cm /s.
c2 c2 b2
hu T c1 a1expB / A c0 a0.
Tables 1, summarize the correlation functions between the
a2 a2 a2 contact temperature (T)of the wear and normal load (N). It
is noted , the polynomial variation of all these quantities
functions of normal load.
Friction and wear processes were analyzed for a relatively
Also, we can express the contact temperature as a function
wide range of tribological parameter values that affect it
of as follows:
(load, relative speed, contact temperature). Increasing the
2 (33)
T ai exp B i / A. friction coefficient increases the wear rate, but no one
i 0
establish a mathematical relation between the two
quantities. All presented tests lasted 1 hour, so all wear
data represent the wear rate, expressed in cm3/h and mm/h.
b2 b2 b For a complete image of the wear process, on the bottom
Vu kNvt T b1 a1 N c0 2 a0 of the figures, are different curves of contact temperature
a2 a2 a2
(34) and friction coefficient function on normal load.
Writing Archards relationship for the worn depth of the Table .1
metal material, from relationships (31) and (32) we obtain
that: Regression function between contact temperature (T)
c c c and normal load (N)
hu k* pvt 2 T c1 2 a1 N c0 2 a0 Friction v Regression Correlation
a2 a2 a2 couple (cm/s) function factor
(35)
The relationships (33), (34), (35) show the connection Polyamide 18.56 T = 0.003 N 3 R2 = 1
2
between the output parameters Vu, T, and input and 30% glass - 0.365 N
parameters N, v, t of the wear process respectively between fiber on C120 + 15.75 N
hu, T, and p, v, t. These relationships show the steel
complexity of the wear process for metal surfaces in the Polyamide 27.85 T= 0.0233 N R2 = 1
2
case of the dry friction linear contact with the glass fibers and 30% glass + 2.9333 N
reinforced polymers. fiber on C120 + 105
steel
2.2 EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Polyamide 37.13 T = 0.055 N 2 R2 = 1
A Timken type couple with linear friction contact was and 30% glass + 4.45 N +
used as experimental equipment. Thus the normal load and fiber on C120 106
the contact temperature can be controlled. The friction steel
couple is built out of a plastic cylinder which revolves at Polyamide 55.70 T = 0.185 N 2 R2 = 1
different speeds. The friction couple is built out of a and 30% glass 1.55 N +
cylindrical liner (1) and a flat disk (2). The liner is fixed by fiber C120 steel 147
means of a nut (3) on the driving shaft (4). The disk sample Polyamide 111.4 T = 0.06 N 2 R2 = 1
is placed in a hole made in the elastic blade (5) and 30% glass + 5.9 N +
(Figure.3).The plastic piece rests on the polished surface of fiber on C120 179
a steel plan disk. The cylinder has a diameter of 22.5 mm steel
and a thickness of 10 mm. Polyamide 153.57 T = 0.16 N 2 R2 = 1
Figure.1 shows the functional scheme (a) friction couple and 30% glass + 9,2 N +159
(b) and its installation within the experimental equipment. fiber on C120
steel
Polyamide 18.56 T = 0.1 N 2 R2 = 1
and 30% glass 3.3 N + 127
fiber on Rp3
steel
Polyamide 37.13 T= 0.2667 N R2 = 1
2
and 30% glass + 20.933 N
(a) (b) fiber on Rp3 - 157
Figure 3. Functional scheme (a) friction couple, and (b) its steel
installation in the experimental equipment, where 1 - Polyamide 46.41 T = 0.28 N 2 R2 = 1
cylindrical liner; 2 steel flat disk sample; 3 nut; 4 and 30% glass 4.6 N +
hole; 5 - knife-edge fiber on Rp3 136
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Volume 6, Issue 5, September- October 2017 ISSN 2278-6856
steel
Polycarbonate 27.8 T = 0.08 N 2 R2 = 1
and 20% glass 5 +7.1 N + 100
fiber on C120
steel

Figure.7 Wear evolution as variation of contact

temperature function of the normal at the sliding speed of
55.70 cm/s for Nylonplast AVE Polyamide and 30% glass
fiber on C120 steel

Figure.4 Wear evolution variation of contact temperature

functionof the normal load and friction coefficient at the
sliding speed of 18.56 cm/s for Nylonplast AVE Polyamid
and 30% glass fiber on C120 steel

Figure.8 Wear evolution as variation of contact

temperature function of the normal load at the sliding
speed of 111.4 cm/s for Nylonplast AVE Polyamide and
30% glass fibers on C120 steel

Figure.5 Wear evolution as variation of contact

temperature function of the normal load at the sliding
speed of 18.56 cm/s for Nylonplast AVE Polyamide and
30% glass fiber on Rp3 steel

Figure.9 Wear evolution as variation of contact

Figure.6 Wear evolution as variation of contact
temperature function of the normal load at the sliding
speed of 27.85 cm/s for Nylonplast AVE Polyamide and
30% glass fiber on C120 steel
temperature function of the normal load at the sliding
speed of 153.57 cm/s for Nylonplast AVE Polyamide and
30% glass fiber on C120 steel
.

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Volume 6, Issue 5, September- October 2017
Figure.10 Wear evolution as variation of contact
temperature function of the normal at the sliding speed of
37.13 cm/s for Nylonplast AVE Polyamide and 30% glass
fiber on Rp3 steel
Figure.11 Wear evolution as variation of contact
temperature function of the normal load at the sliding
speed of 46.41 cm/s for Nylonplast AVE Polyamide and
30% glass fiber on Rp3 steel
Figure.12 Wear evolution as variation of contact
temperature function of the normal load at the sliding
speed of 27.85 cm/s, for PC Lexan 3412 and 20% glass
fiber on C120 steel
4. CONCLUSION
The complexity of processes of friction and wear in the
case of dry friction contact thermoplastic polymers with
SGF on steel surfaces. We synthesized through a
suggestive schematic representation of the process, with
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ISSN 2278-6856
input, output factors (consequences) and their influence on
the evolution of the entire tribological process (Fig. 13).
Fig. 13 The complexity of the evolution process of
friction-wear at a linear contact polymer with glass fiber on
steel
The friction and wear of metal surfaces in friction
couples, in linear contact with short glass fiber reinforced
thermoplastic material / steel, were influenced by the input
parameters of the tribosystem (normal load ,contact
pressure, relative sliding speed).
From the information presented above we can draw
some conclusions:
It is difficult to establish a mathematical relationship
between the input and output parameters. The linear dry
contact between the composite material and steel is highly
complex. By changing a single input parameter, all output
parameters of the systems will change.
The wear process of metal surfaces in dry friction
contact against plastic materials reinforced with short glass
fibers evolves over time.
The friction coefficient for the composite material and
for the C 120 steel samples is higher than the one obtained
at the surface of the steel samples. This is due to the
differences in hardness between the two types of steel.
This phenomenon is very complex that evolves from
abrasion to adhesion wear and to corrosion ,simultaneously
with the transfer of thermoplastic material unto the metal
surface.
Presenting the evolution of the tribosystem with dry
linear contact, SGF-reinforced polymer / steel is very
useful for tribological research.
The closed loop between the input and output
parameters, taking into consideration the modification of
the initial parameters especially the modification the metal
surface after wear.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the University of Civil
Engineering Bucharest, for its material and technical
support offered in order to achieve these researches.
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 International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)
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Volume 6, Issue 5, September- October 2017
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 International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)
Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org
Volume 6, Issue 5, September- October 2017 ISSN 2278-6856
Tribological properties of epoxy nanocomposites:
III. Characteristics of transfer films. Wear 262,
799-706 (2007)
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2(1): 4757 (2014)

AUTHOR
Dorin RUS. He received his MS degree in
mechanical engineering in 1982 from Faculty
of Technological Equipment for
Constructions Romania. In 1983 he joined
the Mechanical Department of Institute of
Civil Engineering Bucharest. His current position is
lecturer in machine parts. His research areas cover
tribology, micro /nanostructures, and nanofilms.

Volume 6, Issue 5, September October 2017 Page 214