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SOLAR DESIGN AND

SHADING APPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION to
SITE ANALYSIS, DAYLIGHTING
and SHADING

S/R Chapter 3
E. Faye Jones
Emilio Ambasz
Acros Building Japan
Classroom N.C.
Innovative Design
Why do we have SEASONS?
SOLAR PATH
Solar Control

Effects of sun are more problematic in hot


climates than in cold ones

Design should reflect seasonal variations in


solar intensity
Solar Control
For areas that can be too hot for comfort
well considered window placement
use overhangs to shade walls and openings
use light colored walls

incorporate covered porches


exterior elements (awnings) more effective than interior
(blinds / curtains)
intercept the heat outside the building (defensive)
use site features like foliage for shading

radiant barrier, insulation


east/west orientation the best
Solar Control
For areas that can be too cold for comfort
max southern exposure

E&W exposures are warmer in summer and colder in winter


than are S, SW and SE exposures

increase thermal mass and envelop insulation

use darker surfaces


Passive Cooling

Through Natural Ventilation


Passive Cooling- remove warm air from building,
replace it with cooler air, without the use of
mechanical assistance

Other methods of passive cooling;


Control Radiation, Evaporation and
Dehumidification, Mass Effect ( thermal storage)
Passive Cooling
SOLAR ALTITUDE - Vertical angle of the sun's position above the
horizon (0 - 90 plus)

AZIMUTH - Angle of sun east or west of south

ZENITH - Sun Position directly overhead (90 )


SOLAR ALTITUDE
AZIMUTH

Hawai`i Northern United States


Site Shading Analysis

Simple tools
- compass
- protractor
- plumb bob (any weight)
Site Shading Analysis
Process from center of site
Site Shading Analysis
Process
Site Shading Analysis
Computer Generated Site Shading
Site Shading Analysis
Courtyard Center Site Shading
3 Types of Shading configurations
With shading pattern (mask)
Shading Mask Sun Path
Creating Shading Mask
Step 1: Find out profile angles of window to shading device
Creating Shading Mask
Step 2: Draw in profile angles on shading mask
Creating Shading Mask - basic overhang window
Step 3: Fill in shading mask that is shaded by building
Creating Shading Mask - basic overhang window
Step 4: Fill in shading mask where profile angles overlap
Creating Shading Mask - basic overhang window
Step 5: Overlay Sunpath to determine when the building
is and is not being shaded
Creating Shading Mask - basic overhang window
Step 5: Overlay Sunpath to determine when the building
is and is not being shaded
When is the room being
shaded?

When is the room NOT being


shaded?

What direction is the window


facing?

How would you adjust if the


window were an east facing
window?
Creating Shading Mask - basic overhang window
Step 5: Overlay Sunpath to determine when the building
is and is not being shaded

When is the room being


shaded?
Shading Mask overhang and fins
Building -Self Shading
2 different shading methods
Same shading mask
In Class Exercises

60 degree front overhang,


45 degree side overhang (profile angle) as wide
as window)
In Class Exercises

55 degree front overhang


30 degree side overhang (profile angle)
In Class Exercises

75 degree front overhang


40 degree side overhang (profile angle)
60 degree fins
DAYLIGHTING Design

Three basic methods for admitting natural light


into the building:

Sidelighting
Toplighting
Atria

These descriptions refer to the placement of the openings


Sidelighting Techniques

1-The Ceiling

2-The Openings

3-Unilateral/Bilateral Openings

4-Forms and Shading

5-Light Shelves

6-Side Lighting/Sun Catchers


Sidelighting Techniques
1-The Ceiling
General
The reflectances and placement of surfaces is very important
when bringing natural light into the building.
Ceilings are often the best surfaces for receiving and reflecting
light.
Ceilings should be unobstructed, have a high reflectance and be
seen by tasks on horizontal surfaces
Shape ceilings to maximize effective reflectance surface areas
and light distribution. Use smooth ceiling sloped upward form
openings. Avoid highly articulated surfaces.
Sidelighting Techniques

2- The Openings
General
Location of openings affects light distribution and the
perception of distribution

Windows can be divided into upper, middle and lower


sections. Each contributes natural light to the interior is a
specific way
Sidelighting Techniques
3- Unilateral / multilateral openings (cont)
Locate openings in more than one wall to enhance light distribution

Openings on one wall only tend to allow too much light through that one
opening which overlites the window wall area and underlights the more distant
areas.

Openings on more than one wall will allow smaller window areas to be used
on various walls, provide more even lighting distribution and brighten
potentially dark areas. Bi and Multilateral openings can provide an even more
diffuse lighting
Sidelighting Techniques
4- Forms and Shading
General
Relate to suns altitude

Effectiveness varies seasonally

Openings must be shaded from direct light in order to


develop ambient interior illumination.

Shading openings reduces glare, and heat gain

Shading devices are categorized as : Horizontal, Vertical


(fins) and egg-crate (combination of both)
Sidelighting Techniques
6- Light Shelves and Glazing

Glazing position (within the thickness of the wall) has no real


effect on the light distribution but will impact the amount of
heat let into the building

Recessed glazing increases it shaded area- pushing glazing to


the exterior will increase its heat gain
Top Lighting Techniques
Top Lighting General Forms and Guidelines
Skylights are best for overcast sky
Use several small area skylights to deliver light where
it is needed
Vertical clerestories are best with low sun angles,
sunlight and reflected light
Control total amount of glazed area to avoid admitting
too much light
Baffle skylights on the exterior to minimize heat gain
or tilt and orient to minimize disadvantages
Control direct light on the exterior with overhangs,
fins and louvers and on the interior with deep wells,
beams, louvers or reflectors
Top Lighting Techniques
Top Lighting- Shape the Space
Wall are typically the best light receiving surfaces for
toplighting
Top Lighting-
Shape the Space (cont)

Wall and other


reflecting surfaces
should be high
reflectance and
located where they
are seen by task
Top Lighting Techniques
Top Lighting- Shape the Space
Increasing the ceiling height will
improve the light distribution and
fewer openings will be required
ATRIA Techniques
atrium Vs litrium

Atria be conducive to
indoor plant growth
and development of
indoor/outdoor public
spaces
Top Lighting Techniques
Checklist for
Designing with Natural Light
Determine the available resource
Sunny or overcast skies
Are there site reflectances and or obstructions

Identify Program needs


Size of building, when is light desired?
Specifics of visual tasks ( light needed, vertical or horizontal)
What color and quality of illumination required

Choose a formal design strategy


Based on resources and program needs, orient building form and mass to optimize
access light from two or more sides, top and atrium

Use design strategies effectively


Make it part of the architecture. Shape spaces to distribute light. Make floor plans
narrow and make ceiling high. Use appropriate reflectances. Make natural lighting
work with the structure of the architecture.
Checklist for
Designing with Natural Ligh (cont)
Check and test design
Use drawings, models and calculations to evaluate and refine the design.
Look at the quality and the quantity of design. Control glare. Maximize
light distribution, minimize unwanted shadows. Evaluate performance for
different times of day and for different weather conditions

Integrate with electric light system


Create a layout and switching strategy that compliments the natural
lighting. Allow electric lights to be turned off when natural light is
sufficiently illuminating the space.
Daylighting and Shading
Analysis
SUN RAY GEOMETRY winter solstice, noon
SUN RAY GEOMETRY summer solstice, noon
DAYLIGHTING Daylight Factor
Daylight Factor is calculated under overcast skies no direct light.
It is the ratio of indoor illumination to that of exterior illuminance.
darkest
SOLAR RADIATION diffuse fraction
The fraction of total radiation that is diffused.

Radiation data from Pocatello, ID.


SOLAR STRESS

Sun incident to east-facing glazing throughout the year: in


December from 8 am to 11 am and in June from 6 am to 10
am

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