Trichomonas Vaginalis Trypanosoma T.
Gambiense & Leishmania donovani
cruzi
Disease Trichomoniasis Chagas' disease
Characteristics Urogenital protozoa pear shaped- flagellated Blood and tissue protozoan
trophozoites, No cysts or other forms Life cycle: Trypomastigotes in
blood of reservoir host are
ingested by reduviid bug and
form epimastigotes and then
trypomastigotes in the gut.
When the bug bites, it
defecates and feces containing
trypomastigotes contaminate
the wound. Organisms enter
the blood and form
amastigotes within cells, these
become trypomastigotes
Transmission Transmitted sexually . Human reservoir By reduviid bugs, Human and
many animals are reservoirs
And Occur in latin America
Epidemiology
pathogenesis Trophozoites attach to wall of vagina and cause Amastigotes kill cells, especially
inflammation and discharge cardiac muscle leading to
myocarditis also neuronal
damage leading to megacolon
and megaesophagus
Laboratory Trophozoites visible in secretions Trypomastigoes visible in
blood
Diagnosis Bone marrow biopsy- invitro-
xenodiagnoses-serological test
may be required
Treatment Metronidazole for both sexual partenrs Nifurtimox or benzidazole for
acute disease-No one for
chronic disease
prevention Condoms limit transmission Protection from bite
Insect control
Rhodesiense
Sleeping sickness
(African trypanosomiasis)
Blood and tissue protozoan
Life cycle: trypomastigotes in
the human blood or animal
are ingested by tsetse fly.
They differentiate in the gut
to form epimastigotes and
then metacyclic
trypomastigotes in salivary
glands, when fly bites tryp
enter the blood. Repeated
variation of surface antigen
occur, which allow the
organism to evade immunity
By tsetse fly , T. gambiense
has a human reservoir
T.rhodesiense has animal
reservoir ( antelope)
Trypomastigotes infect brain
causing encephalitis.
Trypomastigotes visible early
in blood (early stage )
Cerebrospinal fluid ( late
stage )
Suramin (early) , suramin+
melarsoprol ( CNS symptoms)
Protection from bite
Insect control
Visceral leishmaniasis
(Kala-azar)
Blood and tissue protozoan
Life cycle: human macrophag
Containing amastigotes are
Ingested by sandfly.
Amastigotes differentiate in
The fly gut to promastigotes
Which migrate to pharynx.
When fly bites promastigotes
Enter blood macrophages and
Form amastigotes. These can
Infect reticuloendothelial cell
Such in spleen and liver .
By sandfly ( phlebotomus or
Lutzomyia). Animal reservoir
(dogs, carnivore, and rodent)
Human reservoir in india
Amastigotes kill
reticuloendothelial cells, in
liver, spleen and bone
marrow.
Amastigotes visible in bone
marrow smear .
Skin test indicates prior
infection .
Sodium stibogluconate
Protection from bite
Insect control