Chapter II

Related Studies

Apples are large source of phenolic compounds, especially the peels of the apples that

are high in phenolics. Antioxidant activity of apple peel extracts was also observed.

Within each varieties of apples (Rome beauty, Idared, Cortland, and Golden

Delicious) the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were highest in the peels,

followed by the flesh + peels and the flesh. Idared and Rome Beauty apple peels had

the highest total phenolic contents (588.9 6.7 and 303.2 41.5 mg of catechin

equivalents/100 g peels, respectively). The peels all significantly higher total

antioxidant activities than the flesh + peel and flesh of the apple varieties examined.

Idared peels had the greatest antioxidant activity (312.2 9.8 memol of vitamin C

equivalents/g of peels). The high content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity,

and antiproliferative activity of apple peels indicate that they may impart health

benefits when consumed and should be regarded as a valuable source of antioxidants

(Wolfe, et al.,2003).

A study conducted by Nallamili, et al. In VJS College of Pharmacy and College

of Pharmaceutical Sciences both in Andhra Pradesh, India tested for the

antihyperlipidemic effect of Malus domestica and Namily vitacaeae fruit peel extracts.

The study focused on confirmation of presence of flavonoids and antihyperlipidemic

activity of hydroalcoholic extract of the hand peeled fruits in atherogenic diet induced

hyperlipidemic albino rats. With 200mcg/kg (p.o) administration of the test extract to

the fatty meal induced hyperlipidemic rats show significant decrease in the levels of

the total serum cholesterol, tryglycerides, LDL, and VLDL and significant increase in

HDL levels. Results suggest that flavonoids contained in the hydroalcoholic extract of

the fruits of possess significant antihyperlipidemic activity (Nallamili, et al.2013).

 A study conducted by Asgary, et al. (2000) in Isfahan Cardiovascular Research

Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran tested the

antihypertensive and antihyperlidemic effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of

Achilleawilhemsii. They conducted a double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial.

Randomly selected 120 men and women, aged 40-60 years, and divided them in two

distinct groups of moderate hyperlidemic and primarily hypertensive subjects. They

were treated either with hydroalcoholic extract of with placebo in the form of 15-20

drops twice daily for more than 6 months. BP and serum lipids were measured for 3

periods of 2 months each. The results gathered showed a significant decrease in

triglycerides, total cholesterol were significantly increased after 6 months of treatment

(Asgary, et al. 2000).

Ajaykumar, et al. (2012) conducted a study on the antihyperlipidemiceffect of

Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) made from Malusdomestica on rat models.

Hyperlipdemia in the rats was induced by feeding high cholesterol diet. ACV

(1ml/day) and standard drug. Atorvastatin were orally administered to the animals in

respective groups and fed with high cholesterol diet for 14 days except normal control

rats. After the treatment cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL and VLDL level in

serum were estimated. A significant increase in reduced HDL-C level and significant

decrease in the elevated level of TC, TG, LDL and VLDL were observed in ACV

treated rats when composed to HCD fed rats. All the results were compared with

standard drug, Atorvastatin. The results concluded that the ACV has dignificant

antihyperlipidemic activity in HCD induced hyperlipidemia (Ajaykumar, et al., 2012).

A study conducted by Ghule, et al. (2005) in the Institute of Pharmaceutical

Education and Research in Wardha, India seek to explore the antihyperlipidemic

activity of four different extracts: petroleum ether, chloroform, alcoholic and aqueous
extracts from bottle gourd in Triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats and their

hypolipidemic effects in normocholesteremine rats. The study is comprised

preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts. Oral administration of the

extracts, at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight in rats, dose- dependently

inhibited the total cholesterol , triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein level, and

significantly increased the high density lipoprotein level. However, petroleum ether

extract did not show the significant effects. Both the chloroform and alcoholic extract

exhibited more significant effects in lowering total cholesterol, triglycerides and low

density lipoproteins along with increased HDL as compared to the others. Preliminary

phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, sterols, cucurbitacin,

saponins, polyphenolics, proteins, and carbohydrates. The results suggest marked

antihyperlipidemic and hypolipidemic activity of the extracts (Ghule, et al. 2005).

A study conducted by Jeanelle Boyer and RuiHai Liu in the Department of Food

Science and Institute of Comparative and Environmental Toxicology, Cornell

university, Ithaca, New York USA seeks to review the most recent literature regarding

the health benefits of apples and their phytochemicals, phytochemical bioavailability

and antioxidant behavior, and the effects of variety, ripening, storage and processing

on apple phytochemicals. Apple contains a variety of phytochemicals, including

quercetin, catechin, phloridzin and chlorogenic acid, all of which are strong

antioxidants. While extensive research exists, a literature review of th health benefits

of the apples and their phytochemicals has not been compiled to summarize this work

(Boyer & Liu,2014)