SURVEYING SCIENCE AND GEOMATICS

FACULTY OF ARCHITECRURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING,

UITM MALAYSIA SHAH ALAM SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

BACHELOR OF SURVEYING SCIENCE AND GEOMATICS (HONOURS) AP220

GLS559 ADVANCE CADASTRAL SURVEYING

ASSIGNMENT :
1.0 Definition of WGS 84 Coordinates System
World Geodetic System (WGS) is a standard for use in cartography, geodesy,
and navigation including GPS. It comprises a standard coordinate system for the Earth, a
standard spheroidal reference surface (the datum or reference ellipsoid) for raw altitude data, an
a gravitational equipotential surface (the geoid) that defines the nominal sea level. The error is
believed to be less than 2 cm.

.
Figure 1: The position Ellipsoid WGS 84 Figure 2: The WGS 84 Ellipsoidal
on Earths Surface Parameters

Figure 3: Parameter of
WGS 84 Coordinate
system
The MRT is the coordinate system used for mapping in Peninsular Malaysia (see Figure 4). The
datum is based on the old Repsold Triangulation and computed using data collected mainly in
the period 1948 to 1966 using the Modified Everest ellipsoid. It consists of about 1,200 stations
plus a number of more recent standard traverses and has an inter-station accuracy of around 13 to
15 ppm. Coordinates in this system are known as MRT48 coordinates which represent a unified
datum, albeit distorted (see Lithen, 1993), for the whole Peninsular.

Figure 4: Malayan
Triangulation Revised
1948

Over the years, the Rectified Skew Orthomorphic (RSO) and Cassini Soldner (Cassini) map
projection systems have been used for national mapping and cadastral purposes, respectively,
based on these two local datums . For example, based on the theory developed by Hotine (1947),
the Directorate of Colonial Surveys in Teddington, England, prepared the RSO Projection Tables
for Malaya. This Table has ever since been used by the DSMM for the RSO topographical
mapping projection purposes in the Peninsular. Meanwhile Cassini projection system (Richadus
and Adler, 1974) has been used in Peninsular Malaysia for cadastral mapping purposes. With
almost each State having its own origin, this system having its advantage in terms of reducing
scale distortion for a point located away from the central meridian. However for larger area (for
example covering a state), magnitude of the distortion is very significant away from its origin.

A unified coordinate system with referenced to the universally adopted datum is required to
accommodate the present and future interest in the acquisition of digital spatial data related to
cadastral and topographic mapping information. Kadir, et. al. (2002) highlights the importance of
providing a homogeneous geodetic infrastructure as the basis for integration of spatial data for
sustainable development decision making. They proposed that the country to adopt a new
geocentric datum for the requirements of 3-dimensional geodetic spatial referencing. The
increasing use of GPS for various applications, such as providing spatial information for GIS/LIS
applications, has further highlighted the shortcommings in existing local datums. The easy
transfer spatial data is crucial for both economic development and for the construction of all
kinds of infrastructure. These factors are causing many national mapping authorities to
reconsider their provision of survey data, and the datum on which it is defined.

CADASTRAL SURVEY
Cassini projection system for the Peninsular is based on several local datums and realized by
their published equations and coordinate of their respective State origin. The existing Cassini
projection for cadastral mapping was based on the MRT system referenced to the Modified
Everest ellipsoid. The corresponding reference ellipsoid for geocentric datum of GDM2000 is
the GRS80. The list of new State origins used in geocentric Cassini coordinate system is given in
Appendix A. The mapping equations used for Cassini coordinates in GDM2000 is given in the
Technical Manual of the GDM2000. This map projection is now being termed as the geocentric
Cassini. By using equations from the Manual, corresponding geocentric Cassini coordinates of a
marker could be directly computed.

The existing procedure of converting WGS84 coordinates to their corresponding values in local
Cassini system involves several transformation steps such as the following:
WGS84 MRT RSO Cassini
Quality of the resulting coordinates derived from such conversion procedure depends mainly on
the parameters being used in the transformations. For example conversion from RSO to Cassini
is being done using conversion table derived over the years and never been revised.

For cadastral surveyor, geodetic coordinates of a point determined in WGS84 (on the GRS80
ellipsoid) using GPS can now be projected directly to their related geocentric Cassini plane
coordinate values (using equations and new origin given in Appendix A) without converting first
to the MRT and RSO systems.
2.0 WGS 84 TO MRT 68 DATUM TRANSFORMATION

Datum transformation is a computational process of converting a position given in one

coordinate reference system into the corresponding position in another coordinate reference
system. It requires and uses the parameters of the transformation and the ellipsoids associated
with the source and target coordinate reference systems.

2.1 Bursa Wolf Datum Transformation Formulae

Bursa-Wolf formulae is a seven-parameter model for transforming three-dimensional cartesian
coordinates between two datums. This transformation model is more suitable for satellite datums
on a global scale (Krakwisky and Thomson, 1974). The transformation involves three geocentric
datum shift parameters (X, Y, Z), three rotation elements (RX, RY, RZ ) and a scale factor
(1 +L ).

The model in its matrix-vector form could be written as ( Burford 1985):

Figure: Bursa Wolf 7 Parameters

Transformation
3.0 MRT 68 TO RSO MAP PROJECTION

Typically, there are many different methods for projecting longitude and latitude in coordinate
reference system 1 onto a flat map in the same system:

The rectified skew orthomorphic (RSO) is an oblique Mercator projection developed by Hotine
in 1947 (Snyder, 1984). This projection is orthomorphic (conformal) and cylindrical. All
meridians and parallel are complex curves. Scale is approximately 21 true along a chosen central
line (exactly true along a great circle in its spherical form). It is thus a suitable projection for an
area like Switzerland, Italy, New Zealand, Madagascar and Malaysia as well. The RSO provides
an optimum solution in the sense of minimizing distortion whilst remaining conformal for
Malaysia.
 Figure: Hotine, 1947 (Snyder, 1984), Oblique Mercator (Source: EPSG)

3.1 MRT 68 to RSO (MRSO & BRSO) Map Projection

Figure: MRSO and BRSO Constant

Projection Parameters

The Projection formulae are as follows;

Figure: Example of Conversion Between MRT 68 to MRSO and BT
68 to BRSO

4.0 MRSO TO STATE CASSINI

COLDNER MAP PROJECTION

A transverse cylinder is projected onto the

globe conceptually, and is tangent along the
central meridian. Cassini is analogous to the
Equirectangular projection in the same way
that the Transverse Mercator is to the
Mercator projection. This projection may also be referred to as the Cassini Soldner, since
ArcView actually uses the formulae based on the more accurate ellipsoidal version developed in
the 19th Century.

There are nine state origins used in the coordinate projection in the cadastral system of
Peninsular Malaysia. The Cassini-Soldner map projection has been used for over one hundred
years and shall continue to be used for cadastral surveys in the new geodetic frame.

The mapping equations are as given in Richardus and Adler, 1974 and the formulas to derive
projected Easting and Northing coordinate are as follows:
 The old Cassini Soldner Coordinate Origin for each state

4.1 MRSO CASSINI SOLDNER Map Projection

The relationship between MRSO coordinate and the Cassini Solder is defined by a series of
polynomial function which make use of the coordinate of the origin of both projections for each
state in Peninsular Malaysia. The following are the formulae used:

All the values of the

coordinates must be in unit
chains (use 0.11678249 as the multiplying factor to convert from metres.)
3.2.2 Conversion to Geocentric Cassini Coordinate System

The existing Cassini projection system used for cadastral application in the Peninsular is based on local
MRT datum and realized by their published related defining parameters. Conversion to geocentric
datum involved changing of projection parameters related to reference ellipsoid. The corresponding
reference ellipsoid for geocentric datum is the GRS80.

In the old system, there are ten (10) State Cassini-coordinate systems in the Peninsular with their
respective origins. The latitude and longitude of the origins are not referred to a single triangulation
system. Maintaining these origins will pose some problems since their geodetic coordinates in GDM2000
need to be transfomed from MRT which is inaccurate. Another option is to re-observe the origin points
but still problem will arise since some of the points are no longer exist. The most appropriate way in
solving this problem is to adopt new origin points using the existing Primary GPS stations in the country.
In doing so, the new origins (10 primary GPS stations) are selected in the vicinity of the old origins with
their coordinates accurately defined in the GDM2000. The list of new State origins used in geocentric
Cassini coordinate system is given in Appendix A. The mapping equations used for Cassini coordinates in
GDM2000 is given in the Technical Manual of the GDM2000.

3.2.3 Conversion to Geocentric RSO Coordinate System

The RSO is an oblique Mercator projection used for topographical mapping application in Malaysia .
Hotine (Snyder, 1984) called the projection as "rectified skew orthomorphic". This projection is
orthomorphic (conformal) and cylindrical. All meridians and parallel are complex curves. Scale is
approximately true along a chosen central line (exactly true along a great circle in its spherical form).
The RSO provide an optimum solution in the sense of minimizing distortion whilst remaining conformal
for Malaysia. Its scale factor varies from 0.99984 to 1.0016 leading to a maximum scale distortion of
1:6250.

Peninsular Malaysia RSO East Malaysia Borneo RSO

Ellipsoid Parameters

Ellipsoid GRS 80 GRS 80

Major axis, a 6378137.000 Meters 6378137.000 Meters

Flattening, 1/f 298.2572221 298.2572221

Category I Defined Parameters.

Latitude of Origin, o 4 00 00 N 4 00 00 N

Longitude of Origin, o 102 15 00 E 115 00 00 E

Azimuth, - sin-1 (0.6) - sin-1 (0.6)

Scale factor, k 0.99984 0.99984

False Origin (Easting) 804,671 Meters E Nil

False Origin (Northing) Nil Nil

Category II - Parameter that related to ellipsoid change

Parameter A 6378137.502 Meters 6378137.502 Meters

Parameter B 1.003331484644 1.003331484644

Parameter C 0.000003016721 0.000003013554

Basic Longitude. o 105 14 10.587 109 41' 08.948

*Note: Formulae for Basic longitude for Borneo RSO is = 0.75 Sin ( B (115o -o)) =Sinh (B + C)

Table 2 : The New Geocentric RSO Projection Parameters for Peninsular and East Malaysia

RSO based on the local MRT datum has been used for topographical mapping in Peninsular Malaysia.
This projection system has also been used in Sabah and Sarawak (called Borneo RSO) for topographical
mapping based on the local BT68 datum. The defining parameters for Paper Presented at Seminar On
GDM2000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 28th August 2003, DSMM, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 10 these local
RSO projection systems have been published and being used in Malaysia over the years. Conversion to
geocentric datum involved changing of projection parameters related to reference ellipsoid. The
corresponding reference ellipsoid for geocentric datum is the GRS80. Thus, the new defining parameters
for the RSO projection system (both for Peninsular and East Malaysia) based on the geocentric datum
(GDM2000) is given in Table 2.

With GDM2000, geodetic coordinates of a point determined in geocentric datum (on the GRS80
ellipsoid) using GPS could be directly projected to their related plane coordinate values (for this case
geocentric RSO) without converting first to the MRT or BT68 systems. Reducing the step of coordinates
transformation will reduce any defect caused by imperfaction in the value of defining parameters being
used. The new defining parameters for the geocentric RSO projection system (both for Peninsular and
East Malaysia) based on the GDM2000 is given in the Technical Manual of the GDM2000

The new Geocentric Datum for Malaysia (GDM2000) has been established by the DSMM using GPS
space geodetic technology based on International Terresterial Reference Frame (ITRF2000) and
Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) reference ellipsoid. GDM2000 is connected to ITRF2000 by the
inclusion of 15 International GPS Service (IGS) sites from the nearby regions in the precise baselines
processing and adjustment of a network of existing Malaysian Active GPS System (MASS) stations.
Accuracy estimate for the stations in the network that define GDM2000 is found to be in the order of
3mm and 5mm for the horizontal and vertical components, respectively. In the process of implementing
GDM2000, matters related to datum transformations and map projections have been addressed. New
sets of transformation parameters concerning conversion from the existing local datum to the new
GDM2000 have been developed. Implication of the new GDM2000 on the existing cadastral and
mapping practices have also being addressed focussing on its impact to their related current and future
products. It has been proposed that the future product for both topography and cadastral mappings will
be based on the GDM2000. Implementation of GDM2000 will further encourage the use of GPS
positioning technology by various mapping related agencies in this country. Private and public
organisations which produce or use geographic information in any form, will need to assess both the
impact and benefits of adopting GDM2000. The new datum will also encourage consistent or uniform
spatial data standard accross the country.
A seven transformation parameters have also been derived to relate the existing PMSGN94
control with the new PMPGN2000. GDM2000 PMSGN94

A set of transformation parameters has been derived to allow for the geocentric coordinates
derived from satellite observations to be transformed and projected on to the existing map grid.
GDM2000 MRT48 RSO New Map Projection
The present transformation procedures adopted by DSMM involves a lengthy computation
steps such as the following: , , h)PMSGN94 (, , h )MRT (N,E)RSO
(N,E)Cassini
Applying to the above transformation to precisely surveyed positions will result in distortion of
the accurate GPS observations due to less precise datum.

The increasing usage of GPS by the surveyors, engineers, navigators and other professional
means that DSMM needs to provide a mapping product that is compatible with GPS without
transformation or distortion problems inherent in the older mapping.

In order to benefit directly from this new geocentric datum, new projection equation and related
parameters have to be developed so as to allow the coordinates to be projected to the plane grid
system.

(, )GDM2000 (N,E)RSO
(, )GDM2000 (N,E)Cassini
Implications
Cadastral Survey
Bearings and distances from coordinates different from currently shown
Use of RSO would cause minor changes
Application of scale factor and convergence correction
Recomputation of coordinates based on GDM2000
Future Cadastral map will be based on GDM2000
Figure 6: Cadastral Lot Topographical Mapping
Coordinates change of approximately 200 m
Simple transformation process for mapping product but need dense GPS network for a higher
accuracy fit
 Changing paper products would be expensive and time consuming
Change in grids and graticules position
Change in coordinates of map features
1:50,000 - 4 mm on the map
1:10,000 - 20 mm on the map
A new projection no confusion
No noticeable change on bearings and distances
Future Mapping product will be based on GDM2000

Figure 7: Topographical Maps

Present WGS84 Datum User
Present GPS Survey based on published PMSGN94 (Quasi WGS84) coordinates by JUPEM
(1994)
Not affecting for most practical applications
GDM2000 and WGS84 closely coincident
Discrepancies arise only in high precision absolute positioning

Past users of PMSGN94 need to redefine the derived positions in GDM2000 if centimetre level
surveys are needed
Transformation are required from PMSGN94 coordinates to GDM2000
Users of image data need to check with GDM2000 control.
New GPS Survey must be based on GDM2000

Transformation of Coordinates
Introduction
Today, the modern geodetic datums range from flat Earth models used for plane surveying to
very complex models used for global applications which completely describe the size, shape,
orientation, gravity field, angular velocity of the Earth and others. With satellite positioning that
is especially GPS with rapidly increasing applications, the relationship between various geodetic
datums become very necessary and important. With the widespread use of GPS, there is a trend
for working datum to be consistent with the ITRF and WGS84. Therefore, an accurate
positioning using satellite-based system needs the full understanding of reference frame
conversions or transformations.
Datum conversion can be accomplished by many different methods. A simple three parameter
conversion between geodetic co-ordinates in different datums can be accomplished by
conversion through Earth-Centred, Earth Fixed (ECEF) XYZ Cartesian co-ordinates in one
reference datum and three origin offsets that approximate differences in rotation, translation and
scale. Therefore, the complete datum conversion is usually based on seven parameter
transformations, which include three translation parameters, three rotation parameters and a
scale. Veis (1960), Bursa-Wolf (1963), Molodensky (1962), Vanicek and Wells (1974) and many
others have developed the transformation of 3-D co-ordinate system, for transforming geodetic
datum. The method of transformation between co-ordinate systems using seven transformation
parameters can guarantee transformed results to be quite consistent with the required co-ordinate
system in a certain and quite large area. But, gaps will still exist between the transformed results
and the given results in the required co-ordinate system.

This chapter will present the transformation models used by Bursa-Wolf. It will also describe the
technique for least-squares estimation of transformation parameters.
Three-Dimensional Transformation
Three-dimensional co-ordinates could be converted from Cartesian to curvilinear or vice versa
through the knowledge of the parameters of an adopted reference ellipsoid. The forward
transformation from geodetic co-ordinates () to Cartesian co-ordinates () is given in Heiskanen
and Moritz (1967), p182 as: h,,ZYX,,
With R-1 is the inverse of rotation matrix (orthogonal matrix), which is similar to the transpose
of rotation matrix (RT). Most of the commercial transformation software does support the strict
inverse formula, if not, another set of transformation parameter need to be derived.

In order to convert the geocentric coordinates of XYZ to the geodetic coordinate of PLH,
ellipsoid properties for the respective datums are listed below: Table 1: Ellipsoid Properties

No. Ellipsoid a (m) 1/f (m) Ref. Frame

1 GRS80 6378137.000 298.2572221 ITRF91 - 2000
2 WGS84 6378137.000 298.2572236 WGS84
3 Mod. Everest (Pen. Mal) 6377304.063 300.8017 MRT48
4 Mod. Everest (East Mal) 6377298.556 300.8017 BT68

Map Projection
Historically in Peninsular Malaysia, the Rectified Skew Orthomorphic (RSO) and Cassini-
Soldner (Cassini) map projection system have been used for mapping and cadastral purposes,
respectively. These projections were referenced to local geodetic datum defined by Modified
Everest ellipsoid, with Kertau triangulation station as the origin for RSO, while for Cassini
projection several state origins were used. For Sabah and Sarawak, RSO projection base on
Modified Everest (Borneo) with Timbalai triangulation station in Labuan, adopted as the origin
being used for mapping and cadastral purposes. With the adoption of GDM2000, DSMM
determines to provide the users with a unified coordinate system with referenced to the
universally adopted datum to accommodate the future requirements in mapping and cadastral
integrated purposes. The new mapping system for RSO and Cassini will be based on geocentric
datum, with changes in the algorithms for the map projections system.

Rectified Skew Orthomorphic Projection (RSO)

The RSO is an oblique Mercator projection developed by Hotine in 1947 (Snyder, 1984). Hotine
called the projection as "rectified skew orthomorphic". This projection is orthomorphic
(conformal) and cylindrical. All meridians and parallel are complex curves. Scale is
approximately true along a chosen central line (exactly true along a great circle in its spherical
form). It is thus a suitable projection for an area like Switzerland, Italy, New Zealand,
Madagascar, and Malaysia as well. The RSO provide an optimum solution in the sense of
minimizing distortion whilst remaining conformal for Malaysia. The new geocentric RSO
parameters for Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia can be requested from Department of
Survey and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM).
u = skew coordinate parallel to initial line v = skew coordinate at right angles to initial line =
Northing map coordinate = East map coordinate FE = False Easting at the natural origin. FN =
False Northing at the natural origin. NE
Cassini-Soldner Projection
Cassini-Soldner projection system is classified as cylindrical, tangent, transverse, equidistant and
semigeometric (Richardus and Adler, 1974). The cylinder is tangent along the meridian centrally
situated, so that the narrow belt is bisected by it as symmetrically as possible. The North-South
grid lines of the projection system are the projections of small circles, parallel to the central
meridian. The distances along the X-axis in the projection are always greater than the
corresponding arc distances on the datum surface. Meanwhile the Y-coordinate of the projection
represents true to scale the arc distance from the central meridian. The mapping equations can be
given as (Richadus and Adler, 1974) and the formulas to derive projected Easting and Northing
coordinates are: