AD-772 919

SENSITIVITY OF MATERIAL RESPONSE CALCU-

LATIONS TO THE EQUATION OF STATE MODEL

William 0 . Wray

Systems, Science and Software

Prepared for:

Army Ballistic Research Laboratories

December 1973

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1 REPORT TITLE

Sensitivity of Material Response Calculations to the Equation of State Model

4 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES CTVp o/pert nil/neliM<r* da>t;

Final Report - May 73 - October 73

s *u THORISI (Flfl nrnan, mlddlt Inlllml, Imtl nmmm)

William 0. Wray

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DECEMBER 1973 59 JX
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DAAD05-73-C-0489
SSS-R-73-1910
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This report examines the sensitivity of material response calculations to the

choice of equation of state model. Three equation of state models, all of which are
available as subroutines in the RIP code, are considered: 1) modified PUFF; 2) RIP
mixed phase; and 3) GRAY. Each of these models is used to calculate the one-dimensional
response of aluminum, beryllium and titanium; this series of calculations is performed
for two distinct x-ray sources. The sensitivity of the calculated material response
to the choice of equation of state model is characterized in terms of the generated
impulse and the peak propagating stress at the time the radiation source is cut off.
For the calculations presented in this report, the three equation of state models are
in fairly good agreement.

NATIONAL TECHNICAI
INfORMATlON SERVICE
c
U nppartrm>nt of Cnmmerr.p
SpnnRfieW VA 22151

1%^ fMM 4 M TO "PLAC DO POHM (471. I JAN 4,

I MICH I
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I. UMOASSI
cunty ClaMlflcatioa
UNCLASSIFIED
Security CUttl.lcdlon

KEY WORD*

Equation of State
GRAY Equation of State
RIP Mixed Phase Equation of State
Modified PUFF Equation of State
Aluminum
Beryllium
Titanium

l(k.
UNCLASSIFIED
Security CUasification
BALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES

BRL CONTRACT REPORT NO. 130

SSS-R-73-1910

DECEMBER 1973

SENSITIVITY OF MATERIAL RESPONSE CALCULATIONS

TO THE EQUATION OF STATE MODEL

FINAL REPORT

William 0. Wray
Systems, Science Software
LaJolla, California

Contract No. DAAD05-73-C-0489

and
RDTfiE Project No. 1W062105A6S9

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, MARYLAND

 ABSTRACT

This report examines the sensitivity of material response

calculations to the choice of equation of state model. Three
equation of state models, all of which are available as sub-
routines in the RIP code, are considered: 1) modified PUFF;
2) RIP mixed phase; and 3) GRAY. Each of these models is
used to calculate the one-dimensional response of aluminum,
beryllium and titanium; this series of calculations is per-
formed for two distinct x-ray sources. The sensitivity of
the calculated material response to the choice of equation of
state model is characterized in terms of the generated impulse
and the peak propagating stress at the time the radiation source
is cut off. For the calculations presented in this report, the
three equation of state models are in fairly good agreement.

in
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report and the associated research was supported

by Contract No. DAAD05-73-C-0489 under the sponsorship of the
Ballistic Research Laboratory in Aberdeen, Maryland. The pro-
ject was funded and monitored through the efforts of
Joseph F. Lacetera of the Effects Analysis Branch.

Mr. Robert A. Cecil and Mr. C. Michael Archuleta of the

Systems, Science and Software (S3) scientific staff made signi-
ficant technical contributions to the performance of the
research and calculations reported herein. The EOSGEN code,
which is currently undergoing refinement and documentation, is
primarily the result of their efforts. Additionally,
John R. Triplett, also a member of the S3 scientific staff,
provided invaluable theoretical support by interpreting and
evaluating the GRAY equation of state.

Preceding page blank

 CONTENTS

Page
1. INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 OBJECTIVE AND PROCEDURE
1.2 EQUATION OF STATE MODELS 1
1.3 SOURCE DESCRIPTION 3

2. EQUATION OF STATE DATA 6

2.1 MODIFIED PUFF 6
2.2 RIP MIXED PHASE 6
2.3 GRAY 7

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 26

4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 31

REFERENCES 36

APPENDIX A - THE EOSGEN CODE 37

A.l THE VIRIAL EXPANSION' 37
A. 2 DEFINITION OF THE MIXED PHASE BOUNDARY 39
A.3 THE JOIN FUNCTION 42

APPENDIX B - CORRECTIONS TO EOS2 47

APPENDIX C - CORRECTIONS TO EOS3 50

Preceding page blank

VI i
 LIST OF FIGURES

Page
Figure 1. Incident energy spectrum for SPEC 1 radia-
tion source (normalized to unity).

Figure 2. Normalized energy flux vs time for SPEC 1

radiation source.

Figure 3. Intersection of isotherms with mixed phase

boundary. 32

Figure 4. Schematic pressure-volume diagram illustrating

new join procedure for GRAY equation of state. 34

Figure A.l Intersection of isotherms with mixed phase

boundary. 40

Figure A.2 Schematic representation of the RIP mixed

phase equation of state. 43

Figure B.l Schematic representation of the RIP mixed

phase equation of state. 48

Figure C.l Schematic representation of GRAY EOS. 51

Preceding page blank

ix
 LIST OF TABLES

Page

TABLE 1 Modified PUFF Parameters for Aluminum 8

TAbI.E 2 Modified PUFF Parameters for Berylliua 9

TABLE 3 Modified PUFF Parameters for Titanium 10

TABLE 4 EOSGEN Input Data for Aluminum 11

TABLE 5 EOSGEN Input Data for Beryllium 12

TABLE 6 EOSGEN Input Data for Titanium 13

TABLE 7 EOSGEN Output for Storage in /EQST/COMMON 14

TABLE 8 /EOSTAB/COMMON 15

TABLE 9 EOSTAB Input: Aluminum 17

TABLE 10 EOSTAB Input: Beryllium 19

TABLE 11 EOSTAB Input: Titanium 21

TABLE 12 Gray Equation of State Parameters for

Aluminum 23

TABLE 13 Gray Equation of State Parameters for

Beryllium 24

TABLE 14 Gray Equation of State Parameters for

Titanium 25

TABLE 15 Summary of RIP Calculations 27

TABLE 16 Results of RIP Calculations on Aluminum 28

TABLE 17 Results of RIP Calculations on Beryllium 29

TABLE 18 Results of RIP Calculations on Titanium 30

Preceding page blank

 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVE AND PROCEDURE

The purpose of this report is to determine the sensi-

tivity of material response calculations to the choice of
equation of state model. Three equation of state models, all
of which are available as subroutines in the RIP1 J code, are
considered: 1) modified PUFF; 2) RIP mixed phase; 3) GRAY.
Each of these models is used to calculate the one-dimensional
response of aluminum, beryllium and titanium; this series of
calculations is performed for two distinct x-ray sources. The
sensitivity of the calculated material response to the choice
of equation of state model is characterized in terms of the
generated impulse and the peak propagating stress at the time
the radiation source is cut off. Whenever possible, handbook
values are used for the required equation of state data; no
attempt was made to adjust the data in order to reduce the
differences between the three models.

1.2 EQUATION OF STATE MODELS

The first equation of state considered in this report

is referred to as the modified PUFF equation of state. I1!
The modified PUFF equation of state is the simplest of the
three models; it consists of a Mie-Gruneisen solid equation
of state for the compressed region which is joined at the
ambient density to a function which limits to an ideal gas
equation of state as the density approaches zero. Pressure
continuity is maintained at the ambient density for all ener-
gies, but the sound speed is continuous only at the zero
reference energy; the discontinuity in sound speed becomes
more severe as the energy is increased.
1h& RIP mixed phase equation of state is based on a
virial expansion which was applied by Tuerpe, Keeler and
McCarthy 1*1 to the study of aluminum at high temperature and
pressure. The equation of state was later generalized to
other metals by D. Steinberg and reported in an internal memo
dated August 22, 1967 at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.
Incorporation of the Steinberg equation of state into the RIP
code involved the following tasks:

1. The caloric equation of state was inverted

and the resulting expression for the tem-
perature was substituted into the thermal
 equation of state, thereby yielding a formula
for the pressure as a function of energy and
density. Seven independent coefficients
appear in this formula and they are evaluated
by the E0S6EN* code and subsequently input to
EOSTAB common in the RIP code.

2. A Maxwell construction was required in order

to determine corresponding values of pressure,
energy, sound speed and density on the mixed
phase boundary. This task is also performed
by the EOSGEN code, and points on the mixed
phase boundary are subsequently input to EOSTAB
common in the RIP code.
3. A join function was developed which provides
for pressure and sound speed continuity between
the virial expansion for expanded states and
the Mie-Gruneisen solid equation of state for
the compressed region. The coefficients in the
join function are evaluated by the EOSGEN code
and subsequently input to EQST common in the
RIP code.

A brief discussion of the EOSGEN code and associated

corrections** to the E0S2 subroutine in the RIP code is pre-
sented in Appendix A. All of the work presented in Appendix A
was performed in support of Contract DAAD05-73-C-0489 and was
required in order to perform hydrodynamic calculations using
the RIP mixed phase equation of state in the RIP code.

The third equation of state considered in this research

is the GRAY three-phase equation of state for metals developed
by E.B. Royce 13] at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Material
near normal density, in the solid-liquid region, is described
by a scaling-law equation of state for metals developed by
Grover.t*) The scaling-law equation of state includes a
Gruneicen description of the solidt^J normalized to the experi-
mental Hugoniot. Material in the liquid-vapor region is
treated according to an equation of state developed by Young
and Alder;[6] their van der Waals model uses an analytic repre-
sentation of the classical hard-sphere equation of state with
a van der Waals attractive term added. The complete equation

*
Documentation of the EOSGEN code is in progress.
**
It was necessary to develop a new join function in order to
allow pressure and sound speed continuity between the com-
pressed and expanded equations of state.
of state, as described in Reference 3, Is developed by analytically
joining the Grover scaling law and the Young-Alder models at a
volume in the range 1.3 to 1.5 times normal volume. This is accom-
plished by adding correction terms to the Young-Alder equation of
sate employed on the low density side of the join volume.
It was necessary to make several corrections to the
E0S3 subroutine in the RIP code before performing calcu.atlons
with the GRAY equation of state. These corrections are presented
in Appendix B.

1.3 SOURCE DESCRIPTIONS

The first radiation source (SPEC 1) was prescribed by

the Ballistic Research Laboratory.[7] The energy spectrum and the
time dependence of the energy flux are presented in Figure 1 and
Figure 2 respectively. The second peak In the energy spectrum is
due to a typographical error in Reference 7. The calculations were
performed before this error was recognized, but since the same
spectrum was used throughout, the calculations still represent a
valid sensitivity study. A fluence level of 5952 cal/cm2 was used
for all calculations performed with this radiation source.

The second radiation source (SPEC 2) considered 1n this

study Is a 2-keV blackbody with a 10-nsec square pulse shine
time. Appropriate fluence levels were selected in order to
guarantee that several zones of material are vaporized at the
front surface of each metal considered. The fluence levels
selected are:

Aluminum: 100 cal/cnr

Beryllium: 2000 cal/cm2

Titanium: 100 cal/cm2
 9.0

8.0 -

% 7.0
r*

6.0 -
o
n
i
o
5.0 *
^
6
8

3.0

2.0

50 100 150 300

Energy (keV)

Figure 1. Incident energy spectrum for SPEC 1 radiation

source (normalized to unity) .
 1.0

0.8 1.0
6
Time (10" sec)

Figure 2. Normalized energy flux vs time for SPEC 1 radia-

tion source.
2.1 MODIFIED PUFF
The modified PUFF equation of state parameters for
alurinum, beryllium, and titanium are presented in Tables 1,
2, and 3 respectively. All of the parameters appearing in
the tedales were obtained from Reference 8 with the exceptions
of ELV BLM' and ESM which were calculated as described in
the following paragraph.
The incipient melt energy, Eg, is obtained by multi-
plying the difference between the melt temperature (Refer-
ence 9, page D-103) and the reference temperature, 20 C, by
the heat capacity at constant pressure (Reference 9, D-97) .
The complete melt energy. ELM is obtained by adding the heat
of fusion (Reference 10) to the incipient melt energy.
Finally, an approximate value for the incipient vaporization
energy, ELV is obtained by multiplying the difference be-
tween the melt temperature and the boiling temperature (Refer-
ence 9, page D-103) by the heat capacity and adding the result
to the complete melt energy. These three energy parameters
are used for the momentum edits (the momentum of each thermo-
dynamic state is displayed) and for determining the energy
density, EgM at which the material should have zero strength.
All of the data for modified PUFF is stored in the ESTCON
array in EQST common.

2.2 RIP MIXED PHASE

The first thirteen parameters listed in Tables 1, 2,
and 3 are required as input to EQST common in order to apply
the EOS2 equation of state subroutine in hydrodynamic calcula-
tions on aluminum, beryllium and titanium, respectively. The
remaining equation of state data are generated by the EOSGEN
code which is described in Appendix A.
Fundamental material properties of aluminum, beryllium,
and titanium which are required as input data to the EOSGEN
code are presented in Tables 4, 5, and 6 respectively. The
ambient densities are the same values used for the modified
PUFF equation of state and the reference temperature for all
three materials is assumed to be 300 K. The bulk modulus
of aluminum was calculated according to the relation

ft - Y

where 6 is the bulk modulus, Y is Young's modulus and a is

Poisson's ratio. Numerical values for Y and a were obtained
from Table 3.1 on page 44 of Reference 1. The bulk moduli
of beryllium and titanium were taken equal to the linear
Hugoniot coefficients, Al, used in the modified PUFF equation
of state. Constant pressure heat capacities obtained from
page D-97 of Reference 9 were used for Cvor the constant
volume heat capacity at the reference state; heat capacities
at constant pressure and volume are almost identical for
solids at low temperatures. The critical pressure, tempera-
ture, and volume of aluminum were obtained from Table 3.1 on
page 44 of Reference 1. The critical poiuts of beryllium and
titanium were calculated using a procedure presented in Refer-
ence 6. The required relations are

v = (2.417X1024) a3

.7232 a
Tc =
RV
c

.2596 a
P -
c

where Vc Tc , and Pc are the critical volume, temperature, and

pressure, respectively, a is the hard sphere diameter, ay is
the coefficient of the attractive potential for the vapor, and
R is the universal gas constant. The hard sphere diameter is
related to the excluded volume, Vb, by the equation

6V
.3 b

where N is Avogadro's number. Numerical values of ay and V^

are presented in Table 3.2 on page 52 of Reference 1.
2.3 GRAY

The GRAY equation of state parameters for aluminum/

beryllium, and titanium are presented in Tables 11, 12 and
13 respectively; the parameters also used in the modified
PUFF equation of state are not repeated in these tables.
The entropies of melting were obtained from Reference 9; all
other GRAY equation of state parameters were obtained from
the original Lawrence Livermore Laboratories report by
E.B. Royce.[5]
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u
P
n>
4J
s
09
(0
H
8
a>
0) H V >i to Cu
a n Ok (0 + ID H
o a
M
P*
0)
0
i
u
3
H
3
H
0
(0
M
Oi P
0
>
0 Q, H iH rH
u +J 0 10 id 1 id
c a e U 0 0
0) 0) H rl H
H H M 4J 4i P P
n H id H H -H
^ "g 3 0) H U U
U o o

12
 Ol

0) ^ CM
3 N g
H
(0
>
(0
a;
c
1 \
>1
H n o c^ c
id M
u B CM ^
H i ^ H
r^ o N
<*>
t-i
0)
1
1 O
r-l
X
o
nH
iH
o
o
O
e
0
1 3 H M 00 X rH o
z ' m
o
0 o Ol X 'S'
fc
n j
a> M 00 00 o
o H |
r-i n ^H nH rH rH N
f

K
W
m H >-* 0
o 0 0 rH > o 0

m
o
EL, t
(0
Q. CD < P4 CD >

a Q

EH

<u
2 0) p
p fi
nJ +J
W +J CO
O n
W 0)
0)
u c
ti 0)
0) M
M 0)
0) M-i 0)
0) M-l 0) M
M 01 M 3
3 M 0) P
P 4J H (0
>1 fl 4J (0 d M 0) |
>1 i + M (0 (0 0)
+ H 0) >1 w ft 9 i
u 1 10 (0 4J 0) H
0) | c P 3 H M 3 o
cu
0
0) 3 rH & p >
Q P 3 (
M ft rH H H
A +> +J 0 CO M (0 fl
C
0)
c
0)
e
H
u
H
u
H
H H >: P *i P P
,0 n H ro H rt H
^ ^ 3 0) M M M
m a O u u

13
 CM K
0) 0 CM
1 ''*

>
3 (0
a) \
1 g 0)
c ca 0)

<n &
-a
>1 6
H B H
vo
0)

o\ M
^ H
Q)
>
1 O o o o B I
1 H H fH O
1 9 M X X X in -* i
2 -' e * n 00 m 00
in O o <N a\ * w
* o CM 1
1 "* m <J\ m r- H o

"b
ca
'-' N->
0
0 o 0 H > o 0 o j
a <D < a <D >
o
vo
CO
W

s ta
D
cu
Z
H
(U
a) +>
p id
rq +
W P u
o (0
w 0)
0) 0
u
c 01
0) u
M 01
<U w a)
0) IM ID
u a) M ^
V u 0 +>
V +J id
>i
P
(d
M
**
10
id (0 M
a g 1
>1 1
^
M
H
at
01 >i n a 3 l
a Ul P 0) H
c d M
0)
a
0
01
a
1
+
H
3
H
U
id
a +
O
>
!

^
* i 4J
e

u
1e ex

u
H

0

H
id
0
-*
"d

\
i
0) 0) H H ^
H H M p P P +
,0 ,0 H (d H H -H
^ fi 3 <u U u ^
a s CJ u u
^

14
 ^ ^ m (N
E iH r-i H H
3 r- o Q o O
H oo H H rH rH
C ^

X x X
vo
X
a\ vo r-
id CO yo
*i ^ a o\ o o\ OJ 00 rH
H ot en f-i CN * r> m
H
CM r-H m (N a\ <N 00
1 rH
1

0
CM | n
0) M N O O o o
3 H ^ H iH H H
H H 00 X X X x
(0 >i in VO 00 rH a\ T *

i
> M H a\ r~ ro * vo in en
0) *o in in in 00 r^ 00
-( 0)
(0 ot r-i 00 rH n m n
u u
H
| | I
M
0)
a CM CM CN rH
2 E rH H H rH
3 m O O O O

H
c H
H
H
X
rH
X
rH
X
H
X
m
a 3E O

CM
^
VO
",
m
<^
rH
rH TT
rH
00
o
o
w I
o
E-i
iH
<
<M vo
CM
r^
n
LO

iH
H

<N
1

vo

in
vo

CN
r*
CN

9 Ui
05 en n n
O CM fN CN
g 3 B
CO e ro
e
E roE

En

1 \ \
o 0
"N.

0B
H N N 0 \ 3
D 0 in Ui \ to \ Ui S. 1 3
tr
1s a>
c
e
0)
1 0)

>
6
c
0) 3
-^*
< In
-o>
> ^U
8 U)
>
TJ -0 TJ U
^-^ u U
o n m
^-^
vo
*'
r^
0 iH fO T
a u O u u 0 o
w
o
w
(0
H P Ui
0) c c
>1 e a) 0
(Hi
3
0
H
IH 0) C
H
-P
0)
0< m IM
0
5 H
0
s3
o M H r-t
u 0 S0 M
04
u
u

15
 TABLE 8

/EOSTAB/COMMON

Purpose; Stores the constants and the tabular values which

describe the mixed phase region in the RIP mixed-
phase equation of state model.

Used In: CARDS, DREAD, EDIT, EOS2, RIP, SPRINT

Variable Location Definition

THETA(I) Yl Temperature (0K) of the points for

1=1,100
the mixed phase region table. List-
ed in ascending order from T = 0 to
T = T . . These values are deter-
cnc
mined by the EOSGEN code and are not
used in subroutine EOS2.
2
PU(I) Y101 Pressure (dynes/cm ) of the points in
1=1,100 the mixed phase region table. These
values correspond to THETA values and
are in ascending order from P = 0 to
P = P ...
cnt
RHOU(I) Y201 Density (g/cm ) of the points for the
1=1,100 range p > p > p .. of the mixed
co cnt
phase region: the variable p is
co
the value of the density at the cut-
off point for the mixed phase region
which is entered into ESTCON(16,N).
The variable p .. corresponds to the
density at P cnt These values corre-
spend to the values appearing in the
PU(I) array.
EU (I) Y301 Specific internal energy (erg/g)
1-1,100 corresponding to the points in the
RHOU(I) array.

16
TABLE 8, /EOSTAB/COMMON (Continued)

Variable Location Definition

CU(I) Y401 Sound speed (cm/sec) corresponding to

1=1,100
the points in the RHOU(I) array.
RHOL(U) Y501 Density (g/cm ) of the points for the
I=:l,100 range p . > p > 0 of the mixed
phase region. These values correspond
to the values appearing in the PU(I)
array.

EL(I) 601 Specific internal energy (erg/g)

1=1,100 corresponding to the points in the
RHOL(I) array.

CL(I) Y701 Sound speed (cm/sec) corresponding

1=1,100 to the points in the RHOL(I) array.

Z(I) Y801 Z(l) through 7(8) are defined in the

1=1,15 EOSGEN code. These are coefficients
used in the calculation of pressures
and sound speeds for state points
above and below the mixed phase
region. Z(9) through Z(15) are coeffi-
cients calculated within subroutine
E0S2 and are used for state points
above and below the mixed phase.

17
 TABLE 9

EOSTAB INPUT; ALUMINUM

n
3.0000*02t 1.8540*03 2.0 760*03 2.2980*03* 2.5200*03*
2.720C3t 2.9643*33 3.1360*03 3.4333*33* 3.5333*33.
3.e52C03t 4.C74C*r3 4.??60*03 4.5180*03* 4.74CP*"3.
.962Q*C3* 5.1843*33 5.4363*03 5.6233*33* 5.3503*33.
6,0170*03 6.294 0*03 6.5160*03 6.7380*03* 6.9600*03.
7.1820C3t 7.4043*33 7.6260*03 7.8433*33* 3.0703*03.
8.292C03f 8.5140*03 8.7360*03 8.9580*03 9.1800*03.
9.t020*03f 9.6243*33 9.8160*03 1.0358*34* 1.3293*34.
1.0512*0i. 1.0734*04 1.0956*04 1.1178*04*
1.14300<i
noir
3.3333 > 1.5397*33 1.1142*04 5.4831*34* 2.3249*35.
5.S992*0e. 1.'005*06* 3.2346*06 6.4628*06* 1.1663*07.
1.9C3e*07f 3.1378*37* 4.6363*07 6.7821*37* 9.4657*07.
1.2820*08* 1.6902*08* 2.1787*08 2.7518*08* 3.414B*r,8.
.1710C8* 5.3253*03* 5.97 96*08 7.3355*33* 3.1963*33.
9.%6103t 1.0833*09* 1.2310*09 1.3895*09* 1.556e*',9.
1.7392*09 1.9283*39* 2.1299*09 2.3398*39* 2.5630*39,
2.7920*09 3.0330*09* 3.2838*0'. 3.5444*09. 3.ei4n*r!j.
4.3935*09 4.3819*39* 4.6792*09. 4.9853*39*
5.3000*0 9
rzji-
?.7DCC*0C. 2.1086*00* 2.0425*00 1.9799*00* 1.9202*00.
1.963M*33 1.8391*33* 1,7573*00* 1.7371*30* 1.6592*00.
1.6111*00 1.5687*00* 1.5257*00* 1.4843*00* 1.4440*00.
1.(1351*00 1.3672*30* 1.3IC4*00* 1.2945*30* 1.2595*32.
1.22*4*00 1.I92OC0* 1.1593*00* 1.1272*00* 1.0957*00*
1.0647*00 1.3341*33* 1.3343*00 9.7413-11* 3.4481-01*
9.1525-01 8.6604-01* 8.5689-01 8.2771-01. 7.9841-01.
7.385-01 7.3888-31 7.0127-01 5.7635-31* 6.4423-31.
6.0975-01. 5.7260-01 5.3090-01* 4.8003-01*
3.7C37-ri
rsoir
3.0033 2.2583*13 2.6249*13* 2.9931*10* 3.3737*10,
3.7480*10 4.1273*10* 4.5079*10. 4.6895*10. 5.2715*10.
S.:5IE*13- 6.0357*13. 6.4173*10* 6.799?*10. 7.1AC>*10,
7.5613*10 7.9419*10* 8.3216*10* B.T.S*lC* 9.0800*10,
9.4587*10 9.8371*10* 1.3n5*ll 1.0594*11. 1.3972*11*
1.1350*11 1.1729*11* 1.2109*11 1.2490*11. 1.2371*11,
1.3255*11 1.3543*11* 1.4328*11 1.4418*11* I .4913*11*
1.5711*11 1.5616*11* 1.6C28*11 1.6446*11 1.6651*11*
1.7333*11* 1.7803*11* 1.3315*11* 1.8933*11.
1.9969*11
f3I =
5.0000*05 4.3552*05 4.2724*05* 4.1913*05. 4.1116*CE.
4.3331*05 3.9355*35 3.3787*05* 3.8324*35* 3.7253*35,
3.6516*05 3.5771*05. 3.5324*05* 3.42o4*C5* Z.3cjZj*~t,
3.2799*05 3.2054*35 3.1313*05* 3.C3i9*35* 2,3121*35.

18
 TABLE 9, EOSTAB INPUT: ALUMINUM (Continued)

2.93r005 2.8316*33 2.7358*05 2.67905 2.6025*351

2.52M9*05 2.<tMC<t*C5 2.3672*05 2.2871*05 2.205S*C5t
2.123J*SS 2.2395*35 1 .9512*05 1.9573*:5 1 .77dc; *Q5 t
l.GB7e*05 1.59H:*05 1.19e:*C5 1.3993*05 1.29JC*Cf t
1.1909*05 1.0339*35 3.6723*01 3.333i|*34
7. B5350<l
f53l;
P.COCO 2.1915-07 1.124 8-06 6,3m-Cf 2,13H-0E.
5.813Q-35 1.3139-31 2.7^39-34 S.C53S-:i 3.5857-34*
1.36M6-03 2.C531-C3 2.9516-03 M,oebO-C3 5.4743-C3*
7.m?t-03 9.C930-3J 1.1J51-32 1.3973-32 1.SS31-C2
2.0069-02 2.36E1-C2 2.7595-02 3.1932-02 3.6589-C2t
if.1557-02 1.7153-32 S.3361-32 5.9122-32 S.5253-a2f
7.3595-02 8.1179-02 8.9953-02 9.9C31-C2 1.0896-0^,
1.19S5-C1 1,3129-31 1 .H35-01 1.S3.9-31 1.7134-Olt
1.9213-01 2.1336-C1 2.3957-C1 2.7539-C1
3.7037-01
Y6D1 =
1.319<<11 1.1592*11 1.4792*11 1.4932*11 1 .5192*11.
1.5T91*H 1.55C*11 1.5789*11 1.5986*11 l,6183*lli
1.537811 1.6571*11 1.6763*11 1.6952*11 1 .713e)*H t
1.7323*li 1.7505*11 1.7664*11 1.7860*11 1.8C33*llt
1.32:3*11 1.8373*11 1.8333*11 1.33J3*I1 1.33s3fli *
i.90oi*n 1.9153*11 1.9299*11 1.9441*11 1.9579*i:t
1.9712*11 1.9311*11 1.9351*11 2.0332*11 2.3194*11.
2.0?36*li 2.C3>5*11 2.0482*11 2.0557*11 2.0619*11.
2.?6ol*n 2.0673*11 2.3354*11 2.0551*11
1.9969*11
r73X:
3.3612*04 9.9676*01 1.0531*05 1.1078*05 1.1600*05
1.2396*03 1.2573*35 1.3320*05 1.31*i*35 1.3849*?5.
1.^227*05 1.4578*05 1.4304*05 1.52C3*C5 1.5475*',
1.5720*05 1.5937*35 1.6127*05 1.6233*35 1.0126*05
t.65'r*Qe 1.6617*05 i,6 673*05 1.67C2*0E 1.67C4*n5,
1.5679*05 1.6623*35 1.6543*05 1.6111*35 t,5335*05
I.Sl0*0f 1.511C5 1.5715*05 1,?453*C5 1.5153*05.
i.<ism*c5 1.1133*35 1.43^2*05 1.3515*35 1.2361*05
1.2335*05 1.1605*C5 1.0740*05 3.6593*04
7.8535*0(1
YBOlr
3.7658*:6 2.025ii*3S 9.2^22*10 6.291705 3.2553*13
9.0000*06 1.2921*11 4.5000*01 0.0000 O.COOC
5.'376*10 2.1933*13 8.5331*10 6.8534*13 -1.138ol?

19
 TABLE 10

EOSTAB INPUT: BERYLLIUM

fl =
3.00COQ2 2.C7E0*03 2.2980*03t 2.520C*03t 2.742n*r3t
<.07ii0*03 4.29^0*03 4,5180*03 4.7400*03! 4.9620*03,
5.I8C03 5.4060*03 5,6280*03 ?,8fC0*C3 6.0720*03,
S.2940*03 6.5163*33 6.7380*03 6.9533*33. 7.1823*33.
7.101C+03 7.626O03 7.8480*03. 8.07CO03 8.2920*03.
.5H0O3 8.7363*33 8.9580*03 9.1833*33 9.4020*33.
9.62C*03 9.8460*03 1.0C68*04 1.0290*04 1.0512*04
1.073<I0M 1.0955*3 1.1178*04
I.1ICC*0<
T131 =
O.OOCC 3.4925*03 1.9C72*04 7.9035*04 2.6176*05,
T.283705 1.7635*36 3.8236*06 7.5545*36 1.3853*07,
2.3831*07 3.8666*07 6.0556*07 9.0727*07 1.3139*06,
1.875*Q8 2.5312*38 3.3199*08 4.4493*33* 5.7363*33.
7,2773*08 9.1011*08 1.1235*09 1.37Cfi*C9 1.6549*09!
1.9799*09 2.3454*39 2.7574*09 3.2133*39 3.7333*39.
4.2973*09 4.9212*09 5.6C60*09 6.3540*09 7.1684*09.
8.0526*09 9.009?*39 1.3342*10 1.1153*1? 1.2t45lU.
1.3624*10 1.4990*10 1.6448*10
1.8031**10
Y201 =
1.8510*00 1.7476*33 1.7537*03 1.7195*33 1.7051*30
1.6903*00 1.6753*00 1.6EP1*0C 1.6445*00, 1.6235*00.
1.5123*00 1.5957*33 1.5737*00, 1 .5513*3? 1.54 35*30.
1.5254*00 1.5068*00 1.4678*00 1.4683*00 1.4483*00.
1.4278*03 1.4067*03 1.3351*03. 1.3629*30 1.3399*00.
1.3164*00 1.2921*00 1.2E69*nr 1.2410*00 1.2141*00.
1.1863*00 1.1572*33 1.1270*00 1.0954*30 1.0622*00.
1.02 72*00 9.9011-01 9.5C44-01* 9.0764-C1, 8.6oe9-ri.
8.3834-01 7.4667-01 6.G873-ni#
4.^261-01
T3-!lr
O.OOCC 3.3674*10 3.8C?4*10 4.2478*10 4.6948*!n.
5.14?9*13 5.6042*13 6.0569*10 6.5353*10 7,3l02*in,
7.4915*10 7.9797*10 8.4752*10 8.9785*10 9.4 900*10*
1.0013*11 1.0540*11 1.1379*11 1.1630*11 1.219X!!.
1.2764*11 1.3351*11 1.3951*11 1.4566*11 1.5198*11,
1.5846*11 1.6514*11 1.7232*11, 1.7912*11 1.9647*11.
1.9408*11 2.0201*11 2.1026*11 2.1890*11 2.2798*11.
2.3756*11 2.4775*11 2.5862*11, 2.7339*11, 2.8333M1,
2.9781*11 3.1472*11 3.3615*11
3.3379*11
Y^Olr
3.3785*05 7.3785*35 7.2362*05 7.1927*35, 7.3979*:5,
7.0014*05 6.>037*05 6.8L46C5 6.7039*05 6,6017*05,
6.4975*05 6.3917*35 6.2040*05 6.1745*35 5.3631*35,
5.94 96*05 5.8341*05 E.7I6405. 5.5966*05 5.4743*CE.
3.3497*05 5.2228*05 5.3130*05 4.9535*35, 4 .8254*35.

20
 TABLE 10, EOSTAB INPUT: BERYLLIUM (Continued)

I.5163*35 .319*35 4.2545*35. 4.1033*35.

3.9MB3*0St 3.7892*05 3.6263*05 3,4538*05. 3.2865*05.
3.1J3305 2.9269*35 2.7191*05 2.5453*35. 2.3483*35.
1.9<466*05 1.7E105

Y50lr
3.3333 t 1.71113-37 8.6264-07 3.2515-36. 9.9239-36
2.5552-05. 5.7596-05 1.1671-0 2,1685-04. 3.7511-04.
.ii27-a<f 9.'J75:-3i| 1.378-33 ?.0175-33 2.8030-03.
3.7915-03t 5.C110-G3 6.901-03 8,2582-03 1,0346-02
,
1.2735-02f 1.^608-32 1 .839-32 3.:J 8-32. i.6745-?2.
3.1IB9-02. 3.6823-02 .2807-02 4,95^9-02 5.6991-02
6.535M-32, 7.<i33<l-02 8.5123-02 9,6737-"'?i 1,0993-01.
1.2M69-C1. l.MlDf-Cl 1.6C6-01 1,8237-CX. 2.09C6-01.
2.0078-01. 2.8n:-31 3.3781-01
M."261-01
fsir
3.35U*11. 3.677M*11 3.7178*11
3.8339*11. 3.379^*11 3.919*11
t.D3eeii. 1.0780*11 .1167*11
.229<l*llt M.2o5H*n .3335*11
N.3S93llt .1296*11 .4585*11
.5i49*ll* .5565*11 .5753*11
t.6ie*i:t .62^5*11 .6310*11
.11130*11. 1.3596*11 .2?C0*11
3.8379*11
y7oi =
,3710*0<l* 1.7529*35 1.8179*35 1.9241*35 2,3372*05
0866*05. 2.1628*05 2.2259*05 2,3061*05 2,3732*05
.i|37M*05. 2.i985*:5 2.5554*05 2.6111*35 2,5525*35
71C5*OE. 2.755C*05 2.7959*05 2,8332*05 2,8668*05
,B9G6*r:5. 2.922E*:5 2.915*35 2,962*35 ,9762*05
9856*051 2.9909*05 2.991E*?5 ?.9873*05 2,9782*0
,9037*05. 2.93a*35 2.9177*05 2,8352*35 >,8456*05
7980*05. 2.7m5*05 2.6747*05 2.5955*05 2,6014*05.
,3832*05. 2.2"i31*35 2.3;4*r,5
71il*05
T3l;
9.6156*06 1.1997*07 3.529*ll 3,67n6*n6 1,9242*11
1.7i|33*llf-3.8695*11 .197*11 1,3538*11 1.9404*10

21
 TABLE 11

EOSTAB INPUT: TITANIUM

M:
3.0000*02 3.2400*03* 3.4{5?*03 ?.73C0*C3 3.975^*03.
1.22:10*03 4.4653*03t 4*7103*03 4.9553*33 5.2003*33.
5.4liS0*03 5.6900*03* 5.9350*03 6.18CC*C3 6.4250*03
5.730*03 6.9153*33f 7.1530*03 7.4353*33 7.8533*03.
1.89003 8.1400*03i 8.3850*03 8.63CC*C3 8.8750*03.
9.1230*03 9.3650*33* 9.6133*03 9.85,i3*33 1.3103*34.
1.0l5*0t l.O5Ci*04i 1.0835*04 1.1C8C*C4 1.1325*04.
1.1570*0<l 1.1815*04f 1.2360*04 1.2335*34
1.2550*04
mi;
0.0000 2.8880*03* 1.1178*04 3.6741*04 1.0452*05.
2.5386*25 6.0264*35* 1.2645*08 2.4635*35 4.5287*36.
1.8730*06 1.3061*07* 2.0795*07 3.1934*C7 4.7E01*r7.
.8681*07 9.6826*37* 1.3116*03 1.8323*33 2.3931n8.
3.1176*08 4.006 5*03* 5.0785*08 6.3590*08 7.8723*06.
9.J<I51*08 1.1737*39. 1.4J37*09 1.6814*39 1.9910*39.
?.S<i38*C9 2.7404*09* 3.1854*09 3.6823*09 4.2350*09.
4.847i|*C9 5.S23J09. 6.2583*09 7.!:3'!S*39
7. f8CC*C3
fZDl:
4.51CC*00 4.10BC*C0 4.0703*00 4.031 e*rc 3.992c*D0.
3.9525*00 3.9115*33* 3.85 97*03 3.8259*33 3.7831*00.
3.7382*00 3.6923*00i 3.6452*00 3.5969*00 3.5473*rr.
1.9?I*C0 3.4441*33 3.3433*03 3.3353O0 3.2779*30.
3.?190*Q0 3.1504*001 3.0956*00 3.03C7*CC 2.9634*00.
2.8936*00 2.8213*03* 2.7)34*33 2.66.>*33 2.5836*00.
7.4966*00 2.4047*00. 2.3C71*00 2.2028*00 2.0901*00.
1.9666*03 1.8285*33. 1.6579*00 1.4652*33
1.0163*00
f331r
0.0000 1.6421*10. 1.7891*10 1.9381*10 2.0892*10.
2.2425*10 2.3932*13. 2.5334*13 2.7172*10 2.8904*10
3.04 76*10 3.2176*10. 3.3909*10 3.5680*10 3.749^*:".
3.9342*13 4.1243*13. 4.3136*13 4.5134*13 4 .7243*10.
4.9357*10 5.1540*10. 5.3797*10 5.^132*10 5.8E4*1C.
6.1071*13 6.3695*13. 6.6135*10 o.9139*lC 7.23JCHC.
7.5522*10 T.B911M0. 8.2530*10 8.6426*10 9.0670*10.
4.5353*13 1.0064*11* 1 .3584*1; 1.1473*11
1.322?*ll
mi-.
4.6947*05 4.0502*05. 3.9924*05 3.9?3e*C5 3.8744*05.
3.8143*05 3.7532*35* 3.6313*35 3.6233*35 3.S5443S.
3.4994*05 3.4332*05* 3.3659*05 3.2973*05 3.227<i*C5.
3.1552*05 3.0335*35. 3.0393*05 2.9335*35 2.3503*05.
2.7767*05 2.6957*05. 2.6 125*05 2.5272*05 2,4397*05.
2.3498*05 2.2573*35. 2.1621*35 2.0633*35 1.9623*35.
1.8572*05 1.7482*05. 1.6750*05 1.5171*01: 1.3937*0C.
1.2645*35 1.1299*35. 9.372504 3.4343*34

22
 TABLE 11, EOSTAB IN1UT: TITANIUM (Continued)

Y5C1 =
3.3333 M.S33137t 1.7332-36 5.2471-35 1 .4013-25.
3.3316-D5. 7.192e-05t l.M3i3-0M 2.6571-04 4.6483-04,
l.lZSH-OHt 1.22a2-33f 1.87311-33 2.7773-33 3.9962-33
5.5739-03? 7.6162-03. 1.0197-02 1.34C7-C2 1.7344-02.
2.2121-32. 2.7862-32. 3.1)590-32 4.2757-32 5.2257-02.
6.3361-02 7.629<t-02t 9.1733-02 1.0890-01 1,2905-01
1.5250-01. I.a3a<l-31. 2.1219-31 2.5313-:i 2.9541-C1.
3.5041-01* 4.1909-01. 5.0911-01 6.4C12-C1
1.31G300
Y6nr
1.1310*11. 1.2847*11 1.2375*11 1.3131*11 1 .3232*11
1.3360*11 1.3488*11 1.3615*11 1.3743*11 1.3870111
1.3997*11 1.4123*11. 1.4247*11 1.4371*11 1.4493*11
l.i6m*ll. 1.4731*11 4.4347*71 1.4erb*ll 1.5C6E*lli
1.5172*11 1.5272*11 1.5366*11 1.5435*11 1.553S11.
1.5610*11 1.5674*11 1.5729*11 1.5772*11 1.5802*211
1.5817*11 1.5313*11 1.5733*11 1.5737*11 1.5554*11'
1.5528*11 1.5343*11 1.5C6911 1.4628*11
1.3225*11
Y7C1-
2.3730*C1 9.'.375*34. 9.4236*04 9.75<43*34 1.3369*35.
1.03711*05 1.1069*05 1.0955*05 1.1252*C 1.1493*CE.
1.1757*CS I.-JJIO";. 1 .2?40*35 1.2465*35 i.2575*35.
I.287i|*C5 1.3057*05 1.3224*35 1.3375*05 1.35C6*C
1.3621*05 1.3715*35 1.3737*03 i.3aj7*:5 1 .385?*0S
J.3862*05 1.3834*05 1.3776*05 1.3684*05 1.3558*P3
1.3392*05 1.3131*:5 1.2119*05 1.2599*35 1.2237*',5.
1.1729*05 1.1136*05 l.C28635 9.3776*04
7.5375*04
Y8Clr
1.8770*06 2.1174*36. 4.9754*13 2.6615*35 1.3943*10.
5.2300*06 1.1153*11 4.0CC0*01 o.ooco 0.CCCC
4.0327*13-7.7051*13. 3.4799*13 4.7472*39 2.7844*38

23
 M n 0
0) (N ^^ g 0)
9 n Cn 0) o -0
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IQ o -0 O M 0)
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31

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O -P +> 0) o i id tr p 01 id H
rl -H id g M id M +J Oj
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H id id H C 0) H rH 0) c P 0 M 0 0 0 X
CO 04 J 04 id M H w X H a! > id UMH D w U

24
 CM
0) ^ m &
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u 0 U 0) u u M c >1 u 0) H id cu a o
H H 3 >0 0) +J 4J H Cn H i a) H > 0 9
0<-P +J -0 cu P M g 3P IH a M H
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H <a (0 M C <U rH H (U c p O-P 0 0 0 X
co a, J 04 (0 M w W a M < > M um D tl

25
 <N ro t7>
n
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0)
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XT' ^m.

(U
rH
B 0)
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l 1
0 M 0)
> M 0) g (0 r-l

at
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1
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00
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c*
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r* GO
CM Tf VO H 0\

a
0
w <0
0) 0)
D^ En
s wo S
< 10
>1
CD
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5 (0
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IM
I
0)

n
0)
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p
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6
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P
M
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ft
(0
n) 0) a (0 +> >
C Qi 0 10 (0
H 01 0) 0) 31 H M
M o D p O
+ >1 c ID p C w
O 4J I S 4* 0) 0 H
H-H S M + 0)
>1 C U 0) O M
+> O O a! c 0) M-l + H o (U <u
M

O
u
tJ>H
9 4)
a >
M-l 0)
o
H
C
u
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G
I u
0)

p
10
x:
o
H
0) P 0)
10 c
a
H 0
-P

M
0)
e
o
o
>

OrH 0 0 H U ft (0 >1 (U
o U U c 0) 0 H 10 ft ft -o
P -P H & H H > o 3
04+ U p M e M-l C u rH
0) 0) H 0) o H Q) 0) M H *i o
H H 0) 0 M O O 0 c X
w w S w > 10 0H w w

26
 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The eighteen RIP calculations performed for this

research are assigned calculation numbers and described in
terms of the equation of state model, the material, and the
spectrum in Table 15 . The calculated impulses and peak
stresses at the end of the source time for aluminum, beryllium,
and titanium are presented in Tables 16 17, and 18 respectively.
Note that in most cases the agreement between the three equa-
tion of state models is fairly good. It should be noted that
the calculated data reveals no obvious trends concerning the
tendency for one equation of state to consistently predict
stresses and impulses which lie above or below the predictions
of the other two models.

27
 TABLE 15

SUMMARY OF RIP CALCULATIONS

Calculation No. Equation of State Material Spectrum

1 EOS1 Aluminum SPEC 1

2 EOS1 Aluminum SPEC 2
3 EOS1 Beryllium SPEC 1
4 EOS1 Beryllium SPEC 2
5 EOS1 Titanium SPEC 1
6 EOS1 Titanium SPEC 2
7 EOS 2 Aluminum SPEC 1
8 EOS 2 Aluminum SPEC 2
9 EOS2 Beryllium SPEC 1
10 EOS 2 Beryllium SPEC 2
11 EOS 2 Titanium SPEC 1
12 EOS 2 Titanium SPEC 2
13 EOS 3 Aluminum SPEC 1
14 EOS 3 Aluminum SPEC 2
15 EOS 3 Beryllium SPEC 1
16 EOS 3 Beryllium SPEC 2
17 EOS 3 Titanium SPEC 1
18 EOS 3 Titanium SPEC 2

28
r

^ 0)
to
H-H
10 4i
A
M 0)
w
U ID VO rH in co m
(0 9
(0 0 (N ^ O in r^ oo
0) 10 O O M o CM r*
H H H H ^ ^ r>
P <u
(o o
^l
0) (U
Pi
P
id

lo
0
(0
P N ^ r^
o ^ H so in
%- ro <n 00 ^ CM n
t
H 0) n oo CM ^ ^ ^
u o\ n yo
H M n n
*> 3
g
D H
1-5 U
u

s 0)
P
id
4J
O W
w W HMO H CM n

I g
0 www
o o o
www
U)w w
o o o
H w w
H
P
<a
31
t?
H

s
H CM

H U u
P M M
u cu 0
<u w W
04
w

29
 w

w
D

s
E-i
O
H

W
u
u
S
3
EH
M
O
O
OQ

w
2
w
M
D

!
1
i
i

1
1
j
1
i
1
Peak stress (kbars)

CO
a)
w
id
c
0
w
+>
id
0)
E
H
H
03
0)
id
w

Q,
a
at end of source time

EOSl 105.8 18.48

W
EOS 2 103.9 22.94
EOS 3 79.51 14.72

30
EOSl 36.43 849.7

w
CM
EOS 2 31.59 943.0
EOS 3 33.31 659.3

|
 g

M
(0 9
(0 O
0) a H ^ 1^ f H
H
P 4-1 H o r> in iH oo
n o t>> vo 00 vo n o
M H H ^ fn ro
M a
id c
a) o)
P

EH
H
EH

(0
O
w P
o\ tn m
o O 00 o
H oo CM \o oo oi a
EH a>
to ro en <M
CO 3D 3
a\
CM
'-1
r*
n
<N
U
w
u
3
H

O 0)
p
CO (0
E-i p
hJ en
D
W
o rH M n H <N n
w en co W W CO
c O O O O O O
o MUM www
H
P
j
31
D
W

(N

u u
w w
a> Oi
a en en

31
 4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The modified PUFF equation of state is easy to use and

gives results which are comparable to the more sophisticated
models; this feature of course is the primary reason that
modified PUFF is so widely applied in hydrodynamic calculations.
However, this model has several disadvantages which are
inherent due to its simplicity:

1. It is highly empirical and is therefore

dependent on UGT or electron beam gen-
erated data.

2. The melting and vaporization phase tran-

sitions are described by energy levels
which have no volume (or pressure) depen-
dence .

3. The model contains no explicit caloric

equation of state; the temperature, which
may be required for some applications, is
therefore unknown.

The ?.IP mixed phase equation of state was developed in

order to paztially relax the above restrictions. However, we
find that additional work is required before that model can
be considered a useful calculational tool. The following
improvements are recommended:

1. The lowest temperature-volume point on the

mixed phase boundary (see Figure 3) should
be the boiling point at ambient pressure,
i.e., 6 = Ob, the boiling temperature and
V = Vb, the specific volume at the boiling
temperature.

2, The join function should extend from the

ambient volume, V0, to the boiling volume,
Vjj (see Figure 3) . Thus the join function
will not penetrate the mixed phase region
causing the discontinuities which exist in
the present RIP mixed phase equation of
state.

32
 Join function

Mie
Gruneisen .Virial expansion
solid

<V vj
Mixed phase boundary

0)
u
0)
m
0)
u
Isotherm

o. v0 vb vL vu
Figure 3. Intersection of isotherms with mixed phase boundary,

33
 3. The EOSGEN code should be incorporated into
the RIP code as a subroutine which is called
after the initial call to the EOS2 subroutine;
this would eliminate the need to perform a
separate calculation with the EOSGEN code and
would greatly simplify data input for the RIP
mixed phase equation of state.
The GRAY equation of state contains the most sophisti-
cated equation of state models available in the RIP code. How-
ever, the procedure used to join the Grover liquid equation of
state and the Young-Alder model destroys the physical signi-
ficance of the Young-Alder model, particularly in the liquid-
vapor region. Additionally, since the join volume used in the
GRAY equation of state is too large, the Grover model is
applied in regions where its accuracy is highly questionable.
The procedure we recommend for correcting these deficien-
cies is best explained in terms of a pressure-volume diagram
which is presented schematically in Figure 4. The reference or
ambient condition is assumed to be

p = P ~ 0 , pressure

T = T , temperature
v = v
and 0 ' specific volume

The specific volumes indicated on the abscissa are:

V = reference pressure intercept of solidus

V- = reference pressure intercept of liquidus

V, reference pressure intercept of liquid-

vapor phase boundary.

Vc = critical specific volume

34
ejtnssejd U

35
Isotherms passing through the reference pressure at VQ, Vmo/
Vt0 and Vc are denoted by To, Tmo, Tbo and Tc respectively.
The basic problem with the GRAY equation of state is that the
join volume lies to the right of Vbo in Figure 4; thus the
Young-Alder isotherms in the liquid-vapor region are badly
distorted. Consequently, no attempt was made to perform a
Maxwell construction in order to identify the liquid-vapor
phase boundary; failure to perform this construction results
in the appearance of unstable states to the right of the join
volume due to loops in the Gibbs free energy along isotherms.
We therefore recommend that the Grover and Young-Alder models
be joined at some locus between the liquidus and Vb0, the
specific volume at the reference pressure and the boiling tem-
perature. Joining the two models in this region will leave
the Young-Alder model in tact and allow one to perform the
Maxwell construction. One of several methods may be used to
join the Grover and Young Alder models:
1. The models could be joined at the locus of
intersection of corresponding isotherms if
that locus does not lie within the mixed
phase region.
2. The two models could be joined by a fairing
function applied between V and V. .
3. A fairing function may be applied to the
entire region between the liquidus and
bo
It should be emphasized that the recommended changes
to the GRAY equation of state are very important because they
will make it possible bo determine all phase transitions
explicitly; this capability is especially desirable for appli-
cations involving the x-ray induced response of porous mate-
rials. A recent study performed at Lawrence Livermore Labor-
atory Hi] shows that impulse production in porous materials
occurs on two distinct time scales. The short time contri-
bution, which occurs in less than a microsecond, is due to
pore closure by thermal expansion which results in high pres-
sures and substantial blow-off velocities. The second con-
tribution, which occurs over a time period of tens of micro-
seconds, is due to the vapor pressure in the mixed liquid/
vapor region. The vapor pressure tends to accelerate the
material in front of it (either blowoff material or material
in the missile structure which acts as a tamper) over a long
time period and can result in a significant contribution to
the total impulse.*

It should be mentioned that explicit identification of phase

boundaries is also important with respect to laser induced
material response because it would enable one to identify
regions in which liquid droplets are present. Liquid droplets
can drastically affect the optical properties of the medium
and these properties are, of course, quite important for pre-
dicting laser interactions.

36
 REFERENCES

1. R.H. Fisher and H.E. Read, "RIP, A One-Dimensional

Material Response Code", Systems, Science and Software
Report SSS-R-72-1324, September 1972.
2. D.R. Tuerpe, R.N. Keeler and S.L. McCarthy, "The Volu-
metric Properties and Electrical Conductivity of
Aluminum at High Temperature and Pressures", Lawrence
Livermore Laboratory Report UCID-4683, January 1964.
3. E.B. Royce, "GRAY, A Three-Phase Equation of State for
Metals", Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, UCRL-51121,
September 1971.
4. R. Grover, "Liquid Metal Equation of State Based on
Scaling", J. Chem. Phys., 55, 3435 (1971).
5. R.N. Keeler and E.B. Royce, "Shock Waves in Condensed
Media", p. 51 ff. in Physics of High Energy Density,
P. Caldirola and N. Knopfel, eds. (Academic Press,
New York, 1971); Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Report
UCRL-71846 (1969) .
6. D.A. Young and B.J. Alder, "Critical Point of Metals
from the van der Waals Model", Phys. Rev. A3, 364,
1971.
7. Private communication with Janet Lacetera, Effects
Analysis Branch, Ballistic Research Laboratory,
Aberdeen, Maryland, 25 June 1973.

8. Brian J. Kohn, "Compilation of Hugoniot Equations of

State", Air Force Weapons Laboratory, AFWL-TR-69-38,
April 1969.
9. Robert C. Weast, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,
The Chemical Rubber Company, Cleveland, Ohio, May
1968, pages D-33, D-34, D-97 and D-103.
10. D.R. Stull and G.C. Sinke.- Thermodynamic Properties
of the Elements, American Chemical Society, Washington,
D.C., 1965.
11. John J. Ruminer, "Liquid/Vapor Contributions to Impulse
from Porous Materials", Lawrence Livermore Laboratory,
UCRL-51354, February 21, 1973.

37
 APPENDIX A
THE EOSGEN CODE

Three tasks are performed by the EOSGEN code: 1) Eval-

uation of the seven coefficients in the virial expansion,
2) definition of the mixed phase boundary, 3) evaluation of
the seven coefficients in the join function. These tasks are
discussed separately in the following sections of this Appen-
dix.

A.l THE VIRIAL EXPANSION

The virial expansion employed by the RIP mixed phase

equation of state, with density and energy as independent
variables, is

\z1P+z2P +z4p |E
z
z6 ' llp+z12p2+z13p3

+ z14p4+z15p5 (1)

where

3P V 9
R(ej = ceo
ec

3P V
c c
z,
'1 = 6
c

-3P V2+V I V +2R(6 )1

z = i c oL o o
E^ oJ
c o

_ -Vo,9r.f V +2R e )l
c_ Lh. o... oJ +2R(0
( jl
o J + 3P cV^e^
C o
z
3 e7T~
c o

Preceding page blank 39

 cc 0L00 oj
2 rt
4 =
c o

v2oe c L[ ov o +R(9 o )1J - P v3e

ceo
c o

z, = c
V

Z Z
3 5
Zn = -
o

'11

'12

'13 - - m - -m - *&) + z.

s
14 - m - 4$
'15 --m
In Equation (1), P is the pressure, p is the density and
E is the energy. The coefficients, Zi, are expressed in terms
of the critical and reference point characteristics presented
in Tables 4, 5 and 6. The coefficients zi through z-j are
evaluated by the EOSGEN code and must be read into the first

40
seven locations of the Z array in EOSTAB common in the RIP
code. The coefficients zu through zis are evaluated by sub-
routine EOS2 in the RIP code and need not be input.

A. 2 DEFINITION OF THE MIXED PHASE BOUNDARY

Corresponding values of pressure, density, energy and
sound speed on the mixed phase boundary are required as input
for the RIP mixed phase equation of state. These data are
determined by locating points having equal pressure and Gibbs
free energy on a series of isotherms between the reference tem-
perature, e0, and the critical temperature 0C. Referring to
the schematic pressure/volume diagram presented in Figure A.l,
the two points on the mixed phase boundary of an isotherm with
temperature, 60 < 6 < 9C, are determined by the following
equalities:

P
u(e' ^ = P (e
L ' PL* ' (2)

Gu(e, pu) = GL(e, pL) , (3)

where G is the Gibbs free energy, P is the pressure and PL and

pu are densities on the low and high density sides of the mixed
phase boundary respectively. The pressure, as a function of
density and temperature, is given by

p(p,e) = z^p + (z2e+z3)p2 + (z4e+z5)p3 , (4)

and the Gibbs free energy is defined as

G = E+pv-es ,

where E is the specific energy and S is entropy. Taking the

differential of the Gibbs free energy yields

dG = dE+PdV+VdP - GdS-Sde ,

which reduces to

dG = VdP (5)
>

41
 (P
c'V
Mixed phase boundary

Isobar, p=p

Isotherm (e<e )
c

Specific volume

Figure A.l Intersection of isotherms with mixed phase boundary.

(Note: pL = 1/VL; PU = 1/VU) .

42
for an isothermal process. Therefore, the Gibbs free energy,
referenced to the initial density, is

G(e,p) = j^P vdP= |^Pv(|)dv . (6)

Substituting Equation (4) into the above relation and perform-

ing the indicated integration yields

G(6,p) = -z^ *n(^) +(2ez2 +z3)(p-po) + |(Z4e+z5)(p2.p2),7)

Now, Equations (4) and (7) are substituted into Equation (2)
and (3) respectively, and the quantities Pu Pu and PL are
calculated by a numerical iteration scheme in the EOSGEN code.
The specific energies on the mixed phase boundary are deter-
mined by

E = E(e,p ) ,
u u

and

EL = E(e,pL) ,

where

Z
+ 5 2 z e+z
E = z-p T" P + g 7

is the caloric equation of state employed in the expanded

region of the RIP mixed phase equation of state. The sound
speeds on the mixed phase boundary are given by

=u " y (If), evaluated at 6 and p = p

43
 M
=
Cy A/ (- I evaluated at 6 and p = p

The quantities on the mixed phase boundary are stored

in the following arrays in EOSTAB common in the RIP code:

6 + THETA(I)
Pu - PU(I)
Pu - RHOU{I)
Eu + EU(1)
cu * CU(I)

PL - RHOL(I)
EL * EL (I)
CL * CL(I)

The number of data points to be stored in each of the

above arrays must be input to Z(8) of the Z(I) array which is
also in EOSTAB common.

A.3 THE JOIN FUNCTION

The purpose of the join function is to allow pressure
and sound speed continuity between the Mie Gruneisen solid
equation of state for the compressed region and the virial
expansion for the expanded region. The join function is applied
over a density range beginning at the ambient density, p0,
and ending at a slightly expanded cut-off density of Pco
(see Figure A.2) . It was determined that in general it is
possible for the join function originally reported in Refer-
ence 1 to contain several singularities over this density
range; in fact, these singularities appeared when the calcula-
tions performed for this report were first attempted. We
therefore decided to develop a new join function which would
not exhibit singularities under any conditions.

44
 0)

o
c
o
H
p
3
cr
0)
0)
03

a
0)
x
H
e
a*

I?
01
a
a

tjeua

45
 The new join function developed for this series of cal
culations is:

P
2 "
.-#)' -iW'
(7)
+ c1+c2p+c3p +c4p"

where P2 is the pressure and the subscript, 2, serves to iden-

tify the join function. The seven coefficients, cim,,cT, are
determined by continuity conditions at the ambient and cut-off
densities. Letting the subscripts 1 and 3 represent the
Mie Gruneisen solid equation of state aid the virial expansion
respectively, we have

P = G p E +
l oo K^y2^3) {l-f) . (8)

where

1
V =
t-
Z1P+Z2P +Z4P"
P,

+ z11P+z12p +z
13p +Z
14P +z
15p" (9)

The appropriate boundary conditions for determining the coeffi-

cients in the join function are:

P
l(po'E) " P2(po'E) (10)

3P1 3P,
at p = p. (11)

46
 3P,
at p = p. (12)
3E 3^

(13)
P
2(PCO' )
E
=P3(Pco'E)

3P
2 3P.
at P = Pco . (14)
9p

3P. 3P.
at p = p (15)
3E" 3E" CO

Substituting Equations (7), (8), and (9) into boundary condi-

tions (10) through (15) yields the following set of indepen-
dent equations for the undetermined coefficients in the join
function.

C5 = N1 (16)

C5+c6+c7 = N4 (17)

C (18)
p <=6 +
p -p 7 " -N6
o-pco o oc

c +c p (19)
l 2 o+c3po+c4po = 0

c2po+2c3po+3c4po ' N (20)

2

c +c p (21)
l 2 co+c3pco+c4pco = N
3

c +2c p (22)
2 3 co+3c4pco " N
5

where

N p
l " oGo

N2 =A1 47
 -n

N z
3 " llpco+z12pco+z13pco+Z14pco+z15pco

2 3
z p
M
N
l c0+Z2pco+Z4pco
4 Tr

N := z
5 ll+2z12pco+3zl3pco+4zl4pco+5z15pco

2
z,+220p^ +3z.p
M 1 2^co 4 co
6 Zr

Equations (16) through (21) are easily solved by Cramer's rule;

the task is performed by the EOSGEN code. Additionally, the
cut-off density, pco, is selected automatically by the EOSGEN
code based on the following considerations:

1. The coefficient of E in Equation (9) has

a value at p - pco which is less than the
coefficient of E in Equation (8) .

2. The remaining terms in Equation (9) have a

negative value at p = pco and their deriva-
tive has a positive value at p = P_

The new join function discussed in the above paragraphs

is mathematically cleaner (no singularities) and greatly facil-
itates application of the RIP Mixed Phase equation of state.

48
 APPENDIX B
CORRECTIONS TO EOS2

Two types of corrections to subroutine EOS2 (the RIP

mixed phase equation of state) were required in order to per-
form the calculations presented in this report. The first
set of corrections are related to the incorporation of the
new join function (see Appendix A.3) into subroutine E0S2.
The second correction is a temporary measure designed to com-
pensate for inherent discontinuities in the RIP mixed phase
equation of state. These discontinuities exist between the
mixed phase region and the virial expansion region below the
zero pressure line in Figure B.l; the mixed phase and virial
expansion regions in question are denoted as 27 and 26,
respectively, in the same figure. The task of correcting the
discontinuity in a thermodynamically consistent manner is
beyond the scope and intent of this program; however, a tem-
porary correction was required in order to avoid numerical
convergence problems encountered when a Lagrangian cell
attempted to follow a path from the 26 region to the 27 region.
Since such a transition is discontinuous and physically meaning-
less and because convergence problems were encountered whenever
such a transition occurred, it was decided to artificially for-
bid it with appropriate modifications to the E0S2 subroutine.

A FORTRAN listing which details the required correc-

tions to the EOS 2 subroutine in the RIP code is presented at
the end of this appendix.

49
 0)
+J
fl
p
CO

M-l
O

c
0
H
<0

<u
to
fa

a
Q)
X
H
e
H
i?
H
01
c
,2
+J
m
o
c
0
H
-p

a
0)
M
a)
a
Q)
u
u

w
A&zeua
I
m
Q)

H
In

50
 "-

THE FOLLOWING CHANGES TO E0b2 (RIP MIXED PHASE EQUATION OF STATE) ARE
REQUIRED IN THE EXISTING MOUEL IN ORDER TO INCORPORATE THE JOIN FUNCTION
AND TO COMPENSATE FOR DISCONTI NU ITES BETWEEN THE MIXED PHASE REGION AND
THE VIKIAL EXPANSION REGION BELOW THE ZERO PRESSURE LINE.

1. IN THE CODING WHICH FOLLOWS POINT IS IN MIXED PHASE REGION

COMMENT CARD ADD THE FOLLOWING LINES AFTER THE LINE WHICH STATES:

TEMP1 I)PU(NMAXJ

ADD LINES.*

IFITEMPU) .GT. TEMP(lC)) GO TO 155

P(J)=TEMP(10)
IVFLAG(J)>26
C(J)ESTC0N6,N)
GO TO 260

AND CHANGE THE STATEMENT WHICH STATES:

IFTtMP(l) .GT. TEMP(ll)) TEMP<1)TEMP( 1 I)

TO THE FOLLOWING:

155 IF(TLMP(|) .GT. TEMP(II)) TEMP(I)TEMPU 1 )

^. AFTER THE LINE OF COOING,

25C IVFLA6(J)25
THE FOLLOWING LINES HAVE BEEN DELETED AND REPLACED:

TEMP(2)C0S(ESTC0N(22,N)TEMP(l))
TEMP(3)ESTC0N(2I,N)/TEMP(2)ESTCON<23|N)
TEMP<M)SIN(TEMP(I)
TEMP(5)ESTC0NC2I,N)ESTCON(22,N)TEMP(H)/(ESTC0N(1,N)-ESTC0N(I6,
N))TEMP(2)2)

THE NEW LINES SHOULD READ:

TEMP(2)TEMP( 1 )2
TEMP(3)ESTC0N(23,N)*TEMP(2)(ESTC0N(2I,N)*ESTC0N<22,N)*TEMP(1 ))
TEMP(5)"-(2.ESTC0N(21,N)TEMP(I)3.ESTCONt22.N)TEMP(2))/
(ESTCON(I,N)-ESTC0N(16.N))

51
 APPENDIX C
CORRECTIONS TO EOS3

Two coding errors were discovered In the expression for

temperature in the liquid-vapor region of the GRAY equation of
state. The FORTRAN changes required to correct these errors
are presented in the listing at the end of this appendix.

Due to the lack of continuity between the liquid vapor

region and the liquid, melt, and solid regions (see Figure C.l)
problems (complex temperatures) were encountered whenever
Lagranglan cells attempted to cross the boundary between them;
this problem is inherent to the GRAY equation of state because
the liquid-vapor region is continuous only with the hot liquid
region. The task of providing complete continuity in this
equation of state is beyond the scope and intent of this
project. Therefore, temporary FORTRAN changes were incorpor-
ated into the E0S3 and EOS subroutines which prevent the
liquid-vapor region from being entered by any path not leav-
ing the hot liquid region. These changes are detailed in the
FORTRAN listing which follows.

Preceding page blank 53

 1
Hot Liquid

max
Liquid-Vapor
Liquid

>1

U
0) Melt (2 phase)
a
w

Solid

P-r
J density at which equations
of state are joined
Density

Figure C.l Schematic representation of GRAY EOS.

54
 THE FOLLOWING CHANGES TO EOS AND EOS3 (GRAY EQUATION OF STATE) SUBROUTINES
ARE RLQUIRED IN THE EXISTING MODELS.

SUBROUTINE EOS

1. IN THE SECTION OF CODING FOLLOWING THE COMMENT STATEMENT LRL EOS

ADD TWO LINES AFTER THE ONE WHICH STATES:

30 RSAVfcRHO(J)

ADDED LINES:

PSAVt2P<J)
ISAVE-IVFLAGU)

ALSO IN THIS SAVE SECTION TWO LINES ARE ADDED IMMEDUTLY FOLLOWING THE
LINE STATING:

PSAVt-P( J)

ADDED LINES:

IVFLAG<JlsISAVE
P(J)PSAVE2

b. SUBROUTINE E0S3

I. IN ThE SECTION OF CODING FOLLOWING THE COMMENT STATEMENT VAPOR REGION

ADO SIX LINES OF CODING BETWEEN THE COMMENT STATEMENT AND THE LINE
WHICH READS:

90 IVFLMG(J)>3S

90 IF(IVFLAGIJ) tGE* 33) GO TO 85

P(J)"0.
GO TO 100
85 IF(P(J) .GTt I.E-12) GO TU 86
P(J)0.
GO TO 100

AN CHANGE THE LINE OF COOING WHICH READS:

90 IVFLAG(J)>35

TO READ:
86 IVFLAG(J)-36

55
 ALSO, IN THE SHE SECTION OF CODING CHANGE THE STATLHENT WMlCH STATES;

TEHPt7-<E(J)*EC0N(l7,N)TEMP(|)/ESTC0N(26,N)-EC0N(M,N)TEMP(6)-
ECON(IO.N)

TO THE FOLLOINfa:

TEMPi7-(E(J*ECON(I7,N>TEMP( il/ESTCON(2*,N)
I -ECONI l,,N>TEMP(6>-ECON( I 0 I N > 2%

ANO ADD THE FOLLWINd l'j LINES.

( 1 H .N) i

7 &X,IOHAYPKIME = ,EI2.3,//,
8 5X,5HFF ,E12.3,//)
CALL SPRINT 6HEOS3 ,6HLRRR9)
92 CONTINUE

56