0 Bewertungen0% fanden dieses Dokument nützlich (0 Abstimmungen)
47 Ansichten8 Seiten
1. Toddlers between 1-3 years develop bowel and bladder control, gain independence, and use language to communicate.
2. They can walk, run, jump, and climb independently, and feed themselves. Cognitive development includes understanding simple sentences, remembering things, and grouping similar objects.
3. Socially, toddlers become attached to parents and security objects, assert independence, and understand gender differences. Interventions should use distraction, give one direction at a time, and emphasize the child's cooperation and the importance of the parent staying with the child.
1. Toddlers between 1-3 years develop bowel and bladder control, gain independence, and use language to communicate.
2. They can walk, run, jump, and climb independently, and feed themselves. Cognitive development includes understanding simple sentences, remembering things, and grouping similar objects.
3. Socially, toddlers become attached to parents and security objects, assert independence, and understand gender differences. Interventions should use distraction, give one direction at a time, and emphasize the child's cooperation and the importance of the parent staying with the child.
1. Toddlers between 1-3 years develop bowel and bladder control, gain independence, and use language to communicate.
2. They can walk, run, jump, and climb independently, and feed themselves. Cognitive development includes understanding simple sentences, remembering things, and grouping similar objects.
3. Socially, toddlers become attached to parents and security objects, assert independence, and understand gender differences. Interventions should use distraction, give one direction at a time, and emphasize the child's cooperation and the importance of the parent staying with the child.
2. Learns to eat solid food 3. Begins to talk and communicate 4. Begins to have emotional relationships with primary care giver and siblings 5. Develops stable sleep and feeding patterns PHYSICAL MOTOR/SENSORY COGNITIVE PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS ADAPTION Gains weight/height rapidly Responds to light and Manipulates objects in Significant persons are Involve parents in procedures (doubles weight by 50% in 6 sound the environment the parents or primary Keep parent in infants line months) caregivers of vision Towards the middle of Recognizes bright Limit the number of strangers Starts as a nose breather (2-3 the year progresses to objects and progresses to Develops a sense of caring for the infant months) raising head, turning, recognizing familiar trust and security if Give familiar objects to the rolling over, and objects and persons needs are met infant Towards the end of the first bringing hand to mouth; consistently and with a Cuddle and hug the infant year: progresses to crawling Towards the end of the degree of predictability Use distraction (pacifier, primitive reflexes diminish and walking year, speaks 2 words, bottle) fontanel closes, anterior 12- mimics sounds Fears unfamiliar Keep crib siderails up at all 18mos.;posterior, at 2 mos. Repeats actions to fine situations times teething starts; 1 yr. 8 teeth tune learning Obeys simple commands Make sure toys do not have regular bladder and bowel and understands meaning Smiles, repeats actions removable parts and check pattern develops Begins to develop a of several words that elicit response from for safety approval sense of object others, i.e. waves Have bulb syringe available Temperature: axillary 97.9- permanence Seeks novel experiences goodbye, plays pat-a- in case there is a need for 98F cake suctioning Reactions move from Learns by imitation Ask parents about HR: spical 120-140 reflexive to intentional 7-8 months: fear of immunization history beats/min strangers Encourage parents to assist in care 9-10 months: separation If teaching procedures, Respirations: 30-60 anxiety provide opportunities for breaths/min parents/caregiver to return BP: demonstrate WT. Systolic Diastolic Allow time for 3kg 60-80 35-55 parents/caregiver to ask 2-3 kg 50-70 27-45 questions 1-2 kg 40-60 20-35 Assess for and provide support in managing pain. Use oral route if possible. TODDLER: 1 3 YEARS Development Highlights: 1. Tolerates separation from primary care giver 2. Gains bowel and bladder control 3. Uses words to communicate with others 4. Becomes less dependent on care giver
ADAPTION Learns bladder and bowel Responds better to visual Develops concepts by Significant persons are Use firm direct approach control rather than spoken cues use of language parents/caregivers Use distraction techniques Give one direction at a time Abdomen protrudes Walks independently, Sees things only from Discovers ability to Prepare child shortly before a progressing to running, own point of view explore and manipulate procedure Decreased appetite and jumping, and climbing (egocentric) environment Allow choices when possible growth Emphasize those aspects that Feeds self Able to group similar Asserts independence require the childs Temporary teeth erupt; all 20 items (autonomy) and cooperation deciduous teeth by 2 - 3 Loves to experiment develops a sense of Provide favorite, age specific yrs Constructs 3-4 word will, has temper foods Goal directed behavior sentences tantrums Allow for rest period and Physiologic system mature eating based on home Fully formed sense of Has a short attention Understands ownership schedule to the degree Grows 2-2 inches and 4-6 object permanence span (mine) possible lbs. yearly Skills may regress during Beginning memory Attached to security illness/hospitalization Elimination: 18 mos. Bowel objects and toys Emphasize the importance of control; 2-3 yrs. daytime Ties words to actions, mother (parent) staying with bladder control can understand simple Knows own gender and child at night directions and requests differences of gender Follow home routine as much Temperature = 99F 1 as possible Able to put toys away Set limits Pulse = 105 35 Give permission to express Plays simple games, feelings Respirations = 20-35/min enjoys being read to, Maintain safety at all times plays alone B.P. = 80-100 mm HG systolic 60-64 mmHg diastolic PRE-SCHOOL: 3 6 YEARS Development Highlights: 1. Increases ability to communicate and understand others 2. Performs self care activities 3. Learns difference between sexes and develop sexual modesty 4. Learns right from wrong and good from bad 5. Learns to play with others 6. Develops family relationships
ADAPTION Gains weight and grows in Skips and hops Major cognitive skill is Significant persons are Explain procedures, height 2 2 inches a year conversation parents, siblings, peers unfamiliar objects Roller skates, jumps rope Demonstrate use of Becomes thinner and taller Understands that the Increasing equipment Dresses/undresses amount of something is independence and Encourage child to verbalize Temperature = 98.6F 1 independently the same irregardless of beginning to assert self, Use doll/puppets for shape or number of likes to boast and tattle explanations when Respirations = 30/min 5 Prints first name pieces performing procedures Masters new tasks and Involve the child whenever Pulse = 80 100 beats/min Draws person with 6 Able to classify objects, acquires new skills possible major parts enjoys doing puzzles Maintain safety at all times B.P. = 90/60 mmHg 15 Behavior is modified by Provide rest periods mmHg Throws and catches a Understands numbers, rewards and Assess and manage pain ball (5 years) can count punishment Offer distractions, e.g., count to 20 Constructs sentences, Plays cooperatively, Allow to chose the site for an questions things (why) able to live by rules, injection capable of sharing Offer a badge of courage Knows own phone (stickers, etc.) number and address May be physically Focus on one thing at a time aggressive Give permission to express Attention span is short feelings Learns appropriate Praise for good behavior Ritualistic social manners Limit movement restrictions Magical thinking 5 yr. Old: uses sentences, knows colors, numbers, alphabet SCHOOL AGE: 6 12 YEARS Development Highlights: 1. Learns to get along with others and develops friendships 2. Develops morals and ethical behavior 3. Develop good feeling and attitude about oneself 4. Increases independence 5. Develops and understands behaviors appropriate for ones sex 6. Develops muscle strength, coordination and balance
ADAPTION Permanent teeth erupt Uses knife, common Capable of logical Significant persons are Explain procedures in utensils and tools operation with concrete peers, family, teachers advance using correct Starts pubescent changes things terminology Cares for pets Prefers friends to Explain equipment Growth is slow and regular Comprehends and can family Allow child to have some Draws, paints tell time control May experience growing Works hard to be Provide privacy pains because of stretching of Makes useful articles Starts to think abstractly successful in what Assess and manage pain: muscles with the growth of and to reason, can handle he/she does May understand use of PCA long bones Assists in household and classify problems, Parent controlled analgesia chores able to test hypotheses Belonging and gaining may be appropriate if unable Temperature = 98.6F 1 approval of peer group to understand PCA Likes quiet as well as Proud of school is important Medicate to prevent pain, Pulse = 60 - 70 beats/min active games accomplishments e.g., around-the-clock Behavior is controlled Assess response after and Respirations = 18 - 21/min 8 years old: awkward, Enjoys reading by expectations, prior to next dose nervous energy regulations and Promote independence B.P. = 94 112 mmHG Starts to view things anticipation of praise or Continue school from different blame systolic and 56 60 mmHg Clearly define and reinforce diastolic perspectives behavior limits Intention is considered Use visual aids; be concrete Increased attention span when judging behavior and specific and cognitive skills Relate to childs abilities Explores neighborhood Major fear is loss of control Functions in the present Uses phone Rule bound Plays games with rules ADOLESCENCE: 12 18 YEARS Development Highlights: 1. Accepts changes in body and appearance 2. Develops appropriate relationships with others 3. Becomes independent from parents and adults 4. Develops morals, attitudes and values needed to function in society 5. Accepts male or female role appropriate for ones age
ADAPTION Rapid growth of skeletal size, Awkward in gross motor Increased ability to use Interested and confused Supplement explanations muscle mass, adlpose tissue activity abstract thought and by own development with rationale and skin logic Often critical of own Encourage questions Easily fatigued features and concerned regarding fears Maturation of the Able to handle with physical Provide privacy reproductive system; Fine motor skills are hypothetical situations or appearance Involve in planning and development of primary and improving thought Chum and belonging decision-making secondary sexual to peer group are Allow adolescent to maintain characteristics Early adolescence; may Ability to use important and valued; control need more rest and sleep introspection may criticize parents Provide essential teaching Onset of menarche in girls Interested in the based on how the individual and nocturnal emissions in Develops more internal opposite sex; achieving learns best boys growth of self-esteem female/male social role Provide information on pain Accepts criticism or control methods, assessment Vital signs approximate those Beginning development advice reluctantly scale, schedule for pain of the adult of occupational identity Longs for independence management, need to ask for (what I want to be) but also desires pain medication as soon as dependence pain begins, need to provide Achieves new and more information on degree of pain mature relations relief, types of pain Develops physical medications, and methods of activities that are pain reduction socially determined Do not talk about the Identity is threatened by individual in front of the hospitalization as individual adolescents are Present explanations in a concerned about bodily logical manner; use visual changes and appearance aids; provide other material for review EARLY ADULTHOOD: 19 40 YEARS Development Highlights: 1. Chooses an education and occupation 2. Selects and learns to live with a partner 3. Raises children
ADAPTION Growth of skeletal systems Visual changes in Mental abilities reach Searching for and Involve individual/significant continues until age 30 accommodation and their peak during the finding a place for self other in plan of care convergence twenties (reasoning, in society Explore impact of Skin begins to lose moisture creative imagination, hospitalization/illness to Some loss in hearing, information recall and Initiating a career, work/job, family, children Muscular efficiency is at its especially high tones verbal skills) finding a mate, Watch for body language as a peak between 20 30 years developing loving cue for feelings relationships, marriage, Allow for as much decision- GI system decreases establishing a family, making as possible secretions after age 30 parenting Assess for potential stresses related to multiple roles of Begins to express the young adult concerns for health Assess and manage pain based on patient needs and Achievement oriented; response working up the career Use a preventative approach ladder Titrate to effect and monitor response Moves from PCA dependency to Provide information on pain responsibility control methods, assessment scale, schedule for pain Responsible for management, need to ask for children and aging pain medication as soon as parents pain begins, providing information of degree of pain relief, types of pain medications, and methods. MIDDLE ADULT: 40 65 YEARS Development Highlights: 1. Adjusts to physical changes 2. Has grown children 3. Develops leisure activities 4. Relates to aging parents
ADAPTION Bone mass begins to decrease Slowing of reflexes Mood swings Future oriented or self- Allow choices if possible absorbed Loss of skeletal height; Muscle activity may Decreased short term Explore relation of calcium loss especially after increase or decrease memory or recall May experience empty illness/disease to body image menopause nest syndrome and career Visual changes Re-evaluation of current expressed positively or Decreased muscle strength especially farsightedness life style and value negatively Provide decision-making and mass if not used; system opportunities related to care endurance declines Noticeable loss of Working way up career hearing and taste Synthesis of new ladder Encourage as much self- Loss of skin elasticity, dry information is decreased control as possible skin, increased appearance of Muscles and joints Adjustment to changes wrinkles respond more slowly Decrease in mental in body image Provide information on pain performance speed control methods, assessment Decreased renal functioning, Decreased balance and Mid-life crisis scale, schedule for pain metabolic rate, heat/cold coordination management, need to ask for tolerance, prone to infection Recognition of pain medication as soon as More prolonged limitations pain begins, providing Receding hair line in males, response to stress information of degree of pain more facial hair in females Adjustment to relief, types of pain possibility of retirement medications, and methods and life-style modifications Provide essential teaching based on how the individual Measuring learns best accomplishment against goals
Children leave home;
reestablishes as couple; grand parenthood LATE ADULT (ELDERLY): 65 PLUS YEARS Development Highlights: 1. Adjusts to decreased physical strength and health 2. Adjusts to retirement and reduced income 3. Copes with death of spouse or friends 4. Develops new friends and relationships 5. Prepares for own death
ADAPTION Decreased tolerance to Decreased visual acuity Decline depends upon Retirement and reduced Explore individuals support heat/cold earlier cognitive income system Hearing loss abilities, general health Explore related existing Decreased peripheral and involvement in Death of spouse and conditions circulation Decreased sensitivity of society friends; acceptance of Involve family with care taste buds and smell death Provide adequate nutrition Declining cardiac/renal Sharing wisdom with Keep environment safe function Decreased tolerance to others Adapting to changing Turn/assist q 2 hrs pain of social role and Assess skin integrity Decreased response to stress Decrease in memory, functioning frequently and sensory stimuli Hesitant to respond; slowing of mental Monitor bowel elimination q skills declining functions Developing supportive 24 hrs Atrophy of reproductive relationships Continue with pain organs Reduced speed of assessment and management learning Pursuing second career, Narcotics with long half-life Loss of teeth leading to interest, hobbies, may cause problems with changes in food intake community activities, side effects, e.g. confusion, leisure activities constipation More skeletal changes Use adjuvant analgesics with Coming to terms with caution, increases side effects Skin becomes fragile accomplishments Apply lotion to skin immediately after bathing Concern for health Be aware of possible need for increases a warmer environment (room temperature, need for an extra blanket)