Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CH7: GRAVITATION
Gravitation
Newtons Law Gravitational Gravitational
Satellite motion
of gravitation field strength potential =
7.1 Gravitational Force & Field Strength 2 = 2
( )2
(a) State and use the Newtons law of gravitation, 2
Mm =
F=G ( )2 2
r2 2 6.0 1024
=
(3.84 108 )2 2(7.35 1022 )
= 3.32 108
(a)
(6.67 1011 )3.2(50 103 )
= =
2 (10 102 )2
= 1.07 109
Example 7.1: What must the separation be
(6.67 1011 )2.5(50 103 )
between a 5.2 kg particle and a 2.4 kg particle for = =
their gravitational attraction to have a magnitude 2 (6 102 )2
of 2.3 x 1012 N? = 2.32 109
x-comp: = + = 8.56 1010
SOLUTION
1 2 y-comp: = + = 6.42 1010 2.32
= 109 = 2.96 109
2
(5.2)(5.4)
2.3 1012 = 6.67 1011 = 2 + 2 = 3.08 109
2
8.32 10 10
2 = tan = , = 73.9
2.3 1012
r = 19.02 m
= , = 9.81 1
2
(iii) Inside the Earth (r < R)
= ,
3
(iv)
Example 7.6: Figure 7.10 shows an object A at a 7.2 Gravitational Potential
distance of 5 km from the object B. The mass A is (a) Define gravitational potential in a
four times of the mass B. Determine the location of gravitational field
a point on the line joining both objects from B at
Gravitational Potential, V
which the nett gravitational field strength is zero.
Gravitational potential, V - the work done by
an external force in bringing a test mass from
infinity to a point per unit the test mass
=
M
SOLUTION (b) Derive & use the equation, V = G
r
1 1
= ( 2 2 ) , 1 = , =
1 2
=
=0
(c) Sketch the
1 = 2 variation of
gravitational
= 2
( )2 potential, V
4 with
=
(5.0 103 )2 2 distance
= 1.67 103 from the
surface of
EXERCISE 7.1 the earth.
1. Four identical masses of 800 kg each are
placed at the corners of a square whose side Example 7.7: Determine the gravitational potential
length is 10.0 cm. Determine the nett at height 8.0 x 106 m above the surface of the
gravitational force on one of the masses, due Earth.
to the other three. SOLUTION
ANS: 8.2103 N; 45
2. Three 5.0 kg =
spheres are (6.67 1011 )(6.0 1024 )
=
located in the 8 106 + 6.4 106
xy plane as = 2.78 107 1
shown in
Figure Example 7.8: Determine the gravitational potential
7.6.Calculate at a point 5000 km above the surface of the Moon.
the magnitude Mass of the Moon = 7.32 x 1022 kg ;
of the nett Radius of Moon = 1740 km
gravitational force on the sphere at the
SOLUTION
origin due to the other two spheres.
(6.67 1011 )(7.32 1022 )
ANS: 2.1108 N = =
3. In Figure 7.7, four (5 + 1.7) 106
spheres form the = 7.2 105 1
corners of a square
whose side is 2.0
cm long. Calculate
the magnitude and
direction of the
nett gravitational
force on a central
sphere with mass ANS: 1.68102 N; 45
of m5 = 250 kg.
Example 7.9: When in orbit, a satellite attracts the 7.3 Satellite motion in a circular orbit
Earth with a force of 19 kN and the satellites Derive & use equation for satellite motion:
gravitational potential due to the Earth is 5.45 GM
107 J kg1. (i) velocity, v .
(a) Calculate the satellites distance from the r
Earths surface. r3
(b) Determine the satellites mass. (ii) period, T 2 .
SOLUTION
GM
(a)
= Tangential velocity, v:
5.45 107 Fg = Fc = mac
(6.67 1011 )(5.98 1024 ) 2
= 2 =
= 7.32 106
Therefore the satellites =
distance from the Earths
surface is For satellite close to Earth
, =
(b) 3
1 2 = 2
=
2
(5.98 1024 )
19 103 = 6.67 1011
(7.32 106 )2
= 2552 Example 7.11: A satellite travels at a height from
the center of the Earth twice the radius of the
Example 7.10: The gravitational potential at the Earth. Determine the period of revolution of the
surface of a planet of radius R is 12.8 MJ kg1. satellite.
Determine the work done in overcoming the SOLUTION
gravitational force when a space probe of mass
3 (2)3
1000 kg is lifted to a height of 2R from the surface = 2 = 2
of the planet.
SOLUTION [2(6.4 106 )]3
= 2
(6.67 1011 )(6.0 1024 )
= 14.39 103 = 40
EXERCISE 7.2
Radius of the Earth , R = 6.38 106 m
1. A satellite revolves round the Earth in a
circular orbit whose radius is five times that
of the radius of the Earth. The gravitational
field strength at the surface of the Earth is
9.81 N kg1. Determine
(a) the tangential speed of the satellite in the
orbit,
(b) the angular frequency of the satellite.
ANS: 3538 m s1 ; 1.11104 rad s1