Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Bruce Driver
Department of Mathematics, 0112
University of California at San Diego, USA
http://math.ucsd.edu/bdriver
Bruce Driver 2
Classical Mechanics on a Manifold (M )
Bruce Driver 3
(Not) Canonical Quantization on M
1 ij
H(q, p) = g (q)pipj + V (q)
2
1 1
= pi gg ij (q)pj + V (q).
2 g
or something else?
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Feynman (Path Integral) to the Rescue?
Feynman explained that the solution to the Schrodinger equation should be given by
Z
1 i T
R
T (x0) = e h 0 (K.E. - P.E.)(t)dt 0 ( (T )) d vol () (2)
ZT Wx0 ,T (R3 )
(T )
d
Figure 1: Wx,T R = the paths in Rd starting at x which are parametrized by [0, T ].
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Euclidean Path Integral Quantization on M
Theorem 1 (Meta-Theorem Path integral quantization). The quantization H of H is;
Z
T H
1
RT
E((t),(t))dt
e 0 (x) = e 0 0((T ))D (3)
ZT Wx (M )
where Z RT
12 |(t)|2 dt
ZT := e 0 D .
W0 (R d )
d
where D and D are volume measures on Wo (M ) and W0 R respectively.
(T )
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The d = problem
3
Problem: Volume measures do not exist when d = . (This includes W0,T R .)
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Figure 3: Volume of balls of radius, 2, as a function of d.
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Euclidean Path Integral on Rd II
Given a partition P of [0, 1] (we now take T = 1 and V 0) let
d d
HP R = h W0 R : h (t) = 0 for t
/P .
space
0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 time
d
Figure 4: An element of HP R where # (P) = 6.
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d P d
Given a (Brownian) path Bt R let B be the unique element in HP R such that
BtP = Bt for all t P.
space
BP
Bt
0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 time
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d
HP R is a d # (P) dimensional vector space.
d
Associated to any Riemannian metric, GP on HP R there is a volume measure
dGP such that
Z Z r
f dGP := N
f ( (a)) det {G (i (a) , j (a))}N d
i,j=1 da,
HP (Rd ) (R d )
d N
d
where N = # (P) and : R HP R is any parametrization.
d N
d
If : R HP R is a linear isomorphism and G is a translation invariant
d
metric (i.e. comes from an inner product on HP R ) then
dGP = c da where
r
c= det {G (ei, ej )}N d
i,j=1 .
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2 Natural Bases
n
Definition 2 (Ramp Basis). Let {hi}i=1 HP (R) be the unique elements such that
h0i (t) = 1(ti1,ti] (t) for 1 i n, see Figure 6.
Figure 6: A possible hi basis element associated to a partition containing 1/4 and 1/3 as
nearest neighbors. (The sloped line has slope 1.)
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n
Definition 3 (Tent Basis). Let {ki}i=1 be the unique elements in HP (R) such that
ki (tj ) = ij given by
1 1
ki = hi hi+1 where hn+1 0.
i i+1
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d
Theorem 4. Let G be any translation invariant metric on HP R , and
Z R1
21 |(t)|2 dt
ZG := e 0 dG () .
HP (Rd )
then Z
1 21
R1
|(t)|2 dt
P
f () e 0 dG () = E f B
ZG HP (Rd )
Corollary 5 (Wiener, Feynman, and Kac). For all nice potentials V (say bounded from
below and continuous), we have
Z
T(
2 +V
)f (x) = lim 1
RT
E((t),(t))dt
e f (T ) e 0 dGP (h)
|P|0 ZGP x+HP (Rd )
where
1 2
E (q, v) = |v| + V (q) .
2
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Proof of the Corollary
Given the theorem we have,
Z
1
RT
E((t),(t))dt
f (T ) e 0 dGP (h)
ZGP x+HP (Rd )
Z
1 21
RT
|(t)|2 dt
RT
V (x+t )dt
= f (x + T ) e 0 e 0 dGP ()
ZGP HP (Rd )
h RT i
V( x+BtP )dt
= E f x + BT e P
0
h RT i
eT ( )f (x) .
D.C.T. Feynman-Kac
E f (x + BT ) e 0
V (x+Bt )dt
= 2 +V
|P|0
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Proof of the Theorem
Recall we want to show;
Z
1 12
R1
|(t)|2 dt
P
f () e 0 dG () = E f B .
ZG HP (Rd )
Pn
If = (a1, . . . , an) := i=1 ai hi then
Z 1 X n
| (t)|2 dt = (, )H = a2i i,
0 i=1
q p
dG = det G ai , aj da = det G (hi, hj )da,
Z n r
p 1
2
Pn 2
i=1 ai i
p Y 2
ZG = det G (hi, hj ) e da = det G (hi, hj ) ,
Rn i
i=1
so
dG da
=Q q
ZG n 2
i=1 i
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Z Z n
1 12 E
Y 1 1 Pni=1 a2i i
fe dG = f ( (a)) q e 2 da
ZG HP (R) Rn 2
i=1 i
Z n
Y 1 1 ia2i
= f ( (a)) q e 2 da
Rn 2
i=1 i
" n
!#
X hi P
=E f Ni =E f B ,
i=1
i
wherein we have used,
n k k
X hi X i d X
Ni (tk ) = Ni = iB.
i=1
i i=1
i i=1
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Path Integral Quantization of H on M
The previous formulas on Rd suggest we can define H in the manifold setting by;
Z
T H
1
RT
E((t),(t))dt
e 0 (x0) = e 0 0((T ))D (4)
ZT (0)=x0
where
1
E(x, v) = g(v, v) + V (x)
2
is the classical energy.
However there are no free lunches. We have to make a choices for the meaning of
D in Eq. (4).
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Reiterate the Plan
(T )
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The Curved Limiting Question
So we are going to try to interpret the informal path integral expression,
1 1 R 1|(t)|2dt
e 2 0 d vol ()
Z
as a measure on Wo (M ) by finite dimensional approximations?
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Geometric Prerequisites I
The space
Z 1
H (M ) = Wo (M ) : E () := | (t)|2 dt <
0
is an infinite dimensional Hilbert manifold.
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o
X(t)
(t)
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Geometric Prerequisites II
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Four metrics on HP (M )
Let HP (M ), and X, Y T HP (M ). Metrics:
H 0Metric on H(M )
Z 1
G0(X, X) := hX(s), X(s)i ds,
0
H 1Metric on H(M )
Z 1
X(s) X(s)
G1(X, X) := , ds,
0 ds ds
H 1Metric on HP (M ) (Riemannian Sum Approximation)
n
X X(si1+) Y (si1+)
G1P (X, Y ) := h , iis,
ds ds
i=1
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Riemann Sum Metric Results
Theorem 6 (Andersson and D. JFA 1999.). Suppose that f : W (M ) R is a bounded
and continuous and
1 1 R 1|(t)|2dt
dP () = e 2 0 d volGP () for {0, 1} .
ZP
Then
Z Z
lim f ()dP1 () = f ()d()
|P|0 HP (M ) W(M )
1 1 1
= H = M = M + Scal.
2 2
and
Z
lim f ()dP0 ()
|P|0 HP (M )
Z R1
16 Scal((s))ds
= f ()e 0 d()
W(M )
1 1
= H = M + Scal.
2 6
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Some Other (Markovian) Results
If H is defined by
Z
T H 1
RT
E((t),(t))dt
e f (x0) = e 0 f ((T ))D (5)
ZT (0)=x0
then
1 1
H = + S
2
where
{6, 8, 12, } .
= 6 Cheng 72.
= 12, De Witt 1957, Um 73, Atsuchi & Maeda 85, and Darling 85. Geometric
Quantization.
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Inahama (2005) Osaka J. Math.
- Butko (2006)
In the real Feynman case see for example S. Albeverio and R. Hoegh-Krohn (1976),
Lapidus and Johnson, etc. etc.
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Continuum H 1 Metric Result
Now let
1 1 R 1|(t)|2dt
dP1 () = e 2 0 d volG1|H (M ) () .
ZP P
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K is defined by Z 1
(K f )(s) = (s t) (t)f (t) dt
0
where
d
X Rm (ei, Rm(ei, )ej ) ej + Rm (ei, Rm(ej , )ei) ej
m = .
+Rm (ei, Rm(ej , )ej ) ei
i,j=1
Adrian Lims limiting measure has lost the Markov property and no nice H in this
case. See Fredholm Determinant of an Integral Operator driven by a Diffusion
Process, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Stochastic Analysis, vol. 2008, Article
ID 130940.
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Continuum H 0 Metric Result
Theorem 8 (Will appear in Tom Laetschs Thesis). If
1 1 R 1|(t)|2dt
dP0 () = e 2 0 d volG0|H (M ) () ,
ZP P
then Z Z
1
R1
10
lim f () dP0 () = f ()e 0
Scal((s)) ds
d().
|P|0 HP (M ) W (M )
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Summary: Quantization of Free Hamiltonian
1 1
H = M + Scal.
2
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A word from our sponsor:
Quantized Yang-Mills Fields
A $1,000,000 question,
www.claymath.org/millennium/Yang-Mills_Theory/
Roughly speaking one needs to make sense out of the path integral expressions
above when [0, T ] is replaced by R4 = R R3 :
Z
1 1 A 2
d(A) = exp F dt dx DA, (6)
Z 2 RR 3
End
Bruce Driver 32
Cartans Rolling Map
Fact. Relying on Ito to handle the technical (non-differentiability) difficulties, we may
transfer Wieners measure, , on W0,T Rd to a measure, , on Wo,T (M ) .
d
Figure 10: Cartans rolling map gives a one to one correspondance between, W0,T R
and Wo,T (M ) .
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